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Alves Reis IM, da Silva GR, de Mattos Oliveira L, Coelho Dos Santos Junior M, Sarmento da Silva TM, Curcino Vieira IJ, Braz-Filho R, Romanelli MM, Amaral M, Tempone AG, Ghilardi Lago JH, Branco A. In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activities of Lignan Methylpiperitol Isolated from Persea Fulva. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400678. [PMID: 39086087 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases are a significant concern as they encompass various infections caused by pathogens prevalent in tropical regions. The limited and often highly toxic treatment options for these diseases necessitate the exploration of new therapeutic candidates. In the present study, the lignan methylpiperitol was isolated after several chromatographic steps from Persea fulva L. E. Koop (Lauraceae) and its leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities were evaluated using in vitro and in silico approaches. The chemical structure of methylpiperitol was defined by NMR and MS spectral data analysis. The antiprotozoal activity of methylpiperitol was determined in vitro and indicated potency against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (EC50 of 4.5±1.1 mM) and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum (EC50 of 4.1±0.5 mM), with no mammalian cytotoxicity against NCTC cells (CC50>200 mM). Molecular docking studies were conducted using six T. cruzi and four Leishmania. The results indicate that for the molecular target hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase in T. cruzi and piteridine reductase 1 of L. infatum, the methylpiperitol obtained better results than the crystallographic ligand. Therefore, the lignan methylpiperitol, isolated from P. fulva holds potential for the development of new prototypes for the treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases, especially leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mary Alves Reis
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Girliane Regina da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Fitoquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Mattos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Maria Sarmento da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Fitoquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- PVE-FAPERJ/DEQUIM-ICE - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23894-374, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maiara Amaral
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexsandro Branco
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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Maria Neto R, Di Fabio E, de Monroe Gonçalves M, Mamián López MB, Figueiredo Angolini CF, Carvalho Veggi P, Tempone AG, Martin do Prado J, Lago JHG, da Silva BG. Steam distillation, supercritical fluid extraction, and anti- Trypanosoma cruzi activity of compounds from pink pepper ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38907673 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2371108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of compounds from fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (pink pepper) were evaluated, using sustainable techniques such as steam distillation (SD) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SD was optimised using a design of experiment and SFE was carried out using supercritical CO2 solvent (300 bar and 60 °C). Results of the anti-T. cruzi activity showed that the essential oil presented high activity (IC50 = 4.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL), whereas the supercritical extract had a moderate effect (IC50 = 19.7 ± 2.9 μg/mL). The differences in the anti-T. cruzi activity can be attributed to the extraction of non-volatile compounds in the SFE, such as moronic and (Z)-masticadienoic acids. In contrast, SD extracted only volatile compounds such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Therefore, these results suggest that the volatile compounds from pink pepper are involved with the anti-T. cruzi activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Maria Neto
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuele Di Fabio
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina de Monroe Gonçalves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscilla Carvalho Veggi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Martin do Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Guzzo da Silva
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Abstract
Asymmetric de novo syntheses of euphol and tirucallol have been accomplished by way of a concise sequence of chemical steps featuring several modern stereoselective transformations. The preparative solution described for these complex problems in natural product synthesis departs significantly from biomimetic polyene cyclization chemistry, which has been leveraged to address related tetracyclic triterpenoid targets. In particular, a diastereoselective Friedel-Crafts-type cyclization was employed to establish a tetracycle bearing a stereodefined quaternary center at C9 (steroid numbering) that provided access to intermediates of relevance for introducing the C10 and C14 quaternary centers by sequential stereospecific 1,2-alkyl shifts (C9 → C10 and C15 → C14). Finally, the stereodefined C17 side chain was introduced in a single step by late-stage stereoselective conjugate addition to an intermediate possessing a D-ring enone. Notably, these de novo asymmetric syntheses are the first of their kind, providing completely synthetic access to enantiodefined euphane and tirucallane systems. Overall, each synthesis has been accomplished in fewer than 20 linear chemical steps from a simple Hajos-Parrish-derived ketone through a sequence that features just 15 chromatographic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
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4
