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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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2
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Tsunoda T, Tanoeyadi S, Proteau PJ, Mahmud T. The chemistry and biology of natural ribomimetics and related compounds. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:519-538. [PMID: 35656477 PMCID: PMC9092360 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ribomimetics represent an important group of specialized metabolites with significant biological activities. Many of the activities, e.g., inhibition of seryl-tRNA synthetases, glycosidases, or ribosomes, are manifestations of their structural resemblance to ribose or related sugars, which play roles in the structural, physiological, and/or reproductive functions of living organisms. Recent studies on the biosynthesis and biological activities of some natural ribomimetics have expanded our understanding on how they are made in nature and why they have great potential as pharmaceutically relevant products. This review article highlights the discovery, biological activities, biosynthesis, and development of this intriguing class of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsunoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Samuel Tanoeyadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Philip J Proteau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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Discovery of Octahydroisoindolone as a Scaffold for the Selective Inhibition of Chitinase B1 from Aspergillus fumigatus: In Silico Drug Design Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247606. [PMID: 34946697 PMCID: PMC8705689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases represent an alternative therapeutic target for opportunistic invasive mycosis since they are necessary for fungal cell wall remodeling. This study presents the design of new chitinase inhibitors from a known hydrolysis intermediate. Firstly, a bioinformatic analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus chitinase B1 (AfChiB1) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1) by length and conservation was done to obtain consensus sequences, and molecular homology models of fungi and human chitinases were built to determine their structural differences. We explored the octahydroisoindolone scaffold as a potential new antifungal series by means of its structural and electronic features. Therefore, we evaluated several synthesis-safe octahydroisoindolone derivatives by molecular docking and evaluated their AfChiB1 interaction profile. Additionally, compounds with the best interaction profile (1–5) were docked within the CHIT1 catalytic site to evaluate their selectivity over AfChiB1. Furthermore, we considered the interaction energy (MolDock score) and a lipophilic parameter (aLogP) for the selection of the best candidates. Based on these descriptors, we constructed a mathematical model for the IC50 prediction of our candidates (60–200 μM), using experimental known inhibitors of AfChiB1. As a final step, ADME characteristics were obtained for all the candidates, showing that 5 is our best designed hit, which possesses the best pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic character.
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Zieliński K, Dubas E, Gerši Z, Krzewska M, Janas A, Nowicka A, Matušíková I, Żur I, Sakuda S, Moravčíková J. β-1,3-Glucanases and chitinases participate in the stress-related defence mechanisms that are possibly connected with modulation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) required for the androgenesis initiation in rye (Secale cereale L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110700. [PMID: 33288013 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the biochemical, cytochemical and molecular studies on two groups of PR proteins, β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases, and the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) during the early stages of androgenesis induction in two breeding lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) with different androgenic potential. The process of androgenesis was initiated by tillers pre-treatments with low temperature, mannitol and/or reduced glutathione and resulted in microspores reprogramming and formation of androgenic structures what was associated with high activity of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases. Some isoforms of β-1,3-glucanases, namely several acidic isoforms of about 26 kDa; appeared to be anther specific. Chitinases were well represented but were less variable. RT-qPCR revealed that the cold-responsive chitinase genes Chit1 and Chit2 were expressed at a lower level in the microspores and whole anthers while the cold-responsive Glu2 and Glu3 were not active. The stress pre-treatments modifications promoted the AGP accumulation. An apparent dominance of some AGP epitopes (LM2, JIM4 and JIM14) was detected in the androgenesis-responsive rye line. An abundant JIM13 epitopes in the vesicles and inner cell walls of the microspores and in the cell walls of the anther cell layers appeared to be the most specific for embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Zieliński
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Dubas
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland; Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zuzana Gerši
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Slovak Republic.
| | - Monika Krzewska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Janas
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland; Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Nowicka
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences v. v. i. (IEB), Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research (CRH), Šlechtitelů 31, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ildikó Matušíková
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Slovak Republic.
