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Sofi FA, Tabassum N. Natural product inspired leads in the discovery of anticancer agents: an update. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8605-8628. [PMID: 36255181 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have emerged as major leads for the discovery and development of new anti-cancer drugs. The plant-derived anti-cancer drugs account for approximately 60% and the quest for new anti-cancer agents is in progress. Anti-cancer leads have been isolated from plants, animals, marine organisms, and microorganisms from time immemorial. The process of semisynthetic modifications of the parent lead has led to the generation of new anti-cancer agents with improved therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. The various chemo-informatics tools, bioinformatics, high-throughput screening, and combinatorial synthesis are able to deliver the new natural product lead molecules. Plant-derived anticancer agents in either late preclinical development or early clinical trials include taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, topotecan, irinotecan, etoposide, paclitaxel, and docetaxel. Similarly, anti-cancer agents from microbial sources include dactinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin C, and doxorubicin. In this review, we highlighted the importance of natural products leads in the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer agents. The semisynthetic modifications of the parent lead to the new anti-cancer agent are also presented. Further, the leads in the preclinical settings with the potential to become effective anticancer agents are also reviewed.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdoos Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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2
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Cicio A, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S, Bruno M, Luparello C, Serio R, Zizzo MG. Chemical Characterization and Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of the Ethanol Extract from the Bulbs of Pancratium maritimun Collected in Sicily. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103986. [PMID: 37241726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
P. maritimum L., belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a species that grows on beaches and coastal sand dunes mainly on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, the Middle East, and up to the Caucasus region. It has been largely investigated due to its several interesting biological properties. With the aim of providing new insights into the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this species, the ethanolic extract of the bulbs from a local accession, not previously studied, growing in Sicily (Italy), was investigated. This chemical analysis, performed by mono- and bi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, as well as LC-DAD-MSn, allowed to identify several alkaloids, three of which were never detected in the genus Pancratium. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the preparation was assessed in differentiated human Caco-2 intestinal cells by trypan blue exclusion assay, and its antioxidant potential was evaluated using the DCFH-DA radical scavenging method. The results obtained demonstrate that P. maritimum bulbs' extract exerts no cytotoxic effect and is able to remove free radicals at all the concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cicio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Zizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Atrahimovich D, Harris R, Eitan R, Cohen M, Khatib S. Galantamine Quantity and Alkaloid Profile in the Bulbs of Narcissus tazetta and daffodil cultivars ( Amaryllidaceae) Grown in Israel. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030185. [PMID: 33801149 PMCID: PMC8004262 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids produced by the bulbs of the Amaryllidaceae are a source of pharmaceutical compounds. The main alkaloid, galantamine, is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic receptor modulator, which slows cognitive and functional decline in mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Having a complex stereochemistry, the organic synthesis of galantamine for pharmaceutical uses is highly challenging and not always economically viable, and it is therefore isolated from Amaryllidaceae bulbs. In the present study, galantamine was extracted and quantified in Narcissus bulbs from five cultivars (cvs.), Fortune, Carlton, Ice Follies, Galilee and Ziva, which were grown in Israel under various conditions. Results show that the cvs. Fortune, Carlton and Ice Follies bulbs contained 285 ± 47, 452 ± 73 and 69 ± 17 µg g−1 galantamine, respectively, while the Galilee and Ziva bulbs contained relatively low concentrations of galantamine (1–20 µg g−1). Irrigation levels and pruning conditions did not affect the galantamine contents. Additionally, the alkaloids profile of the five cvs. was analyzed and characterized using LC-MS/MS showing that galantamine-type alkaloids were mainly detected in the Fortune and Carlton bulbs, lycorine-type alkaloids were mainly detected at the Galilee and Ziva bulbs and vittatine-type alkaloids were mainly detected in the Ice Follies bulbs. The present research is the first to characterize the alkaloids profile in the Narcissus bulbs of Galilee and Ziva, indigenous cvs. grown in Israel. The antiviral and anticancer alkaloids lycorine and lycorinine were the main alkaloids detected in the bulbs of those cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Atrahimovich
- Department of Natural Compounds and Analytical Chemistry, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; (D.A.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Raviv Harris
- Department of Natural Compounds and Analytical Chemistry, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; (D.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Ron Eitan
- Northern R&D, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; (R.E.); (M.C.)
| | - Menashe Cohen
- Northern R&D, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; (R.E.); (M.C.)