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Amang À Ngnoung GA, Sidjui LS, Leutcha PB, Nganso Ditchou YO, Tchokouaha LRY, Herbette G, Baghdikian B, Kowa TK, Soh D, Kemzeu R, Poka M, Demana PH, Siwe Noundou X, Tchinda AT, Fekam Boyom F, Lannang AM, Nyassé B. Antileishmanial and Antiplasmodial Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Root of Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062730. [PMID: 36985700 PMCID: PMC10059057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrocaryon klaineanum is traditionally used for the treatment of back pain, malaria, female sterility, chlamydiae infections, liver diseases, wounds, and hemorrhoid. This work aimed at investigating the bioactive compounds with antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities from A. klaineanum. An unreported glucocerebroside antroklaicerebroside (1) together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the root barks of Antrocaryon klaineanum using chromatographic techniques. The NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic data in association with previous literature were used for the characterization of all the isolated compounds. Compounds 1-4 are reported for the first time from A. klaineanum. The methanol crude extract (AK-MeOH), the n-hexane fraction (AK-Hex), the dichloromethane fraction (AK-DCM), the ethyl acetate fraction (AK-EtOAc), and compounds 1-6 were all evaluated for their antiparasitic effects against Plasmodium falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine (3D7), resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), and promastigotes of Leishmania donovani (MHOM/SD/62/1S). The AK-Hex, AK-EtOAc, AK-MeOH, and compound 2 were strongly active against Dd2 strain with IC50 ranging from 2.78 ± 0.06 to 9.30 ± 0.29 µg/mL. Particularly, AK-MeOH was the most active-more than the reference drugs used-with an IC50 of 2.78 ± 0.06 µg/mL. The AK-EtOAc as well as all the tested compounds showed strong antileishmanial activities with IC50 ranging from 4.80 ± 0.13 to 9.14 ± 0.96 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ange Amang À Ngnoung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Lazare S Sidjui
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Peron B Leutcha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon
| | - Yves O Nganso Ditchou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Lauve R Y Tchokouaha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Drugs Discovery, IMPM, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Gaëtan Herbette
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Campus de St Jérôme-Service 511, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Beatrice Baghdikian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Avignon Université, IMBE, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, Service of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Theodora K Kowa
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Desire Soh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College Bambili, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Bamenda P.O. Box 39, Cameroon
| | - Raoul Kemzeu
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Madan Poka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Patrick H Demana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Alembert T Tchinda
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Alain M Lannang
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere P.O. Box 454, Cameroon
| | - Barthélemy Nyassé
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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Ribeiro IMM, de Sousa VC, Melo ECS, Carvalho RDCVD, Santos MDSD, Neto JADON, Melo DSD, Teixeira LSDA, Citó AMDGL, Moura AKS, Arcanjo DDR, Carvalho FADA, Alves MMDM, Mendonça ILD. Antileishmania and immunomodulatory potential of cashew nut shell liquid and cardanol. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105524. [PMID: 36435415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatments for leishmaniasis have caused serious adverse effects, poor tolerance, development of resistant strains. Natural products have been investigated as potential therapeutic alternatives. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a natural source of phenolic compounds with several biological activities, where cardanol (CN) is considered one of the most important and promising compounds. This study aimed to evaluate antileishmanial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities of CNSL and CN. Both showed antileishmanial potential, with IC50 for CNSL and CN against Leishmania infantum: 148.12 and 56.74 μg/mL; against Leishmania braziliensis: 85.71 and 64.28 μg/mL; against Leishmania major: 153.56 and 122.31 μg/mL, respectively. The mean cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of CNSL and CN were 37.51 and 31.44 μg/mL, respectively. CNSL and CN significantly reduced the percentage of infected macrophages, with a selectivity index (SI) >20 for CN. CNSL and cardanol caused an increase in phagocytic capacity and lysosomal volume. Survival rates of Zophobas morio larvae at doses of 3; 30 and 300 mg/kg were: 85%, 75% and 60% in contact with CNSL and 85%, 60% and 40% in contact with CN, respectively. There was a significant difference between the survival curves of larvae when treated with CN, demonstrating a significant acute toxicity for this substance. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate these substances in the in vivo experimental infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Marjory Martins Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Valéria Carlos de Sousa
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Danielly Silva de Melo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | | | - Michel Muálem de Moraes Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Plantas Medicinais, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Ivete Lopes de Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Locali-Pereira AR, Lopes NA, Nicoletti VR. Pink Pepper ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) from Extracts to application: Truths about a Fake Pepper. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Roberto Locali-Pereira
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Unesp - São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Almeida Lopes
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Unesp - São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Vânia Regina Nicoletti
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Unesp - São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Añaña DDC, Waller SB, Giordani C, Perera SC, de Almeida Capella G, Berne N, Strothmann AL, Freitag RA, Cleff MB. Ovicidal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian peppertree ( Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) against Ancylostoma spp. from naturally parasitized dogs. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5899-5903. [PMID: 34969328 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2023145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Schinus terebinthifolia (SCH; T1) against Ancylostoma spp. and its influence of storage time in the extract stored for 36 months (T36). Eggs of Ancylostoma spp. were obtained from naturally parasitized dogs, and used for the larval hatchability test, where the eggs were exposed to T1 and T36 extracts of SCH (15-0.625 mg/mL). In T1, all concentrations inhibited more than 80% of the eggs, being 100% at concentrations between 15 and 5 mg/mL (p > 0.05). At T36, all concentrations were active, even the ones between 2.5 and 0.625 mg/mL, with 100% inhibition (p < 0.05), revealing that the storage time maintained the ovicidal action. By LC-MS, T36 presented ethyl gallate, myricitrin, and gallic acid as major compounds. These findings support the promising use of SCH extract as an ovicide against Ancylostoma spp., even stored for 36 months of shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Giordani
