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Wu Y, Ding C, Liu C, Dan L, Xu H, Li X, Li Y, Song X, Zhang D. Schisandrol A, the Major Active Constitute in Schisandra chinensis: A Review of Its Preparation, Biological Activities, and Pharmacokinetics Analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:717-752. [PMID: 38716620 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) has a long history as a traditional Chinese medicine that is astringent, beneficial to vital energy, tonifies the kidney, tranquilizes the heart, etc. Significantly, Schisandrol A (SA) is extracted from S. chinensis and shows surprising and satisfactory biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protection, and antitumor properties, among others. SA has a more pronounced protective effect on central damaged nerves among its numerous pharmacological effects, improving neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's through the protection of damaged nerve cells and the enhancement of anti-oxidant capacity. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that SA has a pharmacokinetic profile with a rapid absorption, wide distribution, maximal concentration in the liver, and primarily renal excretion. However, hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism can affect SA's bioavailability. In addition, the content of SA, as an index component of S. chinensis Pharmacopoeia, should not be less than 0.40%, and the content of SA in S. chinensis compound formula was determined with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which is a stable and reliable method, and it can lay a foundation for the subsequent quality control. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the preparation, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic properties, and content determination of SA with the goal of updating and deepening the understanding of SA, as well as providing a theoretical basis for the study of SA at a later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Chenwang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Linwei Dan
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
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Wang X, Wang X, Yao H, Shen C, Geng K, Xie H. A comprehensive review on Schisandrin and its pharmacological features. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:783-794. [PMID: 37658213 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Schisandrin stands as one of the primary active compounds within the widely used traditional medicinal plant Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. This compound exhibits sedative, hypnotic, anti-aging, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, showcasing its effectiveness across various liver diseases while maintaining a favorable safety profile. However, the bioavailability of schisandrin is largely affected by hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism, which limits the clinical efficacy of schisandrin. In this paper, we review the various pharmacological effects and related mechanisms of schisandrin, in order to provide reference for subsequent drug research and promote its medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
- Wannan Medical College, No.22, Wenchang West Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wannan Medical College, No.22, Wenchang West Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Chaozhuang Shen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Kuo Geng
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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Zheng XX, Li YC, Yang KL, He ZX, Wang ZL, Wang X, Jing HL, Cao YJ. Icariin reduces Glu-induced excitatory neurotoxicity via antioxidative and antiapoptotic pathways in SH-SY5Y cells. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3377-3389. [PMID: 33891785 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive glutamate (Glu) can lead to significant effects on neural cells through the generation of neurotoxic or excitotoxic cascades. Icariin (ICA) is a main active ingredient of Chinese Medicine Berberidaceae epimedium L., and has many biological activities, such as antiinflammation, antioxidative stress, and anti-depression. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ICA on Glu-induced excitatory neurotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cells. The cell viability assay was evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed by flow cytometry. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was determined by using the fluorescent probe Fluo-3. Protein expression was detected by western blotting analysis. ICA can significantly enhance the SH-SY5Y cell viability reduced by Glu. At the same time, ICA can significantly reduce apoptosis, ROS, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and significantly inhibit the increase of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, ICA significantly increased the expression of P47phox and iNOS, decreased p-JNK/JNK, p-P38/P38, Bax/Bcl-2, active caspase-3, and active caspase-9. These results indicate that ICA may reduce the excitatory neurotoxicity of Glu-induced SH-SY5Y cells through suppression of oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways, suggesting that ICA could be a potential therapeutic candidate for neurological disorders propagated by Glu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xing Zheng
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ying Chun Li
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kai Lin Yang
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zhou Xiao He
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zhao Liang Wang
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Hui Ling Jing
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yan Jun Cao
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