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Natural Compounds and Analytical Chemistry, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; (D.A.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-6953512; Fax: +972-4-6944980
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Cahlíková L, Breiterová K, Opletal L. Chemistry and Biological Activity of Alkaloids from the Genus Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204797. [PMID: 33086636 PMCID: PMC7587589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycoris Herbert, family Amaryllidaceae, is a small genus of about 20 species that are native to the warm temperate woodlands of eastern Asia, as in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the Himalayas. For many years, species of Lycoris have been subjected to extensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigations, resulting in either the isolation or identification of more than 110 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids belonging to different structural types. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are frequently studied for their interesting biological properties, including antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antimalarial, analgesic, cytotoxic, and cholinesterase inhibition activities. The present review aims to summarize comprehensively the research that has been reported on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Lycoris.
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Wang P, Yu S, Han X, Xu J, He Q, Xu S, Wang R. Identification, molecular characterization and expression of JAZ genes in Lycoris aurea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230177. [PMID: 32182273 PMCID: PMC7077819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are key phytohormones involved in regulation of plant growth and development, stress responses, and secondary metabolism. It has been reported that treatments with JAs could increase the contents of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae plants. Jasmonate ZIM (zinc-finger inflorescence meristem) domain (JAZ) proteins are key components in JA signal processes. However, JAZ proteins have not been characterized in genus Lycoris. In this study, we identified and cloned seven differentially expressed JAZ genes (namely LaJAZ1–LaJAZ7) from Lycoris aurea. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that these seven LaJAZ proteins contain the ZIM domain and JA-associated (Jas, also named CCT_2) motif. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that these LaJAZ genes display different expression patterns in L. aurea tissues, and most of them are inducible when treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Subcellular localization assay demonstrated that LaJAZ proteins are localized in the cell nucleus or cytoplasm. In addition, LaJAZ proteins could interact with each other to form homodimer and/or heterodimer. The findings in this study may facilitate further functional research of the LaJAZ genes, especially the potential regulatory mechanism of plant secondary metabolites including Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in L. aurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuojun Yu
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Xiaokang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyuan He
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (SX); (RW)
| | - Ren Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (SX); (RW)
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Berkov S, Osorio E, Viladomat F, Bastida J. Chemodiversity, chemotaxonomy and chemoecology of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 83:113-185. [PMID: 32098649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a distinctive chemotaxonomic feature of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae, which consists of 59 genera and >800 species distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. Since the first isolation, ca. 140 ago, >600 structurally diverse Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been reported from ca. 350 species (44% of all species in the subfamily). A few have been found in other plant families, but the majority are unique to the Amaryllidoideae. These alkaloids have attracted considerable research interest due to their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, which have been extensively reviewed. In this chapter we provide a review of the 636 structures of isolated or tentatively identified alkaloids from plants of the Amaryllidoideae and their classification into 42 skeleton types, as well as a discussion on their distribution, and chemotaxonomical and chemoecological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strahil Berkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Babashpour-Asl M, Zakizadeh H, Nazemiyeh H, Motallebi-Azar A. In Vitro Micropropagation and Alkaloid Production of Galanthus transcaucasicus Fomin. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chen GL, Tian YQ, Wu JL, Li N, Guo MQ. Antiproliferative activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Lycoris radiata targeting DNA topoisomerase I. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38284. [PMID: 27922057 PMCID: PMC5138836 DOI: 10.1038/srep38284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) extracted from Lycoris radiata are reported to exhibit significant anti-cancer activity. However, the specific alkaloids responsible for the pharmacodynamic activity and their targets still remain elusive. In this context, we strived to combine affinity ultrafiltration with topoisomerase I (Top I) as a target enzyme aiming to fish out specific bioactive AAs from Lycoris radiata. 11 AAs from Lycoris radiata were thus screened out, among which hippeastrine (peak 5) with the highest Enrichment factor (EF) against Top I exhibited good dose-dependent inhibition with IC50 at 7.25 ± 0.20 μg/mL comparable to camptothecin (positive control) at 6.72 ± 0.23 μg/mL. The molecular docking simulation further indicated the inhibitory mechanism between Top I and hippeastrine. The in vitro antiproliferation assays finally revealed that hippeastrine strongly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 and Hep G2 cells in an intuitive dose-dependent manner with the IC50 values at 3.98 ± 0.29 μg/mL and 11.85 ± 0.20 μg/mL, respectively, and also induced significant cellular morphological changes, which further validated our screening method and the potent antineoplastic effects. Collectively, these results suggested that hippeastrine could be a very promising anticancer candidate for the therapy of cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Chen G, Tian Y, Guo M. Screening for inhibitors of topoisomerase I from Lycoris radiata by combining ultrafiltration with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:95-99. [PMID: 27539422 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although crude Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) extracted from Lycoris radiata are reported to exhibit significant anti-cancer activity, both the specific responsible alkaloid(s) and their targets remain elusive. Screening anti-cancer AAs targeted on topoisomerase I from crude AAs could be very helpful in tackling these two challenging questions. METHODS An ultrafiltration method combined with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UF-LC/MS) was developed to screen for the inhibitors of topoisomerase I, which has been reported to mediate DNA unwinding during carcinoma proliferation. Enrichment factors (EFs) of different AAs were used to evaluate the binding affinity between AAs and topoisomerase I, and the AAs with higher EFs were further tested to validate the method. RESULTS Eleven AAs from Lycoris radiata (ten of which were identified) were screened using UF-LC/MS, and a glaring discrepancy in EFs was revealed for the first time. One of the AAs, hippeastrine, with the highest EF at 49.3%, was further tested against topoisomerase I, and the IC50 value of hippeastrine was determined to be 23.0 μmol/L, which is comparable with the well-known anti-cancer drug camptothecin at 19.3 μmol/L. CONCLUSIONS A simple, rapid and effective screening method using UF-LC/MS was developed and successfully applied to screen candidate inhibitors of topoisomerase I from crude AAs in Lycoris radiata, which may pave the way to further understand the potential anti-cancer constituents and mechanisms of Lycoris radiata. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Amaral RG, Andrade LN, Dória GAA, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Sousa DP, Carvalho AA, Thomazzi SM. Antitumour effects of the essential oil from Menthax villosacombined with 5-fluorouracil in mice. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Guimarães Amaral
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe; CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Luciana Nalone Andrade
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe; CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Grace Anne Azevedo Dória
- Department of Pharmacy; Federal University of Sergipe; CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Paraíba; CEP 58051-970 João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Paraíba; CEP 58051-970 João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Adriana Andrade Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacy; Campus of Lagarto; Federal University of Sergipe; CEP 49400-000 Lagarto Sergipe Brazil
| | - Sara Maria Thomazzi
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe; CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
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Jin Y, Duan LX, Xu XL, Ge WJ, Li RF, Qiu XJ, Song Y, Cao SS, Wang JG. Mechanism of apoptosis induction in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells following treatment with a gecko peptides mixture. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:73-78. [PMID: 27330750 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effect and molecular mechanisms of gecko peptides mixture (GPM) on the human liver carcinoma HepG2 cell line in vitro. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to identify the dose- (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 mg/ml) and time-dependent (24, 48 and 72 h) inhibitory effect of GPM on HepG2 cells and their proliferation. Hoechst 33258 staining was carried out to detect the nuclear change coupled with apoptosis induced by GPM. Western blotting was used to evaluate apoptosis-related protein expression changes induced by GPM, including caspase, cytochrome c (Cyt c) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). MTT results showed that GPM significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33258 staining demonstrated that GPM induced typical apoptotic morphological changes, while western blotting analysis revealed that GPM increased caspase-3, caspase-9, Cyt c and AIF protein expression levels in HepG2 cells treated with 0.06 or 0.08 mg/ml for 24 h. In conclusion, GPM could induce apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Leng-Xin Duan