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Gabriela de Almeida Capella
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Natalia Berne
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Adriane Leites Strothmann
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Rogério Antonio Freitag
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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El-Nashar HAS, Mostafa NM, Abd El-Ghffar EA, Eldahshan OA, Singab ANB. The genus Schinus (Anacardiaceae): a review on phytochemicals and biological aspects. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4839-4857. [PMID: 34886735 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2012772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Schinus belongs to family 'Anacardiaceae' and includes about 29 species originating from South America, distributed to Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay and cultivated in Egypt. Traditionally, Schinus plants are used to alleviate several and diverse diseases including rheumatism, hypertension, ulcers, gastric distress, menstrual disorders, gonorrhea, bronchitis, gingivitis, conjunctivitis, dysentery, wounds, urinary tract, and eye infections. Several phytochemical studies on the Schinus plants revealed presence of diverse bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, bioflavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, catechins, terpenoids and essential oils. Besides, some Schinus species and their isolated active compounds showed important biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antiparasitic, analgesic, cytotoxic, antitumor, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, anti-Parkinson, anti-allergic, antiviral, wound healing, chemoprotective, anthelmintic and hepatoprotective. This review attempts to summarize the phytochemical profile and biological activities of Schinus species that could guide researchers to undertake further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abd El-Ghffar
- Department of Biology, Collage of Science, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Salles TS, Meneses MDF, Yamamoto KA, Sá-Guimarães TE, Caldas LA, Silva JHS, da Silva Ferreira P, Amaral ACF, Ventura JA, Azevedo RC, Kuster RM, Soares MR, Ferreira DF. Chemical composition and anti-Mayaro virus activity of Schinus terebinthifolius fruits. Virusdisease 2021; 32:526-534. [PMID: 34631977 PMCID: PMC8473526 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazilian traditional medicine has explored the antiviral properties of many plant extracts, including those from the Brazilian pepper tree, Schinus terebinthifolius. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition and anti-mayaro virus (MAYV) activity of S. terebinthifolius fruit. Extensive virucidal activity (more than 95%) was detected for the ethyl acetate extract and the isolated biflavonoids. From the ethyl acetate extract of Schinus terebinthifolius fruits, two bioflavonoids were isolated ((2S, 2″S)-2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydroamentoflavone and agathisflavone), which showed strong virucidal activity against Mayaro virus. Furthermore, several other compounds like terpenes and phenolics were identified by hyphenated techniques (GC-MS, LC-MS and HPLC-UV), as well as by mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed antiviral activity and transmission electron microscopy revealed damage in viral particles treated with biflavonoids. The data suggest the direct action of the extract and the biflavonoids on the virus particles. The biflavonoids tetrahydroamentoflavone and agathisflavone had strong virucidal activity and reduced MAYV infection. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00698-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S. Salles
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D. F. Meneses
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kristie A. Yamamoto
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lucio Ayres Caldas
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Hertha Meyer, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Jessica H. S. Silva
- Natural Products Research Institute, IPPN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - José A. Ventura
- Capixaba Research Institute, Rural Technical Assistance and Extension, INCAPER, Espirito Santo, Vitória Brazil
| | - Renata Campos Azevedo
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Kuster
- Natural Products Research Institute, IPPN, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Márcia R. Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149 Room A-537, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Davis F. Ferreira
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
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10
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Cavalcante GM, Camara CA, Silva EMSD, Santos MS, Leite AB, Queiroz AC, Evelyn Da Silva A, Araújo MV, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Silva TMS. Leismanicidal Activity of Propolis Collected in the Semiarid Region of Brazil. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702032. [PMID: 34276385 PMCID: PMC8281046 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the current study is to investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxic effect, and leishmanicidal activity of propolis collected in the semi-arid region of Bahia, Brazil. Methods: EtOH extract, hexane, EtOAc and MeOH fractions from propolis were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The identification was based on the exact mass, general fragmentation behaviors and UV absorption of the flavonoids. The in vitro cytotoxic effect and leishmanicidal activity of ethanolic extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolic fractions of propolis were evaluated. Results: Five triterpenes and twenty-four flavonoids were identified. The propolis did not present toxicity to the host cell up to the maximum concentration tested. In addition, all tested samples showed statistically significant activity against promastigotes of Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania amazonensis. Regarding the activity against amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, the hexane fraction, presented statistically significant activity with IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.1 μg/ml. Conclusion: The results support the idea that propolis can be used for future antileishmania studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giani Maria Cavalcante
- Phytochemical Bioprospecting Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Celso Amorim Camara
- Phytochemical Bioprospecting Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Silva Santos
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Anderson Brandão Leite
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Aline Cavalcanti Queiroz