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Piao Z, Song L, Yao L, Zhang L, Lu Y. Schisandrin Restores the Amyloid β-Induced Impairments on Mitochondrial Function, Energy Metabolism, Biogenesis, and Dynamics in Rat Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Pharmacology 2021; 106:254-264. [PMID: 33691319 DOI: 10.1159/000507818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schisandrin which is derived from Schisandra chinensis has shown multiple pharmacological effects on various diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE Our study aims to investigate the effects of schisandrin on mitochondrial functions and metabolisms in primary hippocampal neurons. METHODS In our study, rat primary hippocampal neurons were isolated and treated with indicated dose of amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) oligomer to establish a cell model of AD in vitro. Schisandrin (2 μg/mL) was further subjected to test its effects on mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and dynamics in the Aβ1-42 oligomer-treated neurons. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that schisandrin significantly alleviated the Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and impaired cytochrome c oxidase activity. Additionally, the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and release of cytochrome c were highly restricted with schisandrin treatment. Alterations in cell viability, ATP production, citrate synthase activity, and the expressions of glycolysis-related enzymes demonstrated the relief of defective energy metabolism in Aβ-treated neurons after the treatment of schisandrin. For mitochondrial biogenesis, elevated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator along with promoted mitochondrial mass was found in schisandrin-treated cells. The imbalance in the cycle of fusion and fission was also remarkably restored by schisandrin. In summary, this study provides novel mechanisms for the protective effect of schisandrin on mitochondria-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, China
| | - Lin Song
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou, China,
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Yichan Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalian Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian, China
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Cheng HY, Chao J, Chiu CS, Hsieh IC, Huang HC, Wu LY, Peng WH. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Wu-Zi-Yuan-Chung-Wan against CCl 4-induced oxidative damage in rats. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211014058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective potentials of the Wu-Zi-Yuan-Chung-Wan (WZYCW) using an animal model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury. CCl4 induced chronic liver hepatotoxicity in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Excluding the control group, all of the rats with chronic liver fibrosis received 0.4% CCl4 (1.5 mL/kg of body weight, ip) twice per week for 8 weeks. WZYCW (20, 100, and 500 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) were administered five times per week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained, and liver histological examinations were performed for subsequent assays. These results suggest that WZYCW considerably reduced Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), Triglyceride (TG); and cholesterol activity; and the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the liver. WZYCW also increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in liver tissue. WZYCW produced hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate that WZYCW expressed hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in rat. In addition, the primary compound of WZCYW was analyzed using HPLC. The major peaks of WZCYW, including schizandrin. The results indicate that WZYCW not only enhances hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibits lipid peroxidation but also suppresses inflammatory responses in CCl4 induced liver damage. Our findings provide evidence that WZYCW possesses a hepatoprotective activity to ameliorate chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Catholic Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chiayi
| | - Jung Chao
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | | | - I-Chien Hsieh
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Lung-Yuan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City
| | - Wen-Huang Peng
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
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Song L, Yao L, Zhang L, Piao Z, Lu Y. Schizandrol A protects against Aβ 1-42-induced autophagy via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SH-SY5Y cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1739-1752. [PMID: 31900522 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradative pathway, is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Schizandrol A (SchA) shows multiple pharmacological effects. However, the potential effects and mechanisms of SchA on amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced autophagy remain unclear. In this study, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells or primary hippocampal neurons were pretreated with SchA (2 μg/ml) for 1 h before subjected to Aβ1-42 (10 μM) for 24 h to test its effects on cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Then an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) and a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) were employed to explore the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The results showed that SchA significantly inhibited Aβ1-42-triggered reduction of viable cells, increases of apoptotic cell number and pro-apoptotic protein expressions, as well as alterations of oxidative stress markers. In addition, the increases of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 and decrease of p62 were suppressed by SchA. At the molecular level, we found that the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was ameliorated by SchA. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway deteriorated the protective effects of SchA against Aβ1-42-induced autophagy activation, cell death, and apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SchA attenuates Aβ1-42-induced autophagy through activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. SchA may be a novel drug for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, 46 Yanda Avenue, Huizhou, 516007, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Huizhou, Huizhou, 516002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Huizhou, 516002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichan Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalian Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Yuan T, Qi B, Jiang Z, Dong W, Zhong L, Bai L, Tong R, Yu J, Shi J. Dual FLT3 inhibitors: Against the drug resistance of acute myeloid leukemia in recent decade. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:468-483. [PMID: 31207462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease characterized by abnormal growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Although the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, many specific gene mutations have been found in AML. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is recognized as a drug target for the treatment of AML, and the activation mutations of FLT3 were found in about 30% of AML patients. Targeted inhibition of FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase has shown promising results in the treatment of FLT3 mutation AML. Unfortunately, the therapeutic effects of FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors used as AML monotherapy are usually accompanied by the high risk of resistance development within a few months after treatment. FLT3 dual inhibitors were generated with the co-inhibition of FLT3 and another target, such as CDK4, JAK2, MEK, Mer, Pim, etc., to solve the problems mentioned above. As a result, the therapeutic effect of the drug is significantly improved, while the toxic and side effects are reduced. Besides, the life quality of AML patients with FLT3 mutation has been effectively improved. In this paper, we reviewed the studies of dual FLT3 inhibitors that have been discovered in recent years for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Baowen Qi
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jiying Yu
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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YiQiFuMai Powder Injection Protects against Ischemic Stroke via Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis and PKC δ/Drp1-Mediated Excessive Mitochondrial Fission. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1832093. [PMID: 29435096 PMCID: PMC5757147 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1832093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
YiQiFuMai (YQFM) powder injection has been reported to be used in cardiovascular and nervous system diseases with marked efficacy. However, as a treatment against diseases characterized by hypoxia, lassitude, and asthenia, the effects and underlying mechanisms of YQFM in neuronal mitochondrial function and dynamics have not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that YQFM inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis and activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in cerebral ischemia-injured rats, producing a significant improvement in cerebral infarction and neurological score. YQFM also attenuated oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis through increasing ATP level and mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm), inhibiting ROS production, and regulating Bcl-2 family protein levels in primary cultured neurons. Moreover, YQFM inhibited excessive mitochondrial fission, Drp1 phosphorylation, and translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria induced by oxidative stress. We provided the first evidence that YQFM inhibited the activation, association, and translocation of PKCδ and Drp1 upon oxidative stress. Taken together, we demonstrate that YQFM ameliorates ischemic stroke-induced neuronal apoptosis through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and PKCδ/Drp1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission. These findings not only put new insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of YQFM associated with the regulation of mitochondrial function but also expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke.
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Zhang HJ, Zhang GR, Piao HR, Quan ZS. Synthesis and characterisation of celastrol derivatives as potential anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:190-198. [PMID: 29231066 PMCID: PMC6009949 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1404590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, three series of novel celastrol derivatives were designed and synthesised by modifying the carboxylic acid at the 20th position with amino acid, amine, and triazole derivatives. All the synthesised compounds were screened for their anticancer activities using MTT assay against AGS, MGC-803, SGC-7901, HCT-116, A549, HeLa, BEL-7402, and HepG-2 cell lines. Most of the synthesised compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative effects. The most promising compound 3-Hydroxy-9β,13α-dimethyl-2-oxo-24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic amide, N-(R)-methyl-3-(1H-indol-2-yl)propanoate (11) showed considerable high anticancer activity against AGS cell lines, with an IC50 value of 0.44 μM, and considerably higher activities against HCT-116, BEL-7402, and HepG-2 cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.78, 0.63, and 0.76 μM, respectively. The results of apoptosis tests and molecular docking study of compound 11 binding to Caspase-3 revealed that its mechanism of action with antiproliferative was possibly involved in inducing apoptosis by inducing the activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jian Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin , China
| | - Guo-Rui Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin , China
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin , China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin , China
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Schisandrin rescues depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress via GDNF/ERK1/2/ROS and PI3K/AKT/NOX signaling pathways in mice. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:230-237. [PMID: 28780280 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to prove the antidepressant-like effects and the probable mechanisms of Schisandrin on depression, which induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice. Four weeks of CUMS exposure resulted in depressive-like behavior, as indicated by the significant decrease in sucrose consumption and increase the immobility time in the forced swim test, but without any influence on the locomotor activity. Further, there were significant downregulations of GDNF/ERK1/2/ROS and PI3K/AKT/NOX signaling pathways in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in depressed mice. Treatment of mice with Schisandrin (30mg/kg) and Fluoxetine (10mg/kg) significantly ameliorated all the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by CUMS. These results suggest that Schisandrin produces an antidepressant-like effect in CUMS-induced mice, which possibly mediated, at least in part, by rectifying the signaling pathways of GDNF/ERK1/2/ROS and PI3K/AKT/NOX.
