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Napiórkowska M, Kurpios-Piec D, Kiernozek-Kalińska E, Leśniak A, Klawikowska M, Bujalska-Zadrożny M. New aryl-/heteroarylpiperazine derivatives of 1,7-dimethyl-8,9-diphenyl-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6]dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione: Synthesis and preliminary studies of biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117518. [PMID: 37951135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Compounds containing dicarboximide skeleton such as succinimides, maleimides, glutarimides, and phthalimides possess broad biological properties including anti-fungal, antibacterial, antidepressant, or analgesic activities. The piperazine ring is found in a wide range of molecules that have demonstrated a variety of biological functions such as anticancer action and 5-HT receptors agonist/antagonist activity. In the present study, we combined both structures to develop new antitumor agents, a series of piperazine derivatives of 1,7-dimethyl-8,9-diphenyl-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione and evaluated their biological activity. The structures of all tested compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR and by ESI MS spectral analysis. Their cytotoxicity was assessed in vitro against eight human cancer cell lines, namely prostate (PC3), colon (HCT116, SW480, SW620), leukemia (K562), liver (HepG2), lung (A549) and breast (MDA-Mb-231) in contrast to normal HMEC-1 cell line, by using MTT and Trypan blue method. The tested compounds showed significant activity toward cancer cells. The most pronounced cytotoxic effect was observed in K562 and HCT116 with IC50 values below 10 μM for all studied compounds. Importantly, the most promising derivatives for each cancer cell line (IC50 < 10 μM) exerted a weaker cytotoxic effect toward normal HMEC-1 cells than cancer cells. The evaluation of proapoptotic and inhibitory effects on IL-6 release showed that K562 and HCT116 cells were more sensitive to studied compounds than other cancer cell lines. Furthermore, for all piperazine derivatives, the functional activities at the 5-HT1A, D2 receptors as well as their binding affinities at the 5-HT2A, H1 and M receptors, were determined. The current investigation was able to successfully design compounds with both serotoninergic and anticancer properties. It serves as a good starting point for a multimodal approach for the management of cancer and cancer-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Napiórkowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Kurpios-Piec
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kiernozek-Kalińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Klawikowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Yetişkin E, Gündoğdu Ö, Mete D, Çelebioğlu N, Kara Y, Şanlı-Mohamed G. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial studies of 2,4,5,6-substituted hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1448-1457. [PMID: 37712451 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, synthesis of novel isoindole-1,3-dione analogues bearig halo, hydroxy, and acetoxy groups at the position 4,5,6 of the bicyclic imide ring was performed to examine their potential anticancer effects against some cell lines. A multistep chemical pathway was used to synthesize the derivatives. The cytotoxic effect of trisubstituted isoindole derivatives were evaluated by determining cellular viability using the MTT assay against A549, PC-3, HeLa, Caco-2, and MCF-7 cell lines. The C-2 selective ring-opening products were obtained from the ring-opening reaction of 5-alkyl/aryl-2-hydroxyhexahydro-4H-oxireno[2,3-e]isoindole-4,6(5H)-diones with nucleophiles such as chloride (Cl- ) and bromide (Br- ) ions. In addition, the ring-opening products halodiols were converted to their related acetates. The anticancer activity of synthesized isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives was investigated against HeLa, A549, MCF-7, PC3, and Caco-2 cells in vitro and resulted in varies cytotoxic effect depend on the group attached to the isoindole molecule. Furthermore, the evaluation of the antimicrobial action of trisubstituted isoindole derivatives against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria was assessed and found out selective inhibition of the both bacterial growth via different trisubstituted isoindole derivatives. The results of this work encourage further research on the potential utilization of trisubstituted isoindole derivatives as cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egehan Yetişkin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gündoğdu
- Vocational School of Kaman, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Derya Mete
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Çelebioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yunus Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Şanlı-Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
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3