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil.,Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Laboratory, Campus Arapiraca, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Amanda Evelyn Da Silva
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Morgana Vital Araújo
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira
- Pharmacology and Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Sarmento Silva
- Phytochemical Bioprospecting Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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11
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Identification of 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic Acid as New Target Inhibitors against Trypanothione Reductase from Leishmania Infantum Using Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113335. [PMID: 34206087 PMCID: PMC8199445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic and Terpenoids are potent natural antiparasitic compounds. This study aimed to identify new drug against Leishmania parasites, leishmaniasis’s causal agent. A new in silico analysis was accomplished using molecular docking, with the Autodock vina program, to find the binding affinity of two important phytochemical compounds, Masticadienonic acid and the 3-Methoxycarpachromene, towards the trypanothione reductase as target drugs, responsible for the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and virulence of these parasites. There were exciting and new positive results: the molecular docking results show as elective binding profile for ligands inside the active site of this crucial enzyme. The ADMET study suggests that the 3-Methoxycarpachromene has the highest probability of human intestinal absorption. Through this work, 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic acid are shown to be potentially significant in drug discovery, especially in treating leishmaniasis. Hence, drug development should be completed with promising results.
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12
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Marmitt DJ, Shahrajabian MH. Plant species used in Brazil and Asia regions with toxic properties. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4703-4726. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diorge Jônatas Marmitt
- Post‐graduate Program in Biotechnology Taquari Valley University – Univates Lajeado RS Brazil
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13
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Zuma AA, de Souza W. Chagas Disease Chemotherapy: What Do We Know So Far? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3963-3995. [PMID: 33593251 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210216152654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), and although endemic in Latin America, affects around 6-7 million people infected worldwide. The treatment of Chagas disease is based on benznidazole and nifurtimox, which are the only available drugs. However, they are not effective during the chronic phase and cause several side effects. Furthermore, BZ promotes cure in 80% of the patients in the acute phase, but the cure rate drops to 20% in adults in the chronic phase of the disease. In this review, we present several studies published in the last six years, which describes the antiparasitic potential of distinct drugs, from the synthesis of new compounds aiming to target the parasite, as well as the repositioning and the combination of drugs. We highlight several compounds for having shown results that are equivalent or superior to BZ, which means that they should be further studied, either in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, we stand out the differences in the effects of BZ on the same strain of T. cruzi, which might be related to methodological differences such as parasite and cell ratios, host cell type and the time of adding the drug. In addition, we discuss the wide variety of strains and also the cell types used as a host cell, which makes it difficult to compare the trypanocidal effect of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Araujo Zuma
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brazil
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14
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Pinto IC, Seibert JB, Pinto LS, Santos VR, de Sousa RF, Sousa LRD, Amparo TR, Dos Santos VMR, do Nascimento AM, de Souza GHB, Vasconcellos WA, Vieira PMA, Andrade ÂL. Preparation of glass-ionomer cement containing ethanolic Brazilian pepper extract (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruits: chemical and biological assays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22312. [PMID: 33339861 PMCID: PMC7749175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants may contain beneficial or potentially dangerous substances to humans. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate a new drug delivery system based on a glass-ionomer-Brazilian pepper extract composite, to check for its activity against pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity, along with its in vitro biocompatibility. The ethanolic Brazilian pepper extract (BPE), the glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and the composite GIC-BPE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and thermal analysis. The BPE compounds were identified by UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. The release profile of flavonoids and the mechanical properties of the GIC-BPE composite were assessed. The flavonoids were released through a linear mechanism governing the diffusion for the first 48 h, as evidenced by the Mt/M∞ relatively to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sqrt t$$\end{document}t, at a diffusion coefficient of 1.406 × 10–6 cm2 s−1. The ATR-FTIR analysis indicated that a chemical bond between the GIC and BPE components may have occurred, but the compressive strength of GIC-BPE does not differ significantly from that of this glass-ionomer. The GIC-BPE sample revealed an ample bacterial activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the human fibroblast MRC-5 cells. These results suggest that the prepared composite may represent an alternative agent for endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Janaína B Seibert
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luciano S Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Santos
- Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgias Odontológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela F de Sousa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas R D Sousa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane R Amparo
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane M R Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Andrea M do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | | | - Walisson A Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paula M A Vieira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ângela L Andrade
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil.