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Gao C, Chen H, Niu C, Hu J, Cao B. Protective effect of Schizandrin B against damage of UVB irradiated skin cells depend on inhibition of inflammatory pathways. Bioengineered 2016; 8:36-44. [PMID: 27689692 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1227572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizandrin B is extracted from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. This study evaluated the photoprotective effect of Schizandrin B on oxidative stress injury of the skin caused by UVB-irradiation and the molecular mechanism of the photoprotective effect of Schizandrin B, and we firstly found that Schizandrin B could block Cox-2, IL-6 and IL-18 signal pathway to protect damage of skin cells given by UVB-irradiation. In the research, we found that Schizandrin B can attenuate the UVB-induced toxicity on keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in human body, and can outstandingly eliminated intracellular ROS produced by UVB-irradiation. These results demonstrate that Schizandrin B can regulate the function of decreasing intracellular SOD's activity and increasing the expression level of MDA in HaCaT cells result from the guidance of UVB, and it markedly reduced the production of inflammatory factors such as Cox-2, IL-6 or IL-18, decreased the expression level of MMP-1, and interdicted degradation process of collagens in UVB-radiated cells. Therefore, skin keratinocytes can be effectively protected from UVB-radiated damage by Schizandrin B, and UVB-irradiation caused inflammatory responses can be inhibited by attenuating process of ROS generating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Gao
- a Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
| | - Hong Chen
- a Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China.,b Tianjin Key Laboratory for Biomarkers of Occupational and Environmental Hazard , Tianjin , China
| | - Cong Niu
- a Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
| | - Jie Hu
- a Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
| | - Bo Cao
- a Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces , Tianjin , China
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Ahn SM, Kim HN, Kim YR, Choi YW, Kim CM, Shin HK, Choi BT. Emodin from Polygonum multiflorum ameliorates oxidative toxicity in HT22 cells and deficits in photothrombotic ischemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:13-20. [PMID: 27151150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. has been used widely in East Asia in treatment of diseases associated with aging. Emodin, an active component from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., provides benefits for brain disturbances induced by severe cerebral injury. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the neuroprotective effect of emodin from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity and cerebral ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS For examination of neuroprotective effects of emodin, cell viability, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, and Western blot were performed in HT22 cells and infarct volume, behavioral tests and Western blot in a mouse model of photothrombotic ischemic stroke. RESULTS Pretreatment with emodin resulted in significantly reduced glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death in HT22 cells. However, blocking of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activity with LY294002 resulted in significantly inhibited cell survival by emodin. Exposure of glutamate-treated cells to emodin induced an increase in the level of Bcl-2 expression, whereas the expression of Bax and active caspase-3 proteins was significantly reduced. In addition, treatment with emodin resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and expression of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This expression by emodin was also significantly inhibited by blocking of PI3K activity. In a photothrombotic ischemic stroke model, treatment with emodin resulted in significantly reduced infarct volume and improved motor function. We confirmed the critical role of the expression levels of Bcl-2/Bax, active caspase-3, phosphorylated (p)Akt, p-CREB, and mature BDNF for potent neuroprotective effects of emodin in cerebral ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that emodin may afford a significant neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and subsequently enhance behavioral function in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Anti-aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy-Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.
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Olatunji OJ, Feng Y, Olatunji OO, Tang J, Ouyang Z, Su Z, Wang D, Yu X. Neuroprotective effects of adenosine isolated from Cordyceps cicadae against oxidative and ER stress damages induced by glutamate in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:53-61. [PMID: 27114365 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate has been proven to induce oxidative stress through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased calcium overload which results in neuronal injury, development of neurodegenerative diseases and death. Adenosine is one of the bioactive nucleosides found in Cordyceps cicadae and it has displayed several pharmacological activities including neuroprotection. In this study, the protective effects of adenosine from C. cicadae against glutamate-induce oxidative stress in PC12 cells were evaluated. The exposure of PC12 cells to glutamate (5mM) induced the formation of ROS, increased Ca(2+) influx, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and up regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax. However, pretreatment with adenosine markedly increased cell viability, decreased the elevated levels of ROS and Ca(2+) induced by glutamate. Furthermore adenosine increased the activities of GSH-Px and SOD, as well as retained mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and reduced the expression of ERK, p38, and JNK. Overall, our results suggest that adenosine may be a promising potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Oyenike O Olatunji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Ahn SM, Kim YR, Kim HN, Choi YW, Lee JW, Kim CM, Baek JU, Shin HK, Choi BT. Neuroprotection and spatial memory enhancement of four herbal mixture extract in HT22 hippocampal cells and a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:202. [PMID: 26122524 PMCID: PMC4486694 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four traditional Korean medicinal herbs which act in retarding the aging process, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn) Libosch., Polygala tenuifolia Willd., and Acorus gramineus Soland., were prepared by systematic investigation of Dongeuibogam (Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine), published in the early 17th century in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate beneficial effects of four herbal mixture extract (PMC-12) on hippocampal neuron and spatial memory. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed for standardization of PMC-12. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Western blot assays were performed in HT22 hippocampal cells and immunohistochemistry and behavioral tests were performed in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia in order to observe alterations of hippocampal cell survival and subsequent memory function. RESULTS In the HPLC analysis, PMC-12 was standardized to contain 3.09% 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, 0.35% 3',6-disinapoyl sucrose, and 0.79% catalpol. In HT22 cells, pretreatment with PMC-12 resulted in significantly reduced glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death. Pretreatment with PMC-12 also resulted in suppression of ROS accumulation in connection with cellular Ca(2+) level after exposure to glutamate. Expression levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) by glutamate exposure were recovered by pretreatment with either PMC-12 or anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Expression levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were significantly enhanced by treatment with either PMC-12 or NAC. Combination treatment with PMC-12, NAC, and intracellular Ca(2+) inhibitor BAPTA showed similar expression levels. In a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia, we observed higher expression of mature BDNF and phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus and further confirmed improved spatial memory by treatment with PMC-12. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PMC-12 mainly exerted protective effects on hippocampal neurons through suppression of Ca(2+)-related ROS accumulation and regulation of signaling pathways of p38 MAPK and PI3K associated with mature BDNF expression and CREB phosphorylation and subsequently enhanced spatial memory.