| | - Iwona Żur
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, 320-8551, Japan.
| | - Jana Moravčíková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Slovak Republic; Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O.B. 39A, 95 007, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Cristófalo AE, Uhrig ML. Synthetic Studies on the Incorporation of N-Acetylallosamine in Hyaluronic Acid-Inspired Thiodisaccharides. Molecules 2021; 26:E180. [PMID: 33401465 PMCID: PMC7796257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two approaches for the synthesis of the thiodisaccharide β-S-GlcA(1→3)β-S-AllNAc are described here. The target disaccharide was a C-3 epimer and thio-analogue of the hyaluronic acid repetitive unit, tuned with a thiopropargyl anomeric group for further click conjugation. Thus, we analysed and tested two convenient sequences, combining the two key steps required to introduce the thioglycosidic bonds and consequently reach the target molecule: the SN2 substitution of a good leaving group (triflate) present at C-3 of a GlcNAc derivative and the introduction of the anomeric thiopropargyl substituent. The use of a 2-azido precursor showed to be a convenient substrate for the SN2 step. Nevertheless, further protecting group manipulation and the introduction of the thiopropargyl anomeric residue were then required. This approach showed to provide access to a variety of thiodisaccharide derivatives as interesting building blocks for the construction of neoglycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E. Cristófalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Andryianau G, Kowalski M, Piotrowicz MC, Rajkiewicz AA, Dymek B, Sklepkiewicz PL, Pluta E, Stefaniak F, Czestkowski W, Olejniczak S, Mazur M, Niedziejko P, Koralewski R, Matyszewski K, Gruza M, Zagozdzon A, Salamon M, Rymaszewska A, Welzer M, Dzwonek K, Golab J, Olczak J, Bartoszewicz A, Golebiowski A. Benzoxazepine-Derived Selective, Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Human Acidic Mammalian Chitinase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1228-1235. [PMID: 32551005 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human acidic mammalian chitinase (hAMCase) is one of two true chitinases in humans, the function of which remains elusive. In addition to the defense against highly antigenic chitin and chitin-containing pathogens in the gastric and intestinal contents, AMCase has been implicated in asthma, allergic inflammation, and ocular pathologies. Potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of this enzyme have not been identified to date. Here we describe structural modifications of compound OAT-177, a previously developed inhibitor of mouse AMCase, leading to OAT-1441, which displays high activity and selectivity toward hAMCase. Significantly reduced off-target activity toward the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) and a good pharmacokinetic profile make OAT-1441 a potential candidate for further preclinical development as well as a useful tool compound to study the physiological role of hAMCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Andryianau
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kowalski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam A. Rajkiewicz
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dymek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elzbieta Pluta
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Stefaniak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Olejniczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Mazur
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Niedziejko
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Koralewski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Gruza
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Salamon
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mikolaj Welzer
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dzwonek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Olczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Sharma RK, Singh V, Tiwari N, Butcher R, Katiyar D. Synthesis, antimicrobial and chitinase inhibitory activities of 3-amidocoumarins. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lomiguen C, Vidal L, Kozlowski P, Prancan A, Stern R. Possible Role of Chitin-Like Proteins in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:439-444. [PMID: 30282354 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a β-linked straight chain carbohydrate matrix monopolymer prominent in invertebrates, from fungi to arthropods. Surprisingly, chitin is now documented in vertebrates, including humans, a component of vertebrate physiology that has been neglected until now. Chitin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, not only in the central nervous system but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Elevated levels of chitin lectin have been reported in patients with AD. Chitinase activity varies widely in the human population. Chitin levels can increase in individuals with intrinsically low chitinase activity. Elevated amounts of chitin can reflect accumulation of the small chitin fragments that remain wherever rapid hyaluronan synthesis occurs. Another source of chitin may be from remote fungal infections. Chitin can be toxic for neurons, and its accumulation may lead to the development of AD. We present new suggestions for animal models and treatment modalities that could prove useful in future research endeavors. An unexpected connection with Gaucher's disease patients and their heterozygote relatives is also identified. These chitin-related mechanisms are novel approaches to AD whose etiology until now has defied explication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lomiguen
- Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Vidal
- Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Professor of Pathology and Dean for Research, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Prancan
- Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Pre-Clinical Dean, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Stern
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
In many yeast and fungi, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin are essential components of the cell wall, an important structure that surrounds cells and which is responsible for their mechanical protection and necessary for maintaining the cellular shape. In addition, the cell wall is a dynamic structure that needs to be remodelled along with the different phases of the fungal life cycle or in response to extracellular stimuli. Since β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin perform a central structural role in the assembly of the cell wall, it has been postulated that β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases should perform an important function in cell wall softening and remodelling. This review focusses on fungal glucanases and chitinases and their role during fungal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Roncero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos R Vázquez de Aldana
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Vurukonda SSKP, Giovanardi D, Stefani E. Plant Growth Promoting and Biocontrol Activity of Streptomyces spp. as Endophytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E952. [PMID: 29565834 PMCID: PMC5979581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been many recent studies on the use of microbial antagonists to control diseases incited by soilborne and airborne plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, in an attempt to replace existing methods of chemical control and avoid extensive use of fungicides, which often lead to resistance in plant pathogens. In agriculture, plant growth-promoting and biocontrol microorganisms have emerged as safe alternatives to chemical pesticides. Streptomyces spp. and their metabolites may have great potential as excellent agents for controlling various fungal and bacterial phytopathogens. Streptomycetes belong to the rhizosoil microbial communities and are efficient colonizers of plant tissues, from roots to the aerial parts. They are active producers of antibiotics and volatile organic compounds, both in soil and in planta, and this feature is helpful for identifying active antagonists of plant pathogens and can be used in several cropping systems as biocontrol agents. Additionally, their ability to promote plant growth has been demonstrated in a number of crops, thus inspiring the wide application of streptomycetes as biofertilizers to increase plant productivity. The present review highlights Streptomyces spp.-mediated functional traits, such as enhancement of plant growth and biocontrol of phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Giovanardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Emilio Stefani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Yonezawa M, Sakuda S, Yoshimura E, Suzuki M. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of chitinases in the fresh water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:107-118. [PMID: 26947209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan shells, consisting of calcium carbonate, are typical examples of biominerals. The small amount of organic matrices containing chitin and proteins in molluscan shells regulates calcification to produce elaborate microstructures. The shells of gastropods have a spiral shape around a central axis. The shell thickness on the internal side of the spiral becomes thinner than that on the outer side of the spiral during the growth to expand the interior space. These observations suggest that a dissolution process works as a remodeling mechanism to change shell shape in molluscan shells. To reveal the dissolution mechanism involved in the remodeling of gastropod spiral shells, we focused on chitinases in the fresh water snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Chitinase activity was observed in the acetic acid-soluble fraction of the shell and in the buffer extract from the mantle. Allosamidin, a specific inhibitor of family 18 chitinases, inhibited the chitinase activity of both fractions completely. Homology cloning and transcriptome analyses of the mantle revealed five genes (chi-I, chi-II, chi-III, chi-IV, and chi-V) encoding family 18 chitinases. All chitinases were expressed in the mantle and in other tissues suggesting that chitinases in the mantle have multiple-functions. Treatment with commercially available chitinase obtained from Trichoderma viride altered the shell microstructure of L. stagnalis. Larvae of L. stagnalis cultured in allosamidin solution had a thinner organic layer on the shell surface. These results suggest that the chitinase activities in the shell and mantle are probably associated with the shell formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yonezawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Etsuro Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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12
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Košak U, Hrast M, Knez D, Maraš N, Črnugelj M, Gobec S. Convenient syntheses of orthogonally protected aminocyclopentitols from aldopentoses. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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