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15
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Silva WP, Rocha RG, Felisbino JKRP, Sousa RMF, Munoz RAA, Richter EM. Electrochemical Determination of the Steroid Tibolone and Its Metabolites in Saliva Samples. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weberson P. Silva
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | | | - Raquel M. F. Sousa
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
| | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil 38400-092
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16
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Umehara E, Costa Silva TA, Mendes VM, Guadagnin RC, Sartorelli P, Tempone AG, Lago JHG. Differential lethal action of C17:2 and C17:0 anacardic acid derivatives in Trypanosoma cruzi – A mechanistic study. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Varela MT, Fernandes JPS. Natural Products: Key Prototypes to Drug Discovery Against Neglected Diseases Caused by Trypanosomatids. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2133-2146. [PMID: 29714138 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180501102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infections caused by microorganisms and viruses that affect mainly poor regions of the world. In addition, most available drugs are associated with long periods of treatment and high toxicity which limits the application and patient compliance. Investment in research and development is not seen as an attractive deal by the pharmaceutical industry since the final product must ideally be cheap, not returning the amount invested. Natural products have always been an important source for bioactive compounds and are advantageous over synthetic compounds when considering the unique structural variety and biological activities. On the other hand, isolation difficulties and low yields, environmental impact and high cost usually limit their application as drug per se. OBJECTIVE In this review, the use of natural products as prototypes for the semi-synthesis or total synthesis, as well as natural products as promising hits is covered, specifically regarding compounds with activities against trypanosomatids such as Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. METHODS Selected reports from literature with this approach were retrieved. CONCLUSION As summary, it can be concluded that natural products are an underestimated source for designing novel agents against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Themoteo Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema-SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema-SP, Brazil
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18
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Tang H, Porras G, Brown MM, Chassagne F, Lyles JT, Bacsa J, Horswill AR, Quave CL. Triterpenoid acids isolated from Schinus terebinthifolia fruits reduce Staphylococcus aureus virulence and abate dermonecrosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8046. [PMID: 32415287 PMCID: PMC7229044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus relies on quorum sensing to exert virulence to establish and maintain infection. Prior research demonstrated the potent quorum sensing inhibition effects of "430D-F5", a refined extract derived from the fruits of Schinus terebinthifolia, a medicinal plant used for the traditional treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. We report the isolation and identification of three compounds from 430D-F5 that reduce virulence and abate dermonecrosis: 3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (1), 3-oxotirucalla-7,24Z-dien-26-oic acid (2) and 3α-hydroxytirucalla-7,24 Z-dien-27-oic acid (3). Each compound inhibits all S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles (IC50 2-70 μM). Dose-dependent responses were also observed in agr-regulated reporters for leucocidin A (lukA, IC50 0.4-25 μM) and glycerol ester hydrolase or lipase (gehB, IC50 1.5-25 μM). Surprisingly, dose-dependent activity against the nuclease reporter (nuc), which is under the control of the sae two-component system, was also observed (IC50 0.4-12.5 μM). Compounds 1-3 exhibited little to no effect on the agr-independent mgrA P2 reporter (a constitutive promoter from the mgrA two-component system) and the esxA reporter (under control of mgrA). Compounds 1-3 inhibited δ-toxin production in vitro and reduced dermonecrosis in a murine in vivo model. This is the first report of triterpenoid acids with potent anti-virulence effects against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiao Tang
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, 30322, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gina Porras
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, 30322, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Morgan M Brown
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Francois Chassagne
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, 30322, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James T Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, 30322, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- X-ray Crystallography Center, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cassandra L Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, 30322, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA.
