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Guo B, Dai L, Yang H, Zhao X, Liu M, Wang L. Comprehensive Analysis of BR Receptor Expression under Hormone Treatment in the Rubber Tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 36986969 PMCID: PMC10058276 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important for plant growth and development, with BRI1 and BAK1 kinases playing an important role in BR signal transduction. Latex from rubber trees is crucial for industry, medicine and defense use. Therefore, it is beneficial to characterize and analyze HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes to improve the quality of the resources obtained from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Based on bioinformatics predictions and rubber tree database, five HbBRI1s with four HbBAK1s were identified and named HbBRI1~HbBRL3 and HbBAK1a~HbBAK1d, respectively, which were clustered in two groups. HbBRI1 genes, except for HbBRL3, exclusively contain introns, which is convenient for responding to external factors, whereas HbBAK1b/c/d contain 10 introns and 11 exons, and HbBAK1a contains eight introns. Multiple sequence analysis showed that HbBRI1s include typical domains of the BRI1 kinase, indicating that HbBRI1s belong to BRI1. HbBAK1s that possess LRR and STK_BAK1_like domains illustrate that HbBAK1s belong to the BAK1 kinase. BRI1 and BAK1 play an important role in regulating plant hormone signal transduction. Analysis of the cis-element of all HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes identified hormone response, light regulation and abiotic stress elements in the promoters of HbBRI1s and HbBAK1s. The results of tissue expression patterns indicate that HbBRL1/2/3/4 and HbBAK1a/b/c are highly expressed in the flower, especially HbBRL2-1. The expression of HbBRL3 is extremely high in the stem, and the expression of HbBAK1d is extremely high in the root. Expression profiles with different hormones show that HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes are extremely induced by different hormone stimulates. These results provide theoretical foundations for further research on the functions of BR receptors, especially in response to hormone signals in the rubber tree.
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Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Different Red Grapes Grown in Xinjiang, China: Insights into Wines Composition. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the red wine market experienced a rapid growth in the last decade, due to the superior colour, taste, and nutritional quality. The red grapes used for vinification have individual characteristics varying within the regional environment. In this study, the quality of seven grape cultivars, including Marselan, Yan 73, Muscat Hamburg, Kadarka, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Crimpose, and their corresponding wines, were investigated based on high-performance liquid chromatography and headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These techniques were performed to analyze the chemical compositions and volatile compounds of the tested samples, respectively. The results showed that tartaric acid (29.96% to 73.45%) and rutin (12.53% to 56.54%) were the dominant organic acid and phenolic compounds in grapes, respectively. Higher concentrations of organic acids and phenolic compounds, and the types of volatile compounds, were observed to be highest in the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. The antioxidant activity of wines ranged from 6.74 to 102.68 mmol TE/L, and Yan 73 wine had the highest antioxidant activity. A total of 69 volatile compounds consisting of 17 alcohols, 26 esters, 5 aldehydes, 9 acids, 7 ketones, and 5 other volatile compounds were identified in all tested wines, and 11 important aroma active substances (odor activity value > 1) were selected, consisting of β-ionone, phenethyl acetate, geranyl acetate, ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprate, ethyl pelargonate, decanal, ethyl caprylate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, methyl 2-hexenoate, and ethyl hexanoate, which endow wines with a unique aroma. This work clearly describes the chemical and sensory characteristics of seven red grape cultivars in Xinjiang of China and provides diversity options for cultivars for winemaking.
