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Kesavan A, Rajakumar T, Karunanidhi M, Ravi A, Vivekanand P, Kamaraj P, Arumugam N, Hari Kumar S, Perumal K, Djearamane S, Aminuzzaman M, Wong LS, Kayarohanam S. A Comparative analysis of PESC and PPSC copolyesters: Insights into viscosity, thermal behavior, crystallinity, and biodegradability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24728. [PMID: 38312566 PMCID: PMC10835248 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examined various properties of synthesized copolyesters PESC and PPSC. Inherent viscosities of the copolyesters, measured in 1,4-dioxane at 32 °C, were 0.65 dL/g for PESC and 0.73 dL/g for PPSC. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed distinct absorption bands associated with ester carbonyl stretching, C-H bending vibration, C-H group symmetry stretching, and C-O stretching vibrations. 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify specific protons and carbon groups in the polymer chain, revealing the molecular structure of the copolyesters. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) identified the glass transition, melting, and decomposition temperatures for both copolyesters, indicating variations in the crystalline nature of the copolymers. XRD Spectral studies further elaborated on the crystalline nature, indicating that PPSC is less amorphous than PESC. Biodegradation analysis showed that PESC degrades more quickly than PPSC, with degradation decreasing as the number of methylene groups increase. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images depicted the surface morphology of the copolyesters before and after degradation, revealing a more roughened surface with pits post-degradation. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the structural and degradable properties of PESC and PPSC copolyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kesavan
- Department of Chemistry, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, India
| | - T. Rajakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, India
| | - M. Karunanidhi
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Udumalpet, India
| | - A. Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, India
| | - P.A. Vivekanand
- Centre for Catalysis Research, Department of Chemistry, Saveetha Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai-602105, India
| | - P. Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600073, India
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Hari Kumar
- Chemistry Division, Department of Humanities and Science, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai 600124, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sinouvassane Djearamane
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Unit and Lab Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Mohammod Aminuzzaman
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800 Malaysia
| | - Saminathan Kayarohanam
- Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health sciences, University Geomatika Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54200, Malaysia
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Synthesis and In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Photoactive Multi-Block Chalcone Conjugate Phthalimide and 1,8-Naphthalimide Novolacs. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111859. [PMID: 34205041 PMCID: PMC8199857 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report new multiblock chalcone conjugate phthalimide and naphthalimide functionalized copolymers with a topologically novel architecture synthesis using nucleophilic substitution and polycondensation methodology. The structures of the synthesized novolacs were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic analysis including FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Further, the number-average and weight-average molecular weights of the novolac polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). We examined the solubility of the synthesized polymers in various organic solvents including CHCl3, CH3CN, THF, H2O, CH3OH, DMSO, and DMF and found they are insoluble in both methanol and water. The novolac polymers were evaluated for their photophysical properties and microbial activities. The investigation of the antimicrobial activities of these polymers reveals significant antimicrobial activity against the pathogens E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, and A. niger.
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Kopeć D, Baj S, Siewniak A. Ultrasound-Assisted Green Synthesis of Dialkyl Peroxides under Phase-Transfer Catalysis Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 25:molecules25010118. [PMID: 31905595 PMCID: PMC6982749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dialkyl peroxides, which contain a thermally unstable oxygen–oxygen bond, are an important source of radical initiators and cross-linking agents. New efficient and green methods for their synthesis are still being sought. Herein, ultrasound-assisted synthesis of dialkyl peroxides from alkyl hydroperoxides and alkyl bromides in the presence of an aqueous solution of an inorganic base was systematically studied under phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) conditions. The process run in a tri-liquid system in which polyethylene glycol as a phase-transfer catalyst formed a third liquid phase between the organic and inorganic phases. The use of ultrasound provided high yields of organic peroxides (70–99%) in significantly shorter reaction times (1.5 h) in comparison to reaction with magnetic stirring (5.0 h). In turn, conducting the reaction in the tri-liquid PTC system allowed easy separation of the catalyst and its multiple use without significant loss of activity.
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Mouradzadegun A, Ganjali MR, Mostafavi MA. Design and synthesis of a magnetic hierarchical porous organic polymer: A new platform in heterogeneous phase-transfer catalysis. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mouradzadegun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology & Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Marimuthu E, Murugesan V. Influence of ultrasonic condition on phase transfer catalyzed radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in two phase system - A kinetic study. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 38:560-569. [PMID: 27591894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic condition assisted phase transfer catalyzed radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was investigated in an ethyl acetate/water two phase system at 60±1°C and 25kHz, 300W under inert atmosphere. The influence of monomer, initiator, catalyst and temperature, volume fraction of aqueous phase on the rate of polymerization was examined in detail. The reaction order was found to be unity for monomer, initiator and catalyst. Generally, the reaction rate was relatively fast in two phase system, when a catalytic amount of phase transfer catalyst was used. The combined approach, use of ultrasonic and PTC condition was significantly enhances the rate of polymerization. An ultrasonic and phase transfer catalyzed radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate has shown about three fold enhancements in the rate compared with silent polymerization of MMA using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as PTC. The resultant kinetics was evaluated with silent polymerization and an important feature was discussed. The activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters were computed. Based on the obtained results an appropriate radical mechanism has been derived. TGA showed the polymer was stable up to 150°C. The FT-IR and DSC analysis validates the atactic nature of the obtained polymer. The XRD pattern reveals the amorphous nature of polymer was dominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Marimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Vandalur, Chennai 600 048, India
| | - Vajjiravel Murugesan
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Vandalur, Chennai 600 048, India.
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Prabha J, Susan Jemima W, Jayaprada M, Umapathy MJ. Synergistic effect of ultrasonication and phase transfer catalysts in radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate - A kinetic study. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 35:333-341. [PMID: 27816439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been polymerized to poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) by employing three different phase transfer catalysts (PTC) such as 1,4-bis(dimethylhexyl)ethylenediammoniumbromide (DMHEDAB), 1,4bis(dimethylheptyl)ethylenediammoniumbromide (DMH1EDAB) and 1,4-bis(dimethyloctyl)ethylenediammonium bromide (DMOEDAB) under the influence of ultrasound radiation. The radical polymerization was performed under unstirred condition at a temperature of 60±1°C in an oxygen free atmosphere employing water soluble K2S2O8 as initiator. Various parameters such as role of [Monomer], [Initiator], [PTC], solvent and temperature were investigated on rate of polymerization (Rp) and the synergic efficacy of ultrasound wave variation and phase transfer catalysts were also assessed. It was found that the rate of polymerization (Rp) increased drastically for all the three catalyst under the influence of ultrasound and the order of efficiency was found to be [Formula: see text] This increase may be due to the number of carbon chain attached to the polar group which facilitate and accelerate the rate of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Prabha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - W Susan Jemima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Jayaprada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M J Umapathy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Synthesis and kinetic study of N-(1-methyl-3-phenyl-propane)-phthalimide (NP) by phase-transfer catalysis assisted by ultrasound irradiation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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