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19
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Sarkhail P, Navidpour L, Rahimifard M, Hosseini NM, Souri E. Bioassay-guided fractionation and identification of wound healing active compound from Pistacia vera L. hull extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112335. [PMID: 31654800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pistachio hull has traditionally been used to treat peptic ulcer, hemorrhoids, oral and cutaneous wounds. AIM OF THE STUDY On the basis of its traditional uses and previous pharmacological reports, a bioassay guided fractionation procedures on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hulls was performed to define the fractions and bioactive compound that are responsible for wound healing activity of hulls. MATERIAL AND METHODS A bioassay-guided fractionation of the total extract (MeOH 80%) of Pistacia vera L. hulls was carried out to evaluate wound healing activity by scratch assay on NIH/3T3 murine fibroblast cells. A combination of solvent-solvent partitioning, column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography and crystallization were used to obtain fractions/sub-fractions and pure compound. The wound healing potential of isolated compound was examined by fibroblasts migration and proliferation using scratch assay and CFSC dilution assay, respectively. In addition, we evaluated the gene expression of some inflammatory markers which are involved in healing process using Real Time PCR. Chemical structure of active compound was elucidated by spectrometric methods. RESULTS Due to the higher wound healing activity of CHCl3 fraction from P. vera hulls, it was fractionated by successive chromatographic techniques to yield the active compound. 3-Epimasticadienolic acid was isolated and crystallized as a white powder. This active compound (200 μg/ml) significantly increased the fibroblast proliferation and migration, resulting in reduction of the scratch area about 45%. It showed a strong inhibitory effect on gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, and a stimulation effect on NF-κB gene expression at the same dose. CONCLUSION The present study supported the traditional uses of P. vera hulls for wound-healing and 3-epimasticadienolic acid showed significantly potent on wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sarkhail
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Latifeh Navidpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Mohammad Hosseini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Souri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Gomes KS, da Costa-Silva TA, Oliveira IH, Aguilar AM, Oliveira-Silva D, Uemi M, Silva WA, Melo LR, Andrade CKZ, Tempone AG, Baldim JL, Lago JHG. Structure-activity relationship study of antitrypanosomal chalcone derivatives using multivariate analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1459-1462. [PMID: 31000155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease represents one of several neglected diseases with a reduced number of chemotherapeutical drugs including the highly toxic compounds benznidazole and nifurtimox. In this sense, natural products represent an import scaffold for the discovery of new biologically active compounds, in which chalcones are promising representatives due to their antitrypanosomal potential. In this work, a series of 36 chalcone derivatives were synthesized and tested against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition, a detailed investigation on their molecular features was performed. The obtained results suggest that certain molecular features are fundamental for an efficient antitrypanosomal potential of chalcones, such as allylic groups, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system, and aromatic hydroxyl groups. These results were obtained based on the interpretation of machine-learning and multivariate statistical methods, which revealed the essential characteristics of chalcone prototypes against trypomastigotes of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio S Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Thais A da Costa-Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Igor H Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Aguilar
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Diogo Oliveira-Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Miriam Uemi
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Wender A Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Lennine R Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Andre G Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - João L Baldim
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
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21
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Ethnopharmacology Study of Plants from Atlantic Forest with Leishmanicidal Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8780914. [PMID: 30867670 PMCID: PMC6379840 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8780914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan belonging to Leishmania genus. Different clinical outcomes can be observed depending on the parasite species and patient's health condition. The outcomes can range from single cutaneous lesions to lethal visceral form. The treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis is based on pentavalent antimonials, and, in some cases, the second-line drug, amphotericin B, is used. Beside the toxicity of both classes of drugs, in some areas of the world, parasites are resistant to antimonial. These detrimental features make fundamental the discovery and characterization of new drugs or plant extracts with leishmanicidal effects. Brazil is a well-known country for its biodiversity. Additionally, the common knowledge inherited for generations in small villages makes Brazil a source of new information and resources for the discovery and development of new drugs. Based on ethnopharmacology, elderlies were interviewed about plants they commonly used for skin diseases and infections. Five native plants from Atlantic forest were indicated; EtOH and n-hexane extracts were prepared with the vegetative organs of the plants and assayed against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis. The major molecules of each extract were detected using qualitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Among all tested extracts, the n-hexane extract from the leave of Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae), enriched in myricitrin and quercitrin flavonoids, was the most effective against L. (L.) amazonensis amastigotes. This data supports the ethnopharmacology approach as a successful tool for the discovery of new drugs with leishmanicidal effects.