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Liu S, Zhang XP, Han NN, Lv S, Xiong JY. Pretreatment with low dose etomidate prevents etomidate-induced rat adrenal insufficiency by regulating oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:1212-1220. [PMID: 25989534 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Etomidate is frequently used as an anesthetic and sedation agent in the clinic setting. This study determined that a low-dose pre-infusion followed by a continuous dose infusion of etomidate could reduce etomidate-induced adrenal gland insufficiency. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were used, with six rats per group. Based on preliminary experiments, 0.6mg/kg etomidate was selected as the low dose for this study. Oxidative stress and apoptosis-related proteins in the adrenal glands were assayed using Western blot, and serum levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase were detected using ELISA. Pretreatment with a single bolus of low dose etomidate significantly increased the levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) in the adrenal glands, but reduced nitric oxide (NO) production when compared to the positive group. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that pretreatment with low dose etomidate increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), CREB and bcl-2 activation, but suppressed the p-p38, c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), bax, and AKT activation. The ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 abolished the protective effect of low dose etomidate pretreatment. These data demonstrated that pretreatment with low dose etomidate attenuated etomidate-induced adrenal insufficiency to rat adrenal glands. Oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis proteins might be responsible for mediating the etomidate preconditioning effect in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Na-Na Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Shen Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Jun-Yu Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China.
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Kim HS, Lee JH, Park HS, Lee GS, Kim HW, Ha KT, Kim BJ. Schizandra chinensis extracts induce apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells via JNK/p38 MAPK activation and the ROS-mediated/mitochondria-dependent pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:212-219. [PMID: 25243868 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.913297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schizandra chinensis Baill (Magnoliaceae) fruit extract (SCE) is considered a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and alleviation of various diseases. Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the first most common in Korea. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the mechanism of SCE-induced apoptosis in AGS human gastric cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCE concentrations from 100 to 400 µg/ml were used. Cell viabilities were determined using MTT assay. Members of the Bcl-2 family and Bax were detected by Western blotting. RT-PCR was performed to measure the expression level of the Fas/FasL pro-apoptotic genes. RESULTS SCE inhibited the proliferation AGS cells for 24 or 72 h (inhibition by 3.1% ± 5.2% at 100 µg/ml and 87.3% ± 7.6% at 400 µg/ml at 24 h and by 40.2% ± 5.3% 100 µg/ml and 95.3% ± 1.3% 400 µg/ml at 72 h) and increased the sub-G1 phase (25.3% ± 5.2% at 100 µg/ml and 370.2% ± 7.2% at 400 µg/ml) and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization (11.2% ± 2.1% at 100 µg/ml and 311.5% ± 6.1% at 400 µg/ml). The SCE-induced apoptotic cell death showed the down-regulation of Bcl-2, but up-regulation of Bax. Subsequently, SCE increased the expression level of Fas/FasL, activated caspase-9 and -3, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Also, JNK II inhibitor or a p38 MAPK inhibitor inhibited SCE-induced cell death. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results indicate that SCE might be an effective chemotherapeutic for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sul Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine , Yangsan , Republic of Korea
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Network pharmacology-based prediction and verification of the molecular targets and pathways for schisandrin against cerebrovascular disease. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:251-8. [PMID: 24863349 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To illuminate the molecular targets for schisandrin against cerebrovascular disease based on the combined methods of network pharmacology prediction and experimental verification. METHOD A protein database was established through constructing the drug-protein network from literature mining data. The protein-protein network was built through an in-depth exploration of the relationships between the proteins. The computational platform was implemented to predict and extract the sensitive sub-network with significant P-values from the protein-protein network. Then the key targets and pathways were identified from the sensitive sub-network. The most related targets and pathways were also confirmed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced PC12 cells by Western blotting. RESULTS Twelve differentially expressed proteins (gene names: NFKB1, RELA, TNFSF10, MAPK1, CHUK, CASP8, PIGS2, MAPK14, CREB1, IFNG, APP, and BCL2) were confirmed as the central nodes of the interaction network (45 nodes, 93 edges). The NF-κB signaling pathway was suggested as the most related pathway of schisandrin for cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, schisandrin was found to suppress the expression and phosphorylation of IKKα, as well as p50 and p65 induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The computational platform that integrates literature mining data, protein-protein interactions, sensitive sub-network, and pathway results in identification of the NF-κB signaling pathway as the key targets and pathways for schisandrin.
