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Moharana P, Santosh G. Amphiphilic perylene diimide-based fluorescent hemispherical aggregates as probes for metal ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 297:122696. [PMID: 37043834 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly behaviour of a newly synthesized amphiphilic core-positioned thioester appended with carboxylic acid functionalized perylene diimide derivative is studied in different organic solvents. Fluorescent J-type hemispherical aggregates are formed in THF solution. The effect of added metal ions on these fluorescent aggregates is evaluated using spectroscopic techniques, where we found these probes bind selectively to Fe3+ and Ba2+ ions. Two equivalents of Fe3+ ions bind cooperatively to one equivalent of perylene diimide derivative in the hemispherical aggregates with a binding constant of 1.4×107 M-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 8.66×10-6 M. The positive cooperative binding effect of Fe3+ ions towards hemispherical aggregates equipped with perylene diimide derivatives leads to supramolecular polymerization. Ba2+ ions showed selectivity and sensitivity towards the fluorescent aggregates in THF by quenching the fluorescence intensity completely. The linear Stern-Volmer plot with a Stern-Volmer constant value of 502.6 M-1 signifies the heavy atom effect of Ba2+ ions, leading to fluorescence quenching. The morphological transformation of the fluorescent J-type hemispherical aggregates in the presence of Fe3+ and Ba2+ was studied in detail using electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Moharana
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | - G Santosh
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India.
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2
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Shao G, Wu M, Wang X, Zhao J, You X, Wu D, Xia J. Regiochemically Pure 1,6-Ditriflato-Perylene Diimide: Preparation and Transformation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14825-14832. [PMID: 36261214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of regioisomerically pure 1,6-disubstituted perylene diimide (PDI) is not a trivial task owing to the lack of facile synthetic and separation methodologies for the precursors. Herein, we present a simple synthesis for 1,6-ditriflato-PDI (1,6-diOTf-PDI) using 1,6,9,10-tetrabromo-perylene monoimide 1 as the starting material. The selective methoxylation of 1 at the 1,6-position is the key step. Based on a four-step sequence of selective methoxylation, domino carbonylative amidation, demethylation, and triflation, 1,6-diOTf-PDI can be obtained in a satisfactory yield. Moreover, as a building block, 1,6-diOTf-PDIa can readily undergo Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Moharana P, Santosh G. Self‐assembled supramolecular organogels of Perylene diimide derivatives. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Moharana
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai INDIA
| | - G. Santosh
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai INDIA
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4
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Deckers J, Cardeynaels T, Lutsen L, Champagne B, Maes W. Heavy-Atom-Free Bay-Substituted Perylene Diimide Donor-Acceptor Photosensitizers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1488-1496. [PMID: 34031956 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) dyes are extensively investigated because of their favorable photophysical characteristics for a wide range of organic material applications. Fine-tuning of the optoelectronic properties is readily achieved by functionalization of the electron-deficient PDI scaffold. Here, we present four new donor-acceptor type dyads, wherein the electron donor units - benzo[1,2-b : 4,5-b']dithiophene, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, dithieno[3,2-b : 2',3'-d]pyrrole, and triphenylamine-are attached to the bay-positions of the PDI acceptor. Intersystem crossing occurs for these systems upon photoexcitation, without the aid of heavy atoms, resulting in singlet oxygen quantum yields up to 80 % in toluene solution. Furthermore, this feature is retained when the system is directly irradiated with energy corresponding to the intramolecular charge-transfer absorption band (at 639 nm). Geometrical optimization and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculations afford more insights into the requirements for intersystem crossing such as spin-orbit coupling, dihedral angles, the involvement of charge-transfer states, and energy level alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Deckers
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Cardeynaels
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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5
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Hruzd M, Rocard L, Goujon A, Allain M, Cauchy T, Hudhomme P. Desymmetrization of Perylenediimide Bay Regions Using Selective Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions from Dinitro Substituted Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:15881-15891. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Hruzd
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Lou Rocard
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Antoine Goujon
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
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Rocard L, Goujon A, Hudhomme P. Nitro-Perylenediimide: An Emerging Building Block for the Synthesis of Functional Organic Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:E1402. [PMID: 32204413 PMCID: PMC7144398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylenediimide (PDI) is one of the most important classes of dyes and is intensively explored in the field of functional organic materials. The functionalization of this electron-deficient aromatic core is well-known to tune the outstanding optoelectronic properties of PDI derivatives. In this respect, the functionalization has been mostly addressed in bay-positions to halogenated derivatives through nucleophilic substitutions or metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. Being aware of the synthetic difficulties of obtaining the key intermediate 1-bromoPDI, we will present as an alternative in this review the potential of 1-nitroPDI: a powerful building block to access a large variety of PDI-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers CEDEX 49045, France; (L.R.); (A.G.)