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Schmidt L, Heck NDV, Ferreira I, Göethel G, Somacal S, Emanuelli T, Rodrigues E, Garcia SC, Welke JE, Augusti PR. Ochratoxin A presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine changes antioxidant activity in vitro and oxidative stress markers in vivo. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1755-1764. [PMID: 32805194 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1802067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin found in grape products and oxidative stress has been reported as an important mechanism involved in its toxicity, classified as possible carcinogenic to humans. Conversely, phenolics are known bioactive compounds in grapes and display great antioxidant properties. However, the biological effects of the concomitant presence of phenolic compounds and OTA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of OTA presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine on antioxidant activity in vitro and on oxidative stress markers in vivo. In addition, the phenolic composition of wine was evaluated by LC-DAD-MS/MS. In vitro assays were based on spectrophotometric methods, while in vivo assays were performed evaluating oxidative stress markers in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an alternative model to animal testing. A total of 23 phenolic compounds were identified in the Cabernet sauvignon red wine, including the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-glicoside and malvidin-3-O-glicoside, the flavonol quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the phenolic acids caffeic, verbascoside and caftaric. Trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid were the only stilbenes found in the samples. OTA presence in the red wine was accompanied by reduction in GSH content and increase in hydroxyl radical generation in vitro. The presence of OTA in wine also increased lipoperoxidation and induced overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo. This study demonstrates that OTA presence in red wine can reduce its antioxidant potential in vitro and induces oxidative stress in vivo, without affecting the phenolic compounds levels in the samples. Thus, this work provides insights into the negative effects of the presence of OTA in wine, not only by its known toxicity, but also by prejudicing the antioxidant potential of wine. It is important to be aware of these effects when developing a complete description of OTA toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Schmidt
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália de Vargas Heck
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Somacal
- Integrated Nucleus of Development in Laboratory Analysis (NIDAL), Department of Technology and Food Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Integrated Nucleus of Development in Laboratory Analysis (NIDAL), Department of Technology and Food Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Rossini Augusti
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kumari M, Joshi R, Kumar R. Metabolic signatures provide novel insights to Picrorhiza kurroa adaptation along the altitude in Himalayan region. Metabolomics 2020; 16:77. [PMID: 32577832 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Along the altitude, environmental conditions vary significantly that might influence plant performance and distribution. Adaptation to these changing conditions is a complex biological process that involves reprogramming of genes, proteins and metabolites. The metabolic response of medicinal plants along the altitude has been less explored yet. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated the adaptation strategies of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. along the altitude in organ specific manner using metabolomic approach. METHODS Picrorhiza kurroa plants at flowering stage were randomly sampled from three altitudes viz. 3400, 3800 and 4100 masl in the Himalayan region. Leaf, root and rhizome were used for LC-MS based non-targeted metabolite profiling and targeted analysis of sugars, amino acids, picrosides and their corresponding phenolic acids. RESULTS A total of 220, primary and secondary metabolites (SMs) were identified (p < 0.05) representing an extensive inventory of metabolites and their spatial distribution in P. kurroa. Differential accumulation of metabolites suggests source-sink carbon partitioning, occurrence of partial TCA cycle, ascorbate metabolism, purine catabolism and salvage route, pyrimidine synthesis, lipid alteration besides gibberellins and cytokinin inhibition might be an adaptive strategy to alpine environmental stress along the altitude. Further, marked differences of organ and altitude specific SMs reflect alteration in secondary metabolic pathways. Significant accumulation of picrosides suggests their probable role in P. kurroa adaptation. CONCLUSION This study provides a platform that would be useful in deciphering the role of metabolites considered to be involved in plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manglesh Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
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Barbalho SM, Bueno Ottoboni AMM, Fiorini AMR, Guiguer ÉL, Nicolau CCT, Goulart RDA, Flato UAP. Grape juice or wine: which is the best option? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3876-3889. [PMID: 31920107 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1710692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Grapes used in the wine or juice production are mainly Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca and possess high amounts of polyphenolic compounds. These compounds are associated with the reduction of the inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and protection against cardiovascular diseases. The industrial processes used for juice and wine production may interfere with the antioxidant composition of these products and the effects on human health. The aim of this review is to compare the effects of the consumption of wine or grape juice on cardiovascular risk factors. We used PRISMA guidelines and Medline/PUBMED and EMBASE to perform our search. The main effects of red wine and grape juice in humans were a reduction of body mass index, waist circumference, glycemia, plasma lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, blood pressure, and homocysteine levels. Both wine and grape juice possess numerous bioactive compounds that are potentially responsible for many beneficial effects on human health. Nevertheless, there is a need for more double-blind, randomized controlled studies comparing the effects of juice and wine consumption without the biases that occur when comparisons are made with different populations, ages, doses, and different types of wine or juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Medical School of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazils.,Food Technology School, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Élen Landgraf Guiguer
- Medical School of Marília, UNIMAR, Marília, São Paulo, Brazils.,Food Technology School, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effect of Exogenous Abscisic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate on Anthocyanin Composition, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101354. [PMID: 27754331 PMCID: PMC6273220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthocyanin composition, fatty acids, and volatile aromas are important for Cabernet Sauvignon grape quality. This study evaluated the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the anthocyanin composition, fatty acids, lipoxygenase activity, and the volatile compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries. Exogenous ABA and MeJA improved the content of total anthocyanins (TAC) and individual anthocyanins. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity also increased after treatment. Furthermore, 16 fatty acids were detected. The linoleic acid concentration gradually increased with ABA concentration. The fatty acid content decreased with increasing MeJA concentration and then increased again, with the exception of linoleic acid. After exogenous ABA and MeJA treatment, the C6 aroma content increased significantly. Interestingly, the exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments improved mainly the content of 1-hexanol, hexanal, and 2-heptanol. These results provide insight into the effect of plant hormones on wine grapes, which is useful for grape quality improvement.