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Lahmy R, Hübner H, Lachmann D, Gmeiner P, König B. Development of Photoswitchable Tethered Ligands that Target the μ-Opioid Receptor. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300228. [PMID: 37817331 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Converting known ligands into photoswitchable derivatives offers the opportunity to modulate compound structure with light and hence, biological activity. In doing so, these probes provide unique control when evaluating G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mechanism and function. Further conversion of such compounds into covalent probes, known as photoswitchable tethered ligands (PTLs), offers additional advantages. These include localization of the PTLs to the receptor binding pocket. Covalent localization increases local ligand concentration, improves site selectivity and may improve the biological differences between the respective isomers. This work describes chemical, photophysical and biochemical characterizations of a variety of PTLs designed to target the μ-opioid receptor (μOR). These PTLs were modeled on fentanyl, with the lead disulfide-containing agonist found to covalently interact with a cysteine-enriched mutant of this medically-relevant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranit Lahmy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Lachmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Chang H, Chang DH, Stamoulis AG, Huber GW, Lynn DM, Palecek SP, Dumesic JA. Controlling the toxicity of biomass-derived difunctional molecules as potential pharmaceutical ingredients for specific activity toward microorganisms and mammalian cells. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:5416-5427. [PMID: 38223356 PMCID: PMC10786631 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A biomass-derived difuran compound, denoted as HAH (HMF-Acetone-HMF), synthesized by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxyfurfural (HMF) and acetone, can be partially hydrogenated to provide an electron-rich difuran compound (PHAH) for Diels-Alder reactions with maleimide derivatives. The nitrogen (N) site in the maleimide can be substituted by imidation with amine-containing compounds to control the hydrophobicity of the maleimide moiety in adducts of furans and maleimide by Diels-Alder reaction, denoted as norcantharimides (Diels-Alder adducts). The structural effects on the toxicity of various biomass-derived small molecules synthesized in this manner to regulate biological processes, defined as low molecular weight (≤ 1000 g/mol) organic compounds, were investigated against diverse microbial and mammalian cell types. The biological toxicity increased when hydrophobic N-substitutions and C=C bonds were introduced into the molecular structure. Among the synthesized norcantharamide derivatives, some compounds demonstrated pH-dependent toxicities against specific cell types. Reaction kinetics analyses of the norcantharimides in biological conditions suggest that this pH-dependent toxicity of norcantharimides could arise from retro Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of a Brϕnsted acid that catalyzes the release of an N-substituted maleimide, which has higher toxicity against fungal cells than the toxicity of the Diels-Alder adduct. These synthetic approaches can be used to design biologically-active small molecules that exhibit selective toxicity against various cell types (e.g., fungal, cancer cells) and provide a sustainable platform for production of prodrugs that could actively or passively affect the viability of infectious cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas H. Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Calvo-Martín G, Plano D, Martínez-Sáez N, Aydillo C, Moreno E, Espuelas S, Sanmartín C. Norbornene and Related Structures as Scaffolds in the Search for New Cancer Treatments. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121465. [PMID: 36558915 PMCID: PMC9780886 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The norbornene scaffold has arisen as a promising structure in medicinal chemistry due to its possible therapeutic application in cancer treatment. The development of norbornene-based derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents is attracting significant attention. Here, we report an unprecedented review on the recent advances of investigations into the antitumoral efficacy of different compounds, including the abovementioned bicyclic scaffold in their structure, in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or forming metal complexes. The impact that structural modifications to these bicyclic compounds have on the antitumoral properties and the mechanisms by which these norbornene derivatives act are discussed in this review. In addition, the use of norbornene, and its related compounds, encapsulation in nanosystems for its use in cancer therapies is here detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Calvo-Martín
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Plano
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.); Tel.: +34-948425600 (ext. 806358) (D.P.); +34-948425600 (ext. 803183) (C.A.)
| | - Nuria Martínez-Sáez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Aydillo
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.); Tel.: +34-948425600 (ext. 806358) (D.P.); +34-948425600 (ext. 803183) (C.A.)
| | - Esther Moreno
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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6
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Strategies for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement and Toxicity Reduction of Norcantharidin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227740. [PMID: 36431851 PMCID: PMC9693198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantharidin (CTD) is the main active ingredient isolated from Mylabris, and norcantharidin (NCTD) is a demethylated derivative of CTD, which has similar antitumor activity to CTD and lower toxicity than CTD. However, the clinical use of NCTD is limited due to its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and toxic effects on normal cells. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have explored a number of strategies, such as chemical structural modifications, microsphere dispersion systems, and nanodrug delivery systems. This review summarizes the structure-activity relationship of NCTD and novel strategies to improve the solubility and bioavailability of NCTD as well as reduce the toxicity. This review can provide evidence for further research of NCTD.