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Brefeldin A reduces anchorage-independent survival, cancer stem cell potential and migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Molecules 2014; 19:17464-77. [PMID: 25356567 PMCID: PMC6271931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells in tumors or established cancer cell lines that can initiate and sustain the growth of tumors in vivo. Cancer stem cells can be enriched in serum-free, suspended cultures that allow the formation of tumorspheres over several days to weeks. Brefeldin A (BFA) is a mycotoxin that induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in eukaryotic cells. We found that BFA, at sub-microgram per milliliter concentrations, preferentially induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 suspension cultures (EC50: 0.016 µg/mL) compared to adhesion cultures. BFA also effectively inhibited clonogenic activity and the migration and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) activity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting analysis indicated that the effects of BFA may be mediated by the down-regulation of breast CSC marker CD44 and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, as well as the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, BFA also displayed selective cytotoxicity toward suspended MDA-MB-468 cells, and suppressed tumorsphere formation in T47D and MDA-MB-453 cells, suggesting that BFA may be effective against breast cancer cells of various phenotypes.
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Ahn SM, Kim HN, Kim YR, Oh EY, Choi YW, Shin HK, Choi BT. Neuroprotective effect of 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol from Uncaria sinensis on glutamate-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:293-299. [PMID: 24877848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We isolated a single compound, 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol (MOD), from dried hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis, which is used in traditional Korean medicine to provide relief from various nervous related symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroprotective effects of MOD against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells were investigated by analyzing cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Western blot assays. RESULTS Exposure to glutamate alone resulted in remarkable hippocampal neuronal cell death; however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in suppression of neuronal death and ROS accumulation in connection with cellular Ca2+ level after exposure to glutamate. Stimulation by glutamate also caused significant protein level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in inhibition of these changes in protein level. Treatment with glutamate alone led to suppressed protein level of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB); however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in significant enhancement of this level of protein. Anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and both Ca2+ inhibitors, BAPTA and EGTA, showed effects similar to those of MOD in all proteins examined, except mature BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MOD mainly exerted neuroprotective effects in suppression of ROS accumulation and up-regulation of mature BDNF in association with p38 MAPK and PI3K signaling in hippocampal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Oh
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 626-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
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Han YJ, Je JH, Kim SH, Ahn SM, Kim HN, Kim YR, Choi YW, Shin HK, Choi BT. Gastrodia elata Shows Neuroprotective Effects via Activation of PI3K Signaling against Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity in HT22 Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1007-19. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dried roots of Gastrodia elata have traditionally been used in Korean medicine for the treatment of neurological disorders such as scotodinia, paralysis, and epilepsy. In our study, we attempted to investigate the neuroprotective effects of methanol extract from G. elata (MEGE) against glutamate-mediated oxidative stress and to explore underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. Analyses for cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), flow cytometry, Western blot, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed in HT22 hippocampal cells. Pretreatment with MEGE resulted in a potent neuroprotective effect against oxidative glutamate toxicity and these effects were exerted mainly by the abrogation of glutamate-induced apoptotic death. Treatment with glutamate resulted in a significant expression of both phosphorylated p38 and dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). However, pretreatment with MEGE resulted in the inhibition of these expressions. In the inhibitor studies, treatment with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in the abrogation of the neuroprotective effect of MEGE. In addition, pretreatment with MEGE also resulted in the suppression of the glutamate-induced production of ROS. Treatment with MEGE and anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) resulted in the enhanced phosphorylation of both PI3K and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), and, in particular, treatment with MEGE resulted in significantly enhanced expression of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These results suggest that the extract from G. elata mainly exerted neuroprotective effects through the up-regulation of the PI3K signaling pathway in association with BDNF and may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of oxidative neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Han