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22
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Abdel Bar FM, Ibrahim DS, Gedara SR, Abdel-Raziq MS, Zaghloul AM. Nematicidal Compounds from the Leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Against Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Tomato. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2018.24.4.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Abdel Bar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dina S. Ibrahim
- Department of Nematology, Plant Pathology Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar R. Gedara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Abdel-Raziq
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Varela MT, Lima ML, Galuppo MK, Tempone AG, de Oliveira A, Lago JHG, Fernandes JPS. New alkenyl derivative from Piper malacophyllum and analogues: Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1007-1011. [PMID: 28371557 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphenols isolated from Piper malacophyllum (Piperaceae), gibbilimbols A and B, showed interesting activity against the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. In continuation to our previous work, a new natural product from the essential oil of the leaves of P. malacophyllum was isolated, the 5-[(3E)-oct-3-en-1-il]-1,3-benzodioxole, and also a new set of five compounds was prepared. The antiparasitic activity of the natural product was evaluated in vitro against these parasites, indicating potential against the promastigote/trypomastigote/amastigote forms (IC50 32-83 μm) of the parasites and low toxicity (CC50 > 200 μm) to mammalian cells. The results obtained to the synthetic compounds indicated that the new derivatives maintained the promising antiparasitic activity, but the cytotoxicity was considerably lowered. The amine derivative LINS03011 displayed the most potent IC50 values (13.3 and 16.7 μm) against amastigotes of T. cruzi and L. infantum, respectively, indicating comparable activity to the phenolic prototype LINS03003, with threefold decreased (CC50 73.5 μm) cytotoxicity, leading the selectivity index (SI) towards the parasites up to 24.5. In counterpart, LINS03011 has not shown membrane disruptor activity in SYTOX Green model. In summary, this new set showed the hydroxyl is not essential for the antiparasitic activity, and its substitution could decrease the toxicity to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T Varela
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta L Lima
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana K Galuppo
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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de Almeida BC, Araújo BQ, Carvalho AA, Freitas SDL, Maciel DDSA, Ferreira AJS, Tempone AG, Martins LF, Alexandre TR, Chaves MH, Lago JHG. Antiprotozoal activity of extracts and isolated triterpenoids of 'carnauba' (Copernicia prunifera) wax from Brazil. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3280-3284. [PMID: 27569846 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1224257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 'Carnauba' wax is a natural product obtained from the processing of the powder exuded from Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (Arecaceae). This material is widely used in the Brazilian folk medicine, including the treatment of rheumatism and syphilis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antiprotozoal activity of hexane and EtOH extracts from the 'carnauba' wax as well as from the isolated compounds from the bioactive extracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two different samples of 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) waxes - types 1 and 4 - were individually extracted using hexane (EH) and EtOH (EE). Aliquots of hexane (type 1 - EH-1 and EH-4) and EtOH (type 4 - EE-1 and EE-4) extracts were tested against promastigote (2-200 μg/mL in DMSO during 48 h at 24 °C) and amastigote (3-150 μg/mL in DMSO during 120 h at 37 °C) forms of Leishmania infantum as well as against trypomastigote (3-150 μg/mL in DMSO during 24 h at 37 °C) forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioactive extracts EH-1 and EE-4 were subjected to a bioactivity-guided fractionation to afford three dammarane-type triterpenoids (1-3). The in vitro antiprotozoal activities of the obtained compounds were evaluated as described above. Additionally, the cytotoxicity activity of compounds 1-3 against mammalian conjunctive cells (NCTC - 2-200 μg/mL in DMSO during 48 h at 37 °C) was determined. RESULTS From the bioactive hexane and EtOH extracts from the 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) wax, were isolated three dammarane-type triterpenoids: (24R*)-methyldammar-25-ene-3β,20-diol (carnaubadiol, 1), (24R*)-methyldammara-20,25-dien-3-one (2) and (24R*)-methyldammara-20,25-dien-3α-ol (3). These compounds were identified based on the analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum, with IC50 values ranging from 8 to 52 μM, while compounds 1 and 3 displayed activity against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi with IC50 values of 15 and 35 μM, respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity assay demonstrated no damage to NCTC conjunctive cells up to 200 μM, except for compound 1, which demonstrated a CC50 value of 34 μM. CONCLUSION Based on the results, it was possible to conclude that the detected antiprotozoal bioactivity of 'carnauba' (C. prunifera) wax extracts could be related to the presence of the natural dammarane triterpenoid derivatives. The results suggested that these compounds could be used as promising scaffolds for drug design studies for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buana C de Almeida
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | - Bruno Q Araújo
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | - Adonias A Carvalho
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | | | | | - Ari José S Ferreira
- c Chemical Studies Centre , University Centre of Osasco Teaching Institute Foundation , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- d Centre for Parasitology and Mycology , Adolfo Lutz Institute , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Ligia F Martins
- d Centre for Parasitology and Mycology , Adolfo Lutz Institute , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Tatiana R Alexandre
- d Centre for Parasitology and Mycology , Adolfo Lutz Institute , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Mariana H Chaves
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- b Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities , Federal University of ABC , SP , Brazil
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Long-chain alkyl-substituted gentisic acid and benzoquinone derivatives from the root of Micronychia tsiramiramy (Anacardiaceae). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2015-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new gentisic acid derivative named micronyc acid (1) and a new 1,4-benzoquinone derivative named micronone (2) have been isolated from the root of Micronychia tsiramiramy together with the known compounds gallic acid (3), methyl gallate (4), moronic acid (5), masticadienolic acid (6), and masticadienediol (7). The structures of 1 and 2 were established using MS and NMR. Compound 1 was tested for antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the chloroquine-resistant strain Plasmodium falciparum W2 and displayed moderate antiplasmodial activity in vitro with an IC50 value of 25.6 μ
m. Compounds 1 and its acetyl derivative 1a were also tested for their cytotoxicity against the human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3-1 and still showed moderate activity.