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7
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Lawrenson SB, Pearce AK, Hart S, Whitwood AC, O’Reilly RK, North M. Synthesis of cytotoxic spirocyclic imides from a biomass-derived oxanorbornene. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Egorova KS, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. Introducing tox‐Profiles of Chemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S. Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey S. Galushko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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9
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Egorova KS, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. Introducing tox-Profiles of Chemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22296-22305. [PMID: 33002316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this Essay, we present a critical analysis of two common practices in modern chemistry-that is, of using speculations about the "greenness" and "nontoxicity" of developed synthesis procedures and of a priori labelling various compounds derived from natural sources as being environmentally safe. We note that every organic molecule that contains functional groups should be biologically active. Thus, analysis of the particular greenness and the potential environmental impact of a given chemical process should account for the biological activity of all its components in a measureable (rather than empirical) way. We highlight the necessity of clarifying discussions on biological activity and toxicity and propose possible ways of introducing tox-Profiles as a reliable overview of the overall toxicity of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey S Galushko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Kılıç Süloğlu A, Selmanoglu G, Gündoğdu Ö, Kishalı NH, Girgin G, Palabıyık S, Tan A, Kara Y, Baydar T. Evaluation of isoindole derivatives: Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity in the HT-29 colon cancer cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000065. [PMID: 32779211 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Norcantharimides have an isoindole skeleton structure, and some isoindoline derivatives have positive effects on inflammatory pathologies, including cancers. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of four synthesized isoindoline derivatives (NCTD1-4). HT-29 cells exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 200 µM doses of each derivative were incubated for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the new derivatives was analyzed using the cell growth inhibition assay and the cell membrane damage test. In vitro antioxidant activity studies showed that the derivatives have free radical-scavenging effects in a dose-dependent manner. NCTD3 and NCTD4 apparently have antioxidant effects when compared with the control group treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, NCTD4 inhibited the growth of the HT-29 cells due to membrane damage and exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on colon adenocarcinoma cells. The findings suggest that NDTD4 has the highest potential for colon cancer treatment and may be interpreted as a candidate anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Kılıç Süloğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güldeniz Selmanoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gündoğdu
- Department of Food Technology, Kaman Vocational School, Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Nurhan H Kishalı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gözde Girgin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sezin Palabıyık
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Mus Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Yunus Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Köse A, Kaya M, Kishalı NH, Akdemir A, Şahin E, Kara Y, Şanlı-Mohamed G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new chloro/acetoxy substituted isoindole analogues as new tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103421. [PMID: 31759659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a versatile synthetic approach for the synthesis of new isoindole derivatives via the cleavage of ethers from tricyclic imide skeleton compounds. An exo-cycloadduct prepared from the Diels-Alder reaction of furan and maleic anhydride furnished imide derivatives. The epoxide ring was opened with Ac2O or Ac2O/AcCl in the presence of a catalytic amount of H2SO4 in order to yield new isoindole derivatives 8a-d and 9a-d. The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated against the HeLa cell lines. The synthesized compounds showed inhibitory effects on the viability of HeLa cells and the degree of cytotoxicity was increased with the level of bigger branched isoindole derivatives. To better understand the acting mechanism of these molecules, western blot analysis was performed with using mTOR and its downstream substrates. In addition, human mTOR and ribozomal S6 kinase β1 (RS6Kβ1) have been investigated with molecular modelling studies as possible targets for compound series 8 and 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytekin Köse
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nurhan H Kishalı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertan Şahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yunus Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Gülşah Şanlı-Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, İzmir Institute of Technology, 35430 İzmir, Turkey.
