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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Deka BC, Purkayastha SK, Bhattacharyya PK. Formation of thiophene sandwiches through cation–π interaction: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kennedy CR, Lin S, Jacobsen EN. The Cation-π Interaction in Small-Molecule Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12596-624. [PMID: 27329991 PMCID: PMC5096794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis by small molecules (≤1000 Da, 10(-9) m) that are capable of binding and activating substrates through attractive, noncovalent interactions has emerged as an important approach in organic and organometallic chemistry. While the canonical noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, and π stacking, have become mainstays of catalyst design, the cation-π interaction has been comparatively underutilized in this context since its discovery in the 1980s. However, like a hydrogen bond, the cation-π interaction exhibits a typical binding affinity of several kcal mol(-1) with substantial directionality. These properties render it attractive as a design element for the development of small-molecule catalysts, and in recent years, the catalysis community has begun to take advantage of these features, drawing inspiration from pioneering research in molecular recognition and structural biology. This Review surveys the burgeoning application of the cation-π interaction in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 535 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Kennedy CR, Lin S, Jacobsen EN. Die Kation-π-Wechselwirkung in der Katalyse mit niedermolekularen Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; 535 Latimer Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Holland MC, Metternich JB, Daniliuc C, Schweizer WB, Gilmour R. Aromatic Interactions in Organocatalyst Design: Augmenting Selectivity Reversal in Iminium Ion Activation. Chemistry 2015; 21:10031-8. [PMID: 25982418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substituting N-methylpyrrole for N-methyindole in secondary-amine-catalysed Friedel-Crafts reactions leads to a curious erosion of enantioselectivity. In extreme cases, this substrate dependence can lead to an inversion in the sense of enantioinduction. Indeed, these closely similar transformations require two structurally distinct catalysts to obtain comparable selectivities. Herein a focussed molecular editing study is disclosed to illuminate the structural features responsible for this disparity, and thus identify lead catalyst structures to further exploit this selectivity reversal. Key to effective catalyst re-engineering was delineating the non-covalent interactions that manifest themselves in conformation. Herein we disclose preliminary validation that intermolecular aromatic (CH-π and cation-π) interactions between the incipient iminium cation and the indole ring system is key to rationalising selectivity reversal. This is absent in the N-methylpyrrole alkylation, thus forming the basis of two competing enantio-induction pathways. A simple L-valine catalyst has been developed that significantly augments this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike C Holland
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles 90095-1569 (USA)
| | - Jan Benedikt Metternich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/
| | - W Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany) http://www.uni-muenster.de/Chemie.oc/gilmour/. .,Excellence Cluster EXC 1003 "Cells in Motion", Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster (Germany).
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Holland MC, Metternich JB, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Gilmour R. Cation–π interactions in iminium ion activation: correlating quadrupole moment & enantioselectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5322-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A cation–π interaction is operational in the addition of uncharged nucleophiles to iminium salts derived from MacMillan's 1st generation catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Holland
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - J. B. Metternich
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - C. Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
| | - R. Gilmour
- Organisch Chemisches Institut
- and Excellence Cluster EXC 1003
- Cells in Motion
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
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Bania KK, Guha AK, Bhattacharyya PK, Sinha S. Effect of substituent and solvent on cation-π interactions in benzene and borazine: a computational study. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1769-84. [PMID: 24248426 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A DFT and ab initio quantum chemical study has been carried out at different theoretical levels to delve into the role of the cation-π interaction within the main group metal cations (Li(+), Na(+) and K(+)), substituted benzene and borazine. The effects of electron withdrawing and electron donating groups on these non-covalent forces of interaction were also studied. The excellent correlation between Hammett constants and binding energy values indicates that the cation-π interaction is influenced by both inductive and resonance effects. Electron donating groups (EDG) such as -CH3 and -NH2 attached to benzene at the 1, 3 and 5 position and the three boron atoms of borazine were found to strengthen these interactions, while electron withdrawing groups (EWG) such as -NO2 did the reverse. These results were further substantiated by topological analysis using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The polarized continuum model (PCM) and the discrete solvation model were used to elucidate the effect of solvation on the cation-π interaction. The size of the cations and the nature of the substituents were found to influence the enthalpy and binding energy of the systems (or complex). In the gas phase, the cation-π interaction was found to be exothermic, whereas in the presence of a polar solvent the interaction was highly endothermic. Thermochemical analysis predicts the presence of thermodynamic driving forces for borazine and benzene substituted with EDG. DFT based reactivity descriptors, such as global hardness (η), chemical potential (μ) and the electrophilicity index (ω) were used to elucidate the effect of the substituent on the reactivity of the cation-π complexes.
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Holland MC, Berden G, Oomens J, Meijer AJHM, Schäfer M, Gilmour R. Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopic Analysis of Noncovalent Interactions in Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Holland MC, Paul S, Schweizer WB, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Lakhdar S, Mayr H, Gilmour R. Nichtbindende Wechselwirkungen in der Organokatalyse: Modulierung konformativer Diversität und Reaktivität im MacMillan-Katalysator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Holland MC, Paul S, Schweizer WB, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Lakhdar S, Mayr H, Gilmour R. Noncovalent Interactions in Organocatalysis: Modulating Conformational Diversity and Reactivity in the MacMillan Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7967-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wireduaah S, Parker TM, Lewis M. Effects of the aromatic substitution pattern in cation-π sandwich complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2598-604. [PMID: 23452189 DOI: 10.1021/jp309740r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A computational study investigating the effects of the aromatic substitution pattern on the structure and binding energies of cation-π sandwich complexes is reported. The correlation between the binding energies (Ebind) and Hammett substituent constants is approximately the same as what is observed for cation-π half-sandwich complexes. For cation-π sandwich complexes where both aromatics contain substituents the issue of relative conformation is a possible factor in the strength of the binding; however, the work presented here shows the Ebind values are approximately the same regardless of the relative conformation of the two substituted aromatics. Finally, recent computational work has shown conflicting results on whether cation-π sandwich Ebind values (Ebind,S) are approximately equal to twice the respective half-sandwich Ebind values (Ebind,HS), or if cation-π sandwich Ebind,S values are less than double the respective half-sandwich Ebind,HS values. The work presented here shows that for cation-π sandwich complexes involving substituted aromatics the Ebind,S values are less than twice the respective half-sandwich Ebind,HS values, and this is termed nonadditive. The extent to which the cation-π sandwich complexes investigated here are nonadditive is greater for B3LYP calculated values than for MP2 calculated values and for sandwich complexes with electron-donating substituents than those with electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Wireduaah
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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Mahadevi AS, Sastry GN. Cation-π interaction: its role and relevance in chemistry, biology, and material science. Chem Rev 2012; 113:2100-38. [PMID: 23145968 DOI: 10.1021/cr300222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Subha Mahadevi
- Molecular Modeling Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India
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