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Li Xu
- Department of School Infirmary Pharmacy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Fang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Jun Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Comparative Analysis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids from Three Lycoris Species. Molecules 2015; 20:21854-69. [PMID: 26690108 PMCID: PMC6332018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The major active constituents from Amaryllidaceae family were reported to be Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs), which exhibited a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-viral, and acetyl-cholinesterase-inhibitory activities. In order to better understand their potential as a source of bioactive AAs and the phytochemical variations among three different species of Lycoris herbs, the HPLC fingerprint profiles of Lycorisaurea (L. aurea), L. radiata, and L. guangxiensis were firstly determined and compared using LC-UV and LC-MS/MS. As a result, 39 peaks were resolved and identified as AAs, of which nine peaks were found in common for all these three species, while the other 30 peaks could be revealed as characteristic AAs for L. aurea, L. radiata and L. guangxiensis, respectively. Thus, these AAs can be used as chemical markers for the identification and quality control of these plant species. To further reveal correlations between chemical components and their pharmaceutical activities of these species at the molecular level, the bioactivities of the total AAs from the three plant species were also tested against HepG2 cells with the inhibitory rate at 78.02%, 84.91% and 66.81% for L. aurea, L. radiata and L. guangxiensis, respectively. This study firstly revealed that the three species under investigation were different not only in the types of AAs, but also in their contents, and both contributed to their pharmacological distinctions. To the best of our knowledge, the current research provides the most detailed phytochemical profiles of AAs in these species, and offers valuable information for future valuation and exploitation of these medicinal plants.
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Glass K, Quackenbush J, Spentzos D, Haibe-Kains B, Yuan GC. A network model for angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:115. [PMID: 25888305 PMCID: PMC4408593 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently identified two robust ovarian cancer subtypes, defined by the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, with significant differences in clinical outcome. To identify potential regulatory mechanisms that distinguish the subtypes we applied PANDA, a method that uses an integrative approach to model information flow in gene regulatory networks. Results We find distinct differences between networks that are active in the angiogenic and non-angiogenic subtypes, largely defined by a set of key transcription factors that, although previously reported to play a role in angiogenesis, are not strongly differentially-expressed between the subtypes. Our network analysis indicates that these factors are involved in the activation (or repression) of different genes in the two subtypes, resulting in differential expression of their network targets. Mechanisms mediating differences between subtypes include a previously unrecognized pro-angiogenic role for increased genome-wide DNA methylation and complex patterns of combinatorial regulation. Conclusions The models we develop require a shift in our interpretation of the driving factors in biological networks away from the genes themselves and toward their interactions. The observed regulatory changes between subtypes suggest therapeutic interventions that may help in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0551-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Glass
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - John Quackenbush
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Spentzos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Li B, Yan W, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Liang M, Chu F, Gong Y, Xu B, Wang P, Lei H. New synthesis method for sultone derivatives: synthesis, crystal structure and biological evaluation of S-CA. Molecules 2015; 20:4307-18. [PMID: 25808146 PMCID: PMC6272555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no remarkable progress in the synthesis of sultones in recent years. To facilitate more detailed studies of this functional group, we found a new method to synthesize the sulfonic acid lactone derivatives and finish its ring-closing reaction. A new sultone derivative, (E)-ethyl 4-oxo-6-styryl-3,4-dihydro-1,2-oxathiine-5-carboxylate 2,2-dioxide (S-CA), was synthesized and structurally identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC and X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. The new rapid synthesis extended the method of ring-closing reaction of sulfonic acid lactone derivatives. The angiogenesis activities of S-CA were evaluated by the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. It could selectively suppress small angiogenesis in CAM, without influencing either middle and large angiogenesis. In addition, anticancer efficacy of S-CA was evaluated in vivo using a murine sarcoma S180 model. Reduction of the tumor weight and tumor HE staining regions demonstrated that S-CA (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) had potent inhibition effects and a 44.71% inhibitory rate in S180 mice. Moreover, an acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 value of S-CA via intraperitoneal injection was 25.624 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenqiang Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Chenze Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Miao Liang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yan Gong
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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15
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The synthesis and antitumor activity of twelve galloyl glucosides. Molecules 2015; 20:2034-60. [PMID: 25633333 PMCID: PMC6272398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve galloyl glucosides 1-12, showing diverse substitution patterns with two or three galloyl groups, were synthesized using commercially available, low-cost D-glucose and gallic acid as starting materials. Among them, three compounds, methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (9), ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (11) and ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), are new compounds and other six, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), 1,2-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), 1,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranose (6) and methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (10), were synthesized for the first time in the present study. In in vitro MTT assay, 1-12 inhibited human cancer K562, HL-60 and HeLa cells with inhibition rates ranging from 64.2% to 92.9% at 100 μg/mL, and their IC50 values were determined to be varied in 17.2-124.7 μM on the tested three human cancer cell lines. In addition, compounds 1-12 inhibited murine sarcoma S180 cells with inhibition rates ranging from 38.7% to 52.8% at 100 μg/mL in the in vitro MTT assay, and in vivo antitumor activity of 1 and 2 was also detected in murine sarcoma S180 tumor-bearing Kunming mice using taxol as positive control.
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16
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Huang SD, Zhang Y, He HP, Li SF, Tang GH, Chen DZ, Cao MM, DI YT, Hao XJ. A new Amaryllidaceae alkaloid from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:406-10. [PMID: 23845551 PMCID: PMC7129748 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim To study the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. In addition, the antiviral activities of alkaloids 1–10 were evaluated using flu virus A. Results One new homolycorine-type alkaloid 2α-methoxy-6-O-ethyloduline (1), together with nine known alkaloids 2α-methoxy-6-O-methyloduline (2), trispherine (3), 8-O-demethylhomolycorine (4), homolycorine (5), 9-O-demethylhomolycorine (6), oduline (7), lycorenine (8), 6α-O-methyllycorenine (9) and O-ethyllycorenine (10) were obtained. Conclusion Alkaloid 1 is a new compound, and 1–3 were major alkaloids in this plant. Alkaloids 1–3 showed weak antiviral activities against flu virus A with IC50 values of 2.06, 0.69, and 2.71 μg·mL-1 and CC50 values of 14.37, 4.79, and 80.12 μg·mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Dian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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17
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Anti-tumor effects of atractylenolide I isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala in human lung carcinoma cell lines. Molecules 2013; 18:13357-68. [PMID: 24172243 PMCID: PMC6270531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atractylenolide I (ATL-1) is the major sesquiterpenoid of Atractylodes macrocephala. This study was designed to investigate whether ATL-1 induced apoptosis in A549 and HCC827 cells in vitro and in vivo. In our results, ATL-1 significantly decreased the percentage of in vitro viability, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DAPI staining and flow cytometry tests demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by ATL-I. Western blot analysis indicated that the protein levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax were increased in A549 and HCC827 cells after ATL-I exposure; to the contrary, the expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL were decreased after treatment with ATL-1. In the in vivo study, ATL-I effectively suppressed tumor growth (A549) in transplanted tumor nude mice with up-regulation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ATL-I has significant antitumor activity in lung carcinoma cells, and the possible mechanism of action may be related to apoptosis induced by ATL-I via a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.