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12
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Pachuta‐Stec A, Nowak R, Pietrzak W, Pitucha M. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of New Norcantharidin Analogs. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800673. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pachuta‐Stec
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics DivisionMedical University of Lublin 4 A Chodźki Street PL-20-093 Lublin Poland
| | - Renata Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics DivisionMedical University of Lublin 1 Chodźki Street PL-20-093 Lublin Poland
| | - Wioleta Pietrzak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics DivisionMedical University of Lublin 1 Chodźki Street PL-20-093 Lublin Poland
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics DivisionMedical University of Lublin 4 A Chodźki Street PL-20-093 Lublin Poland
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13
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Skarbek C, Delahousse J, Pioche-Durieu C, Baconnais S, Deroussent A, Renevret P, Rivard M, Desmaele D, Martens T, Le Cam E, Couvreur P, Paci A. Poly-isoprenylated ifosfamide analogs: Preactivated antitumor agents as free formulation or nanoassemblies. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:748-756. [PMID: 28546071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxazaphosphorines including cyclophosphamide, trofosfamide and ifosfamide (IFO) belong to the alkylating agent class and are indicated in the treatment of numerous cancers. However, IFO is subject to limiting side-effects in high-dose protocols. To circumvent IFO drawbacks in clinical practices, preactivated IFO analogs were designed to by-pass the toxic metabolic pathway. Among these IFO analogs, some of them showed the ability to self-assemble due to the use of a poly-isoprenyloxy chain as preactivating moiety. We present here, the in vitro activity of the nanoassembly formulations of preactivated IFO derivatives with a C-4 geranyloxy, farnesyloxy and squalenoxy substituent on a large panel of tumor cell lines. The chemical and colloidal stabilities of the geranyloxy-IFO (G-IFO), farnesyloxy-IFO (F-IFO) and squalenoxy-IFO (SQ-IFO) NAs were further evaluated in comparison to their free formulation. Finally, pharmacokinetic parameters and maximal tolerated dose of the most potent preactivated IFO analog (G-IFO) were determined and compared to IFO, paving the way to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Skarbek
- Vectorologie des anticancéreux et des acides nucléiques, UMR 8203, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Julia Delahousse
- Vectorologie des anticancéreux et des acides nucléiques, UMR 8203, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; Service de Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie et Pathologie médicales, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Pioche-Durieu
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, UMR 8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Sonia Baconnais
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, UMR 8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Deroussent
- Vectorologie des anticancéreux et des acides nucléiques, UMR 8203, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Patrice Renevret
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est Créteil (ICMPE), UMR 7182, CNRS, Université Paris Est (UPEC), 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est Créteil (ICMPE), UMR 7182, CNRS, Université Paris Est (UPEC), 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Didier Desmaele
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Thierry Martens
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est Créteil (ICMPE), UMR 7182, CNRS, Université Paris Est (UPEC), 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Eric Le Cam
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, UMR 8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Angelo Paci
- Vectorologie des anticancéreux et des acides nucléiques, UMR 8203, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; Service de Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie et Pathologie médicales, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Département de Pharmacocinétique & Pharmacie Clinique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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14
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Seabrooks L, Hu L. Insects: an underrepresented resource for the discovery of biologically active natural products. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:409-426. [PMID: 28752026 PMCID: PMC5518667 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has been the source of life-changing and -saving medications for centuries. Aspirin, penicillin and morphine are prime examples of Nature׳s gifts to medicine. These discoveries catalyzed the field of natural product drug discovery which has mostly focused on plants. However, insects have more than twice the number of species and entomotherapy has been in practice for as long as and often in conjunction with medicinal plants and is an important alternative to modern medicine in many parts of the world. Herein, an overview of current traditional medicinal applications of insects and characterization of isolated biologically active molecules starting from approximately 2010 is presented. Insect natural products reviewed were isolated from ants, bees, wasps, beetles, cockroaches, termites, flies, true bugs, moths and more. Biological activities of these natural products from insects include antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
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15
