1
|
Verma A, Kumar Waiker D, Bhardwaj B, Saraf P, Shrivastava SK. The molecular mechanism, targets, and novel molecules in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105562. [PMID: 34952243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological illness that causes dementia mainly in the elderly. The challenging obstacles related to AD has freaked global healthcare system to encourage scientists in developing novel therapeutic startegies to overcome with the fatal disease. The current treatment therapy of AD provides only symptomatic relief and to some extent disease-modifying effects. The current approach for AD treatment involves designing of cholinergic inhibitors, Aβ disaggregation inducing agents, tau inhibitors and several antioxidants. Hence, extensive research on AD therapy urgently requires a deep understanding of its pathophysiology and exploration of various chemical scaffolds to design and develop a potential drug candidate for the treatment. Various issues linked between disease and therapy need to be considered such as BBB penetration capability, clinical failure and multifaceted pathophisiology requires a proper attention to develop a lead candidate. This review article covers all probable mechanisms including one of the recent areas for investigation i.e., lipid dyshomeostasis, pathogenic involvement of P. gingivalis and neurovascular dysfunction, recently reported molecules and drugs under clinical investigations and approved by FDA for AD treatment. Our summarized information on AD will attract the researchers to understand and explore current status and structural modifications of the recently reported heterocyclic derivatives in drug development for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trimethoxycinnamates and Their Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of twelve nature-inspired 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamates were prepared and characterized. All compounds, including the starting 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, were tested for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in vitro; the selectivity index (SI) was also determined. 2-Fluororophenyl (2E)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-prop-2-enoate demonstrated the highest SI (1.71) in favor of BChE inhibition. 2-Chlorophenyl (2E)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate showed the highest AChE-inhibiting (IC50 = 46.18 µM) as well as BChE-inhibiting (IC50 = 32.46 µM) activity with an SI of 1.42. The mechanism of action of the most potent compound was determined by the Lineweaver–Burk plot as a mixed type of inhibition. An in vitro cell viability assay confirmed the insignificant cytotoxicity of the discussed compounds on the two cell lines. Trends between structure, physicochemical properties and activity were discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shadap L, Agarwal N, Chetry V, Poluri KM, Kaminsky W, Kollipara MR. Arene ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes containing benzamide derivative ligands: Study of interesting bonding modes, antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA binding studies. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Kos J, Kozik V, Pindjakova D, Jankech T, Smolinski A, Stepankova S, Hosek J, Oravec M, Jampilek J, Bak A. Synthesis and Hybrid SAR Property Modeling of Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073444. [PMID: 33810550 PMCID: PMC8037530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of novel 4-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxybenzoic acid amides was designed and synthesized in order to provide potential acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) inhibitors; the in vitro inhibitory profile and selectivity index were specified. Benzyl(3-hydroxy-4-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbamoyl}phenyl)carbamate was the best AChE inhibitor with the inhibitory concentration of IC50 = 36.05 µM in the series, while benzyl{3-hydroxy-4-[(2-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-carbamate was the most potent BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 22.23 µM) with the highest selectivity for BChE (SI = 2.26). The cytotoxic effect was evaluated in vitro for promising AChE/BChE inhibitors. The newly synthesized adducts were subjected to the quantitative shape comparison with the generation of an averaged pharmacophore pattern. Noticeably, three pairs of fairly similar fluorine/bromine-containing compounds can potentially form the activity cliff that is manifested formally by high structure–activity landscape index (SALI) numerical values. The molecular docking study was conducted for the most potent AChE/BChE inhibitors, indicating that the hydrophobic interactions were overwhelmingly generated with Gln119, Asp70, Pro285, Thr120, and Trp82 aminoacid residues, while the hydrogen bond (HB)-donor ones were dominated with Thr120. π-stacking interactions were specified with the Trp82 aminoacid residue of chain A as well. Finally, the stability of chosen liganded enzymatic systems was assessed using the molecular dynamic simulations. An attempt was made to explain the noted differences of the selectivity index for the most potent molecules, especially those bearing unsubstituted and fluorinated methoxy group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dominika Pindjakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Timotej Jankech
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
- NT-LAB o.z., Teplicka 35, 92101 Piestany, Slovakia
| | - Adam Smolinski
- GiG Research Institute, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40166 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Sarka Stepankova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Hosek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Belidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Andrzej Bak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isolation, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from South African Amaryllidaceae. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104650. [PMID: 32479767 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Members of the Amaryllidaceae family are well known for their pharmacologically active alkaloids, including galanthamine, which is used to treat AD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of South African Amaryllidaceae species to inhibit AChE, to isolate the active compounds, and probe their ability to bind the enzyme using molecular docking. The AChE inhibitory activity of extracts of 41 samples, representing 14 genera and 28 species, as well as isolated compounds, were evaluated in vitro using a qualitative thin layer chromatography (TLC) bio-autography assay and Ellman's method in a quantitative 96-well microplate assay. Targeted isolation of compounds was achieved with the aid of preparative-high perfomance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The structures of the isolates were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrocopy, and were docked into the active site of AChE to rationalise their biological activities. The most active species were found to be Amaryllis belladonna L (IC50 14.3 ± 2.6 μg/mL), Nerine huttoniae Schönland (IC50 45.3 ± 0.4 μg/mL) and Nerine undulata (L.) Herb. (IC50 52.8 ± 0.5 μg/mL), while TLC bio-autography indicated the presence of several active compounds in the methanol extracts. Four compounds, isolated from A. belladonna, were identified as belladine, undulatine, buphanidrine and acetylcaranine. Acetylcaranine and undulatine were previously isolated from A. belladonna, while belladine and buphanidrine were reported from other South African Amaryllidaceae species. Using Ellman's method, acetylcaranine was found to be the most active of the isolates towards AChE, with an IC50 of 11.7 ± 0.7 μM, comparable to that of galanthamine (IC50 = 6.19 ± 2.60 μM). Molecular docking successfully predicted the binding modes of ligands within receptor binding sites. Acetylcaranine was predicted by the docking workflow to have the highest activity, which corresponds to the in vitro results. Both qualitative and quantitative assays indicate that several South African Amaryllidaceae species are notable AChE inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel Benzene-Based Carbamates for AChE/BChE Inhibition: Synthesis and Ligand/Structure-Oriented SAR Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071524. [PMID: 30934674 PMCID: PMC6479915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new benzene-based derivatives was designed, synthesized and comprehensively characterized. All of the tested compounds were evaluated for their in vitro ability to potentially inhibit the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. The selectivity index of individual molecules to cholinesterases was also determined. Generally, the inhibitory potency was stronger against butyryl- compared to acetylcholinesterase; however, some of the compounds showed a promising inhibition of both enzymes. In fact, two compounds (23, benzyl ethyl(1-oxo-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate and 28, benzyl (1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl) (methyl)carbamate) had a very high selectivity index, while the second one (28) reached the lowest inhibitory concentration IC50 value, which corresponds quite well with galanthamine. Moreover, comparative receptor-independent and receptor-dependent structure–activity studies were conducted to explain the observed variations in inhibiting the potential of the investigated carbamate series. The principal objective of the ligand-based study was to comparatively analyze the molecular surface to gain insight into the electronic and/or steric factors that govern the ability to inhibit enzyme activities. The spatial distribution of potentially important steric and electrostatic factors was determined using the probability-guided pharmacophore mapping procedure, which is based on the iterative variable elimination method. Additionally, planar and spatial maps of the host–target interactions were created for all of the active compounds and compared with the drug molecules using the docking methodology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Begum S, Nizami SS, Mahmood U, Masood S, Iftikhar S, Saied S. In-vitro evaluation and in-silico studies applied on newly synthesized amide derivatives of N-phthaloylglycine as Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 74:212-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Proline-Based Carbamates as Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111969. [PMID: 29135926 PMCID: PMC6150311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of twenty-five benzyl (2S)-2-(arylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylates was prepared and completely characterized. All the compounds were tested for their in vitro ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and the selectivity of compounds to individual cholinesterases was determined. Screening of the cytotoxicity of all the compounds was performed using a human monocytic leukaemia THP-1 cell line, and the compounds demonstrated insignificant toxicity. All the compounds showed rather moderate inhibitory effect against AChE; benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (IC50 = 46.35 μM) was the most potent agent. On the other hand, benzyl (2S)-2-[(4-bromophenyl)-] and benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-bromophenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylates expressed anti-BChE activity (IC50 = 28.21 and 27.38 μM, respectively) comparable with that of rivastigmine. The ortho-brominated compound as well as benzyl (2S)-2-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate demonstrated greater selectivity to BChE. The in silico characterization of the structure–inhibitory potency for the set of proline-based carbamates considering electronic, steric and lipophilic properties was provided using comparative molecular surface analysis (CoMSA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, the systematic space inspection with splitting data into the training/test subset was performed to monitor the statistical estimators performance in the effort to map the probability-guided pharmacophore pattern. The comprehensive screening of the AChE/BChE profile revealed potentially relevant structural and physicochemical features that might be essential for mapping of the carbamates inhibition efficiency indicating qualitative variations exerted on the reaction site by the substituent in the 3′-/4′-position of the phenyl ring. In addition, the investigation was completed by a molecular docking study of recombinant human AChE.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pejchalová M, Havelek R, Královec K, Růžičková Z, Pejchal V. Novel derivatives of substituted 6-fluorobenzothiazole diamides: synthesis, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Pejchal V, Štěpánková Š, Pejchalová M, Královec K, Havelek R, Růžičková Z, Ajani H, Lo R, Lepšík M. Synthesis, structural characterization, docking, lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of 1-[(1R)-1-(6-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-3-alkyl carbamates, novel acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase pseudo-irreversible inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1560-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Wang XJ. Crystal structure of ( R)-1-(1-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-3-phenylthiourea. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2015-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C16H14FN3S2, orthorhombic, P 21, a = 7.1583(9) Å, b = 28.524(4) Å, c = 7.6021(8) Å, α = 90.00°, β = 94.443(11)°, γ = 90.00°, V = 1547.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0547, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1346, T = 293(2) K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis, structural characterization, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of substituted 6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazole amides. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Imramovsky A, Pesko M, Jampilek J, Kralova K. Synthesis and photosynthetic electron transport inhibition of 2-substituted 6-fluorobenzothiazoles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Yoon YK, Ali MA, Wei AC, Choon TS, Khaw KY, Murugaiyah V, Osman H, Masand VH. Synthesis, characterization, and molecular docking analysis of novel benzimidazole derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2013; 49:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Pinho BR, Ferreres F, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Nature as a source of metabolites with cholinesterase-inhibitory activity: an approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1681-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, being responsible for high healthcare costs and familial hardships. Despite the efforts of researchers, no treatment able to delay or stop AD progress exists. Currently, the available treatments are only symptomatic, cholinesterase inhibitors being the most widely used drugs. Here we describe several natural compounds with anticholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) activity and also some synthetic compounds whose structures are based on those of natural compounds.
Key findings
Galantamine and rivastigmine are two cholinesterase inhibitors used in therapeutics: galantamine is a natural alkaloid that was extracted for the first time from Galanthus nivalis L., while rivastigmine is a synthetic alkaloid, the structure of which is modelled on that of natural physostigmine. Alkaloids include a high number of compounds with anticholinesterases activity at the submicromolar range. Quinones and stilbenes are less well studied regarding cholinesterase inhibition, although some of them, such as sargaquinoic acid or (+)-α-viniferin, show promising activity. Among flavonoids, flavones and isoflavones are the most potent compounds. Xanthones and monoterpenes are generally weak cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
Nature is an almost endless source of bioactive compounds. Several natural compounds have anticholinesterase activity and others can be used as leader compounds for the synthesis of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Imramovský A, Pejchal V, Štěpánková Š, Vorčáková K, Jampílek J, Vančo J, Šimůnek P, Královec K, Brůčková L, Mandíková J, Trejtnar F. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new derivatives of 2-substituted-6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazoles as cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1735-48. [PMID: 23462716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel cholinesterase inhibitors based on 2-substituted 6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazole were synthesised and characterised by IR, (1)H, (13)C and (19)F NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. Purity was checked by elemental analyses. The novel carbamates were tested for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The toxicity of the most active compounds was investigated using a standard in vitro test with HepG2 cells, and the ratio between biological activity and toxicity was determined. In addition, the toxicity of the most active compounds was evaluated against MCF7 cells using the xCELLigence system. Structure-activity relationships reflecting the dependence of cholinesterase inhibitors on the lipophilicity of the compounds as well as on the Taft polar and steric substituent constants are discussed. The specific orientation of the inhibitors in the binding site of acetylcholinesterase was determined using molecular docking of the most active compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Imramovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fajkusova D, Pesko M, Keltosova S, Guo J, Oktabec Z, Vejsova M, Kollar P, Coffey A, Csollei J, Kralova K, Jampilek J. Anti-infective and herbicidal activity of N-substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7059-68. [PMID: 23140987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of N-substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles was prepared according to a recently developed method. Twelve compounds were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. Primary in vitro screening of the discussed compounds was also performed against fungal, bacterial and mycobacterial species. The biological activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards phenoxymethylpenicillin or pyrazinamide. The most effective compounds demonstrated insignificant toxicity against the human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line. For all compounds, the structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fajkusova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity of salicylanilide N-alkylcarbamates and their molecular docking. Molecules 2012; 17:10142-58. [PMID: 22922284 PMCID: PMC6268027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of twenty-five novel salicylanilide N-alkylcarbamates were investigated as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus L.). Experimental lipophilicity was determined, and the structure-activity relationships are discussed. The mode of binding in the active site of AChE was investigated by molecular docking. All the discussed compounds expressed significantly higher AChE inhibitory activity than rivastigmine and slightly lower than galanthamine. Disubstitution by chlorine in C'(3,4) of the aniline ring and the optimal length of hexyl-undecyl alkyl chains in the carbamate moiety provided the most active AChE inhibitors. Monochlorination in C'(4) exhibited slightly more effective AChE inhibitors than in C'(3). Generally it can be stated that compounds with higher lipophilicity showed higher inhibition, and the activity of the compounds is strongly dependent on the length of the N-alkyl chain.
Collapse
|