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7
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Aivali S, Tsimpouki L, Anastasopoulos C, Kallitsis JK. Synthesis and Optoelectronic Characterization of Perylene Diimide-Quinoline Based Small Molecules. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234406. [PMID: 31810324 PMCID: PMC6930630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) is one of the most studied functional dyes due to their structural versatility and fine tuning of the materials properties. Core substituted PDIs are prominent n-type semiconductor materials that could be used as non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaics. Herein, we develop versatile organic building blocks based on PDI by decorating the PDI core with quinoline groups. Styryl and hydroxy phenyl mono and difunctionalized molecules were prepared using mono-nitro and dibromo bay substituted PDIs by Suzuki coupling with the respective boronic acid derivatives. A novel methodology using nitro-PDI under Suzuki coupling conditions as an electrophile partner was successfully tested. Furthermore, the PDI derivatives were used for the synthesis of soluble, electron accepting small molecules combining PDI with weak electron withdrawing quinoline derivatives. The new molecules presented wide absorbance in the visible spectrum from 450 to almost 700 nm while their LUMO levels and their energy levels are in the range of −3.8 to −4.2 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Aivali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece; (S.A.); (L.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Loukia Tsimpouki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece; (S.A.); (L.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Charalampos Anastasopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece; (S.A.); (L.T.); (C.A.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece; (S.A.); (L.T.); (C.A.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece
- Correspondence:
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8
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthesis of perylene bisimide dyes gave an old scaffold new life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
- Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
- Germany
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Kong F, Lin M, Qiu T. The effect of imide substituents on the optical properties of perylene diimide derivatives. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:1209-1216. [PMID: 30178597 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important organic semiconductors, perylene diimide derivatives (PDIs) have been widely applied in optoelectronics. Two kinds of soluble PDIs with different imide substituents have been synthesized and their optical properties have been investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the PDI with amino phenyl imide substituents (NH2 -PDI) is much lower than that of the PDI with octyl imide substituents (O-PDI). It can be found that the Stokes shift of O-PDI is positive, whereas, the Stokes shift of NH2 -PDI is negative. The emission intensity of the 0-0 electron transition relative to that of the 1-0 electron transition (I0-0 /I1-0 ) in the PL spectrum of O-PDI is decreased, but the value of I0-0 /I1-0 in the PL spectra of NH2 -PDI is increased as the dielectric constant of the solvent increases. The large overlap between the absorption and PL spectra plays an important role to result in the low PL intensity of NH2 -PDI. The PL decay data show that a non-radiative process, photoinduced electron transfer, also contributes to the low PL intensity of NH2 -PDI. The results can help researchers to understand the effect of the imide substituents on the optical properties of PDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Qiu
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chen KY, Chang CW, Tsai HY. 1,6- and 1,7-Regioisomers of Highly Soluble Amino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS 2015; 8:4943-4960. [PMID: 28793483 PMCID: PMC5455523 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1,6- and 1,7-regioisomers of diamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides (PTCDs) with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18) were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These dyes are highly soluble in most organic solvents and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the 1,6-diamino-substituted PTCDs (2a-2c) have been obtained in pure form. The regioisomers 1a-1c (1,7-) and 2a-2c (1,6-) exhibit significant differences in their optical characteristics. In addition to the longest wavelength absorption band at around 674 nm, 2a-2c exhibit another shoulder band at ca. 600 nm, and consequently, cover a large part of the visible region relative to those of 1a-1c. Upon excitation, 2a-2c also show larger dipole moment changes than those of 1a-1c; the dipole moments of all compounds have been estimated using Lippert-Mataga equation. Moreover, all the dyes show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. They all exhibit one irreversible one-electron oxidation and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kew-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Yang Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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Tsai HY, Chang CW, Lin CW, Chen KY. 1,6- and 1,7-Regioisomers of Dicyano-Substituted Perylene Bisimides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Highly Soluble Monoamino-Substituted Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydrides: Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22642-22660. [PMID: 25493474 PMCID: PMC4284728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three dialkylamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12 or 18), 1a-1c, were synthesized under mild conditions in high yields and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). This is the first time that the structures and the properties of monoamino-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrides have been reported. These molecules show a deep green color in both solution and the solid state and are soluble in most organic solvents. They all show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, and the associated peaks exhibit solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the compounds have been estimated using the Lippert-Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show slightly larger dipole moment changes than those of corresponding perylene diimides, 2a-2c. Additionally, Compounds 1a-1c undergo two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to gain more insight into their molecular structures and optical properties.
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1,7-Bis-( N, N-dialkylamino)perylene Bisimides: Facile Synthesis and Characterization as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes. MATERIALS 2014; 7:7548-7565. [PMID: 28788262 PMCID: PMC5512673 DOI: 10.3390/ma7117548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three symmetric alkylamino-substituted perylene bisimides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12, or 18), 1,7-bis-(N,N-dialkylamino)perylene bisimides (1a–1c), were synthesized under mild condition and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). These compounds show deep green color in both solution and solid state, and are highly soluble in dichloromethane and even in nonpolar solvents such as hexane. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a–1c in the solution and solid state were found to be almost the same, indicating that the long alkyl chains could efficiently prevent intermolecular contact and aggregation. They show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the molecules have been estimated using the Lippert–Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show larger dipole moment changes than that of 1,7-diaminoperylene bisimide (2). Moreover, all the dyes exhibit two irreversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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Green Perylene Bisimide Dyes: Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties. MATERIALS 2014; 7:5488-5506. [PMID: 28788140 PMCID: PMC5456190 DOI: 10.3390/ma7085488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three asymmetric amino-substituted perylene bisimide dyes with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12, or 18), 1-(N,N-dialkylamino)perylene bisimides (1a-1c), were synthesized under mild condition in high yields and were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), HRMS (High Resolution Mass Spectrometer), UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). These molecules show intense green color in both solution and solid state and are highly soluble in dichloromethane and even in nonpolar solvents, such as hexane. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a-1c in solid state and in solution were found to be virtually the same, indicating that the long alkyl chains could efficiently prevent aggregation. They exhibit a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths show strong solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the compounds have been estimated using the Lippert-Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show larger dipole moment changes than that of 1-aminoperylene bisimide (2). Furthermore, all of the compounds exhibit two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on these dyes are reported in order to rationalize their molecular structures and electronic properties.
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