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Spare LK, Falsetta P, Gilbert J, Harman DG, Baker MA, Li F, McCluskey A, Clegg JK, Sakoff JA, Aldrich-Wright JR, Gordon CP. Cytotoxicity of a Series of Norcantharidin-Inspired Tetrahydroepoxyisoindole Carboxamides. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:130-145. [PMID: 27921386 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of 28 norcantharidin (NorC)-inspired analogues were accessed via a robust two-step Ugi intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) sequence. Four analogues displayed whole-cell cytotoxicity equipotent to that of NorC and cisplatin against a number of cancer cell lines and a normal breast cell line (MCF10A). Notably, (3S,3aS,6R)-2-benzyl-7-methyl-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1-oxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindole-3-carboxamide (trans-27) displayed superior whole-cell activity against breast (MCF-7, GI50 =2.9 μm) and colon (HT29, GI50 =6.4 μm) cancer cell lines relative to the control (cisplatin), which elicited respective GI50 values of 6.5 and 11.3 μm against the aforementioned cell lines. This analogue also displayed improved activity relative to NorC across the breast (MCF-7, GI50 =2.9 μm; NorC GI50 =7.5 μm), ovarian (A2780, GI50 =2.2 μm; NorC GI50 =4.4 μm), and neuroblastoma (BE2-C, GI50 =2.2 μm; NorC GI50 =3.7 μm) cancer cell lines. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations demonstrated that retention of sp2 hybridized connections within the tetrahydroepoxyisoindole carboxamide scaffold is crucial, as aromatization to a phenolic functionality decreased activity, whereas removal of a single olefin bond abolished cytotoxicity. Nonetheless, with respect to the latter, use of crotonic acid as opposed 2-butynoic acid in the Ugi-IMDA sequence imparted a significant improvement to diastereoselectivity, with the cis/trans isomer ratio shifting from ≈1:1.2 to ≈0.5:9.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawson K Spare
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Pasquale Falsetta
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - David G Harman
- School of Medicine, Building 30, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Building 30, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Mark A Baker
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Science and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Street, Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Janice R Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Christopher P Gordon
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Goldsmith Avenue, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
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16
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Chang MC, Wu JY, Liao HF, Chen YJ, Kuo CD. Comparative assessment of therapeutic safety of norcantharidin, N-farnesyloxy-norcantharimide, and N-farnesyl-norcantharimide against Jurkat T cells relative to human normal lymphoblast: A quantitative pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4467. [PMID: 27495082 PMCID: PMC4979836 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic safety of an anticancer drug is one of the most important concerns of the physician treating the cancer patient. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and hillslope are usually used to represent the strength and sensitivity of an anticancer drug on cancer cells. The therapeutic safety of the anticancer drug can be assessed by comparing the IC50 and hillslope of anticancer drugs on cancer cells relative to normal cells. Since there are situations where "more anticancer activity" implies "more toxicity," the safety of an anticancer drug in these situations is hard to evaluate by using IC50 and hillslope alone. In a previous study, the "net effect" index was devised to represent the net therapeutic effects of one anticancer drug relative to the other. However, the therapeutic safety of one specific anticancer drug alone was not defined in the "net effect" index. This study introduced the "safety index (SI)" to quantify the degree of safety of an anticancer drug by using 4-parameter logistic model on cancer cells relative to normal cells. The therapeutic safety of norcantharidin (NCTD), N-farnesyloxy-norcantharimide (NOC15), and N-farnesyl-norcantharimide (NC15) in the treatment of Jurkat T cells relative to human normal lymphoblast was compared using the newly defined SI. We found that the SI of NOC15 and NC15 was significantly higher than that of NCTD, suggesting that both NOC15 and NC15 can damage more cancer cells and less normal cells than NCTD. We conclude that both NOC15 and NC15 are safer anticancer drugs than NCTD in the treatment of Jurkat T cells relative to human normal lymphoblast. The SI can be further applied to the screening, developments, and applications of anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Chang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei
| | - Jin-Yi Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceutics, College of Life Sciences
| | - Hui-Fen Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei
- Chest Medicine and Physiological Signals Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Cheng-Deng Kuo, Chest Medicine and Physiological Signals Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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17
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N-Farnesyloxy-norcantharimide inhibits progression of human leukemic Jurkat T cells through regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and interleukin-2 production. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:1034-42. [PMID: 26288134 PMCID: PMC4588604 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the anticancer effects of N-farnesyloxy-norcantharimide (NOC15), a newly synthesized norcantharidin (NCTD) analogue, on human leukemic Jurkat T cells and the signaling pathway underlying its effects. We found that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of NOC15 on Jurkat T cells is 1.4 μmol/l, which is 11.14-fold (=15.6÷1.4) smaller than the 15.6 μmol/l of NCTD on Jurkat T cells, whereas the IC50 of NOC15 on human normal lymphoblast (HNL) is 207.9 μmol/l, which is 8.17-fold (=1698.0÷207.8) smaller than the 1698.0 μmol/l of NCTD on HNL cells. These results indicated that NOC15 exerts a higher anticancer effect on Jurkat T cells and has higher toxicity toward HNL cells than NCTD. Thus, NOC15 is 1.36-fold (=11.14÷8.17) beneficial as an anticancer agent toward Jurkat T cells compared with NCTD. Moreover, NOC15 can increase the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and reduce the cell viability of Jurkat T cells, stimulate p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and inhibit calcineurin expression and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. However, NOC15 exerted no effects on the Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) signaling pathway, the production of IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. We conclude that the anticancer activity of the newly synthesized NOC15 is 1.36-fold beneficial than NCTD as an anticancer agent and that NOC15 can increase the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase through the stimulation of p38 and ERK1/2 of the MAPK signaling pathway and the inhibition of calcineurin expression and IL-2 production. The NOC15 may have the potential of being developed into an anticancer agent in the future.