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hui Je
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyoung Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 626-706, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Anti-Aging Technology Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Tian X, Sui S, Huang J, Bai JP, Ren TS, Zhao QC. Neuroprotective effects of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, JNK and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:189-198. [PMID: 24956398 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that glutamate-induced oxidative stress can lead to neuronal cell death involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, protective effects of ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells were evaluated. Also, the effects of EAE on antioxidant system, mitochondrial pathway, and signal transduction pathway were explored. Pretreatment with EAE significantly increased cell viability, activities of GSH-Px and SOD, mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced LDH leakage, ROS formation, and nuclear condensation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot results revealed that EAE increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and inhibited the up-regulation of caspase-3, release of cytochrome c, phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Therefore, our results indicate that EAE may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases implicated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Shuang Sui
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun-Peng Bai
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian-Shu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China.
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Guo Z, Cao G, Yang H, Zhou H, Li L, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1295-306. [PMID: 24801159 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SMXZF is a combination of Rb1, Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) derived from Sheng-mai San, a widely used Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases. The present study explores the inhibitory effects and signaling pathways of SMXZF on autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion insult by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr with subsequent 24 hr reperfusion. Three doses of SMXZF (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after ischemia for 1 hr. An autophagic inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 300 μg/kg), was administered i.p. 20 min before ischemia as a positive drug. We found that SMXZF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and the neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Similar to the positive control, SMXZF at 18 mg/kg also significantly inhibited autophagosome formation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting demonstrated that SMXZF could significantly decrease the expression levels of beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. SMXZF also remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its phosphorylation induced by 24 hr reperfusion. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimal administration time of SMXZF was at the early period of reperfusion. This study reveals that SMXZF displays neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly associated with autophagy inactivation through AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Celastrol induces apoptosis in gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells via caspases-dependent pathways and Hsp90 client protein degradation. Molecules 2014; 19:3508-22. [PMID: 24662070 PMCID: PMC6271537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, a triterpene extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, has been shown to have multiple bioactivities. Although among these activities, its anti-cancer effects have attracted the most attention, the effect of celastrol on gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is not clearly known. Here, we examined the potency of celastrol in three different NSCLC cell lines. We explored its treatment mechanism in two gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines (H1650 and H1975). Our data demonstrated that celastrol exerted its apoptotic effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Also, the mitochondria membrane potential was gradually lost and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 increased after the treatment of celastrol, both of which are indicators of mitochondria membrane integrity. Although the caspases were activated, the treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor could partially inhibit the level of apoptosis. Moreover, the protein level of Hsp90 client proteins, EGFR and AKT, was measured. Interestingly, both client proteins were remarkably down-regulated after the treatment of celastrol. Taken together, our data showed that celastrol may be developed as a promising agent for treating gefitinib-resistant NSCLCs by inducing apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathways and Hsp90 client protein degradation.