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18
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Wang R, Xu S, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Li X, Liang L, He J, Peng F, Xia B. De novo sequence assembly and characterization of Lycoris aurea transcriptome using GS FLX titanium platform of 454 pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60449. [PMID: 23593220 PMCID: PMC3621892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lycoris aurea, also called Golden Magic Lily, is an ornamentally and medicinally important species of the Amaryllidaceae family. To date, the sequencing of its whole genome is unavailable as a non-model organism. Transcriptomic information is also scarce for this species. In this study, we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing to produce the first comprehensive expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset for L. aurea using high-throughput sequencing technology. Methodology and Principal Findings Total RNA was isolated from leaves with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), salicylic acid (SA), or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, stems, and flowers at the bud, blooming, and wilting stages. Equal quantities of RNA from each tissue and stage were pooled to construct a cDNA library. Using 454 pyrosequencing technology, a total of 937,990 high quality reads (308.63 Mb) with an average read length of 329 bp were generated. Clustering and assembly of these reads produced a non-redundant set of 141,111 unique sequences, comprising 24,604 contigs and 116,507 singletons. All of the unique sequences were involved in the biological process, cellular component and molecular function categories by GO analysis. Potential genes and their functions were predicted by KEGG pathway mapping and COG analysis. Based on our sequence analysis and published literatures, many putative genes involved in Amaryllidaceae alkaloids synthesis, including PAL, TYDC OMT, NMT, P450, and other potentially important candidate genes, were identified for the first time in this Lycoris. Furthermore, 6,386 SSRs and 18,107 high-confidence SNPs were identified in this EST dataset. Conclusions The transcriptome provides an invaluable new data for a functional genomics resource and future biological research in L. aurea. The molecular markers identified in this study will provide a material basis for future genetic linkage and quantitative trait loci analyses, and will provide useful information for functional genomic research in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (RW); (BX)
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Bioinformatic Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijian Liang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia He
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (RW); (BX)
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19
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Pita JCLR, Xavier AL, de Sousa TKG, Mangueira VM, Tavares JF, Júnior RJDO, Veras RC, Pessoa HDLF, da Silva MS, Morelli S, Ávila VDMR, da Silva TG, Diniz MDFFM, Castello-Branco MVS. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of trachylobane-360, a diterpene from Xylopia langsdorffiana. Molecules 2012; 17:9573-89. [PMID: 22885357 PMCID: PMC6269042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachylobane-360 (ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid) was isolated from Xylopia langsdorffiana. Studies have shown that it has weak cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of trachylobane-360, as well as its cytotoxicity in mouse erythrocytes. In order to evaluate the in vivo toxicological aspects related to trachylobane-360 administration, hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses of the treated animals were performed. The compound exhibited a concentration-dependent effect in inducing hemolysis with HC50 of 273.6 µM, and a moderate in vitro concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of sarcoma 180 cells with IC50 values of 150.8 µM and 150.4 µM, evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and MTT reduction assay, respectively. The in vivo inhibition rates of sarcoma 180 tumor development were 45.60, 71.99 and 80.06% at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg of trachylobane-360 and 25 mg/kg of 5-FU, respectively. Biochemical parameters were not altered. Leukopenia was observed after 5-FU treatment, but this effect was not seen with trachylobane-360 treatment. The histopathological analysis of liver and kidney showed that both organs were mildly affected by trachylobane-360 treatment. Trachylobane-360 showed no immunosuppressive effect. In conclusion, these data reinforce the anticancer potential of this natural diterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Lima Rodrigues Pita
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Aline Lira Xavier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Tatyanna Kelvia Gomes de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Vivianne Mendes Mangueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Robson José de Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | - Robson Cavalcante Veras
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Hilzeth de Luna Freire Pessoa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Sandra Morelli
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | | | - Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Marianna Vieira Sobral Castello-Branco
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7003; Fax: +55-83-3216-7427
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