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18
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Pachuta-Stec A, Szuster-Ciesielska A. New Norcantharidin Analogs: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:897-907. [PMID: 26548647 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of direct condensation between S-ethyl-N-(7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarbonyl)isothiosemicarbazide (1) and primary amines was used for synthesizing new N-substituted amides of 3-(3-ethylthio-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (2-12) as norcantharadin analogs. Moreover, the anticancer activity of the obtained compounds was studied. Among all compounds, the N-3-methylbutyl amide of 3-(3-ethylthio-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (4) presented selective in vitro toxic and antiproliferative effects against the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B, without affecting normal human liver stellate cells (LX-2 cell line).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pachuta-Stec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Wang SH, Lo CY, Gwo ZH, Lin HJ, Chen LG, Kuo CD, Wu JY. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lipophilic 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2015; 20:11994-2015. [PMID: 26133763 PMCID: PMC6331847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of hydrophobicity on the anticancer activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, a series of compounds bearing a 2-O-alkyl-, 3-C-alkyl- or 2/3-N-morpholinoalkyl group were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of these derivatives was assayed against HT-29, SW480, HepG2, MCF-7 and HL-60 cells by the MTT assay. Among them, 2-hydroxy-3-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (11a) was found to be the most cytotoxic against these cell lines. Our results showed that the effectiveness of compound 11a may be attributed to its suppression of the survival of HT-29. Secondly, in the Hoechst 33258 staining test, compound 11a-treated cells exhibited nuclear condensation typical of apoptosis. Additionally, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry indicated that compound 11a arrested HT-29 cells in the S phase. Furthermore, cell death detected by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining showed that compound 11a efficiently induced apoptosis of HT-29 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, compound 11a effectively inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and may be a potent anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yu Lo
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Zhong-Heng Gwo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Jhih Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Geeng Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Yi Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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20
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Vazquez-Vuelvas OF, Hernández-Madrigal JV, Pineda-Contreras A, Hernández-Ortega S, Reyes-Martínez R, Morales-Morales D. Exoconformers of N-(pyridin-2-yl)- and N-(pyridin-3-yl)norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide crystals. Acta Crystallogr C 2015; 71:175-80. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229615001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two isomeric pyridine-substituted norbornenedicarboximide derivatives, namelyN-(pyridin-2-yl)-exo-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide, (I), andN-(pyridin-3-yl)-exo-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide, (II), both C14H12N2O4, have been crystallized and their structures unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecules consist of norbornene moieties fused to a dicarboximide ring substituted at the N atom by either pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl in ananticonfiguration with respect to the double bond, thus affordingexoisomers. In both compounds, the asymmetric unit consists of two independent molecules (Z′ = 2). In compound (I), the pyridine rings of the two independent molecules adopt different conformations,i.e. synandanti, with respect to the methylene bridge. The intermolecular contacts of (I) are dominated by C—H...O interactions. In contrast, in compound (II), the pyridine rings of both molecules have ananticonformation and the two independent molecules are linked by carbonyl–carbonyl interactions, as well as by C—H...O and C—H...N contacts.
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21
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N-Farnesyloxy-norcantharimide and N-farnesyl-norcantharimide inhibit the progression of leukemia and increase survival days in a syngeneic mouse leukemia model. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:508-17. [PMID: 25588161 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anticancer effects of two newly synthesized norcantharidin analogs, N-farnesyloxy-norcantharimide (NOC15) and N-farnesyl-norcantharimide (NC15), in L1210 cells and in a syngeneic mouse leukemia model (L1210 cell line plus DBA/2 mice). We found that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of NOC15 and NC15 on L1210 cells is 1.56 and 2.62 μmol/l, respectively, and that the IC50 of NOC15 and NC15 on human normal lymphoblast is 207.9 and 2569 μmol/l, respectively. In cell cycle analysis, NOC15 could increase the sub-G1 phase, whereas NC15 could induce G2/M arrest. Annexin-V apoptosis assay indicated that both NOC15 and NC15 could induce cell apoptosis. In the syngeneic mouse leukemia model, both NOC15 and NC15 could increase the survival days of mice and decrease the tumor weight. Moreover, both NOC15 and NC15 could retard the increase in peripheral blood leukocyte count due to L1210 cells. In the subcutaneous (s.c.) group, the treatment with NOC15 could retard the decrease in the weight of the liver and the spleen caused by L1210 cells, whereas the treatment with NC15 could retard the decrease in the weight of the spleen caused by L1210 cells. We conclude that the new compounds NOC15 and NC15 have strong anticancer activity and low toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. NOC15 and NC15 may have the potential to be developed into anticancer agents in the future.
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