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Sun X, Zhang P, Wu X, Wu Q, Zhang M, An Y, Shi G. Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1118-25. [PMID: 24652759 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of the five main bioactive components, calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. Plasma samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction separated on a CEC18 column and detected by MS with an electrospray ionization interface in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Calibration curves offered linear ranges of two orders of magnitude with r > 0.995. The method had a lower limit of quantitation of 0.1, 0.02, 0.1, 1 and 0.1 ng/mL for calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation) for all analytes ranged from 0.97 to 7.63% and from 3.45 to 10.89%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the five compounds in rats after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
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Chu C, Zhang S, Tong S, Li X, Yan J. An efficient strategy for the extraction and purification of lignans fromSchisandra chinensisby a combination of supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3958-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shidi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xingnuo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou P. R. China
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Kim HN, Kim YR, Jang JY, Choi YW, Baek JU, Hong JW, Choi YH, Shin HK, Choi BT. Neuroprotective effects of Polygonum multiflorum extract against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity in HT22 hippocampal cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:108-115. [PMID: 23973786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dried roots of Polygonum multiflorum have traditionally been used in the retarding of aging process in East Asian countries and its extracts exhibit anti-oxidative activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate extract from Polygonum multiflorum (EEPM) were investigated against glutamate-induced oxidative cell death in HT22 hippocampal cells. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, morphological, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays were performed in order to observe alterations of neuronal cell survival or death related pathways. RESULTS Pretreatment with EEPM resulted in significantly decreased glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and also resulted in drastically inhibited glutamate-induced apoptotic and necrotic neuronal death. To elucidate possible pathways of neuroprotection by EEPM, we explored the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). Treatment with glutamate alone led to activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 during the late phase after glutamate exposure, but pretreatment with EEPM resulted in significantly attenuated activation of these proteins. Pretreatment with EEPM resulted in increased activation of CREB. The specific inhibitors of ERK and p38, PD98059 and SB203580, abrogated the neuroprotective effects of EEPM. When we evaluated calpain I and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), active form of calpain I was significantly increased after glutamate exposure, and, along with this, active form of STEP showed a decrease. Pretreatment with EEPM resulted in significant recovery of pro-calpain I and active form of STEP caused by glutamate. Co-treatment with calpain inhibitor ALLN and EEPM had a synergistic effect on neuronal death and contributed to blockade of activation of both ERK and p38 with increased activation of CREB. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Polygonum multiflorum extract may have neuroprotective effects through both alleviation of ERK and p38 activation with increased activation of CREB under oxidative stress and has potential as a therapeutic intervention for treatment of oxidative neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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28
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Dilshara MG, Jayasooriya RGPT, Kang CH, Lee S, Park SR, Jeong JW, Choi YH, Seo YT, Jang YP, Kim GY. Downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators by a water extract of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill fruit in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:256-264. [PMID: 23686005 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis has a long-standing history of medicinal use as a tonic, a sedative, an anti-tussive, and an anti-aging drug. Nevertheless, the antagonistic effects of S. chinensis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated responses have not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated whether water extract of S. chinensis fruit (WESC) has the ability to attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. WESC inhibited the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, namely, NO, PGE2, and TNF-α. Furthermore, gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α was inhibited both at mRNA and protein synthesis levels, without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, WESC significantly suppressed LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of NF-κB by inhibiting degradation of IκBα. It was found that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific NF-κB inhibitor, downregulates the expression of these pro-inflammatory genes to be closely regulated by NF-κB activity. Furthermore, we found that WESC retains dephosphorylation of Akt in response to LPS, and consequently suppressed the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. LY294002, a specific Akt inhibitor, attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression via suppression of NF-κB activity. Taken together, our results indicate that WESC downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory genes involved in the synthesis of NO, PGE2, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by suppressing Akt-dependent NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Rul Park
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-051, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-051, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Seo
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Tseng CN, Huang CF, Cho CL, Chang HW, Huang CW, Chiu CC, Chang YF. Brefeldin a effectively inhibits cancer stem cell-like properties and MMP-9 activity in human colorectal cancer Colo 205 cells. Molecules 2013; 18:10242-53. [PMID: 23973996 PMCID: PMC6270264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells with indefinite potential for self-renewal and the capacity to drive tumorigenesis. Brefeldin A (BFA) is an antibiotic that is known to block protein transport and induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in eukaryotic cells, but its effects on colorectal CSCs are unknown. We investigated the inhibitory effect of BFA on human colorectal cancer Colo 205 cells. We found that BFA effectively reduced the survival of suspension Colo 205 cells (IC50 = ~15 ng/mL) by inducing apoptosis, and inhibited the clonogenic activity of Colo 205 CSCs in tumorsphere formation assay and soft agar colony formation assay in the same nanogram per milliliter range. We also discovered that at such low concentrations, BFA effectively induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response as indicated by the increased mRNA expression of ER stress-related genes, such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Finally, we found that BFA reduced the activity of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). These findings suggest that BFA can effectively suppress the progression of colorectal cancer during the tumorigenesis and metastasis stages. These results may lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Neng Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-N.T.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Chien-Fu Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-F.H.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-N.T.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-F.H.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-F.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2701) (Y.-F.C.); Fax: +886-7-322-7508 (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-F.C.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2701) (Y.-F.C.); Fax: +886-7-322-7508 (Y.-F.C.)
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