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de Á Santos L, Cavalheiro AJ, Tempone AG, Correa DS, Alexandre TR, Quintiliano NF, Rodrigues-Oliveira AF, Oliveira-Silva D, Martins RCC, Lago JHG. Antitrypanosomal Acetylene Fatty Acid Derivatives from the Seeds of Porcelia macrocarpa (Annonaceae). Molecules 2015; 20:8168-80. [PMID: 25961159 PMCID: PMC6272797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease is caused by a parasitic protozoan and affects the poorest population in the world, causing high mortality and morbidity. As a result of the toxicity and long duration of current treatments, the discovery of novel and more efficacious drugs is crucial. In this work, the hexane extract from seeds of Porcelia macrocarpa R.E. Fries (Annonaceae) displayed in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi by the colorimetric MTT assay (IC50 of 65.44 μg/mL). Using chromatographic fractionation over SiO2, this extract afforded a fraction composed by one active compound (IC50 of 10.70 µg/mL), which was chemically characterized as 12,14-octadecadiynoic acid (macrocarpic acid). Additionally, two new inactive acetylene compounds (α,α'-dimacro-carpoyl-β-oleylglycerol and α-macrocarpoyl-α'-oleylglycerol) were also isolated from the hexane extract. The complete characterization of the isolated compounds was performed by analysis of NMR and MS data as well as preparation of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Á Santos
- Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais-NuBBE, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alberto J Cavalheiro
- Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais-NuBBE, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela S Correa
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana R Alexandre
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natalia F Quintiliano
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - André F Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Oliveira-Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Carlos C Martins
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Estevão LRM, Medeiros JPD, Simões RS, Arantes RME, Rachid MA, Silva RMGD, Mendonça FDS, Evêncio-Neto J. Mast cell concentration and skin wound contraction in rats treated with Brazilian pepper essential oil (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:289-95. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150040000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Schinus terebinthifolius scale-up countercurrent chromatography (Part I): High performance countercurrent chromatography fractionation of triterpene acids with off-line detection using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:39-48. [PMID: 25757818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
'Countercurrent chromatography' (CCC) is an ideal technique for the recovery, purification and isolation of bioactive natural products, due to the liquid nature of the stationary phase, process predictability and the possibility of scale-up from analytical to preparative scale. In this work, a method developed for the fractionation of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi berries dichloromethane extract was thoroughly optimized to achieve maximal throughput with minimal solvent and time consumption per gram of processed crude extract, using analytical, semi-preparative and preparative 'high performance countercurrent chromatography' (HPCCC) instruments. The method using the biphasic solvent system composed of n-heptane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (6:1:6:1, v/v/v/v) was volumetrically scaled up to increase sample throughput up to 120 times, while maintaining separation efficiency and time. As a fast and specific detection alternative, the fractions collected from the CCC-separations were injected to an 'atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass-spectrometer' (APCI-MS/MS) and reconstituted molecular weight MS-chromatograms of the APCI-ionizable compounds from S. terebinthifolius were obtained. This procedure led to the direct isolation of tirucallane type triterpenes such as masticadienonic and 3β-masticadienolic acids. Also oleanonic and moronic acids have been identified for the first time in the species. In summary, this approach can be used for other CCC scale-up processes, enabling MS-target-guided isolation procedures.
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