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Xu F, Xi ZM, Zhang H, Zhang CJ, Zhang ZW. Brassinosteroids are involved in controlling sugar unloading in Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries during véraison. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:197-208. [PMID: 26760954 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugar unloading in grape berries is a crucial step in the long-distance transport of carbohydrates from grapevine leaves to berries. Brassinosteroids (BRs) mediate many physiological processes in plants including carbohydrate metabolism. Here, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries cultivated in clay loam fields were treated with an exogenous BR (24-epibrassinolide; EBR), a BR synthesis inhibitor (brassinazole; Brz), Brz + EBR (sprayed with EBR 24 h after a Brz treatment), and deionized water (control) at the onset of véraison. The EBR treatment sharply increased the soluble sugars content in the berries, but decreased it in the skins. The EBR and Brz + EBR treatments significantly promoted the activities of both invertases (acidic and neutral) and sucrose synthase (sucrolytic) at various stages of ripening. The mRNA levels of genes encoding sucrose metabolic invertase (VvcwINV), and monosaccharide (VvHT3, 4, 5 and 6) and disaccharide (VvSUC12 and 27) transporters were increased by the EBR and/or Brz + EBR treatments. Generally, the effects of the Brz treatment on the measured targets contrasted with the effects of the EBR treatments. The EBR and Brz treatments inhibited the biosynthesis of the endogenous BRs 6-deoxocastastarone and castasterone. Both EBR and Brz + EBR treatments increased the brassinolide contents, down-regulated the expression of genes encoding BRs biosynthetic enzymes BRASSINOSTEROID-6-OXIDASE and DWARF1, (VvBR6OX1 and VvDWF1) and induced BR receptor gene BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (VvBRI1) expression in deseeded berries. Together, these results show that BRs are involved in controlling sugar unloading in grape berries during véraison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zhang YC, Li G, Jiang C, Yang B, Yang HJ, Xu HY, Huang LQ. Tissue-specific distribution of ginsenosides in different aged ginseng and antioxidant activity of ginseng leaf. Molecules 2014; 19:17381-99. [PMID: 25353387 PMCID: PMC6271886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of the cultivation year on the quality of different ginseng tissues. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of ginsenosides were conducted using a UPLC-UV-MS method. Eight main ginsenosides in three tissues (leaf, rhizome and main root) and four parts (periderm, phloem, cambium and xylem) of ginseng aged from 1 to 13 years were determined using a UPLC-PDA method. Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of ginseng leaves were analyzed by the DPPH, ABTS and HRSA methods. It was found that the contents of ginsenosides increased with cultivation years, causing a sequential content change of ginsenosides in an organ-specific manner: leaf > rhizome > main root. The ratio between protopanaxatriol (PPT, Rg1, Re and RF) and protopanaxadiol (PPD, Rb1, Rb2, RC and Rd) in the main root remained stable (about 1.0), while it increased in leaf from 1.37 to 3.14 and decreased in the rhizome from 0.99 to 0.72. The amount of ginsenosides accumulated in the periderm was 45.48 mg/g, which was more than twice as high compared with the other three parts. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of ginseng leaves were measured as Trolox equivalents, showing that antioxidant activity increased along with time of cultivation. The results show that the best harvest time for shizhu ginseng is the fifth year of cultivation, and the root and rhizome could be used together within seven planting years for their similar PPT/PPD level. Besides, the quality of the ginseng products would be enhanced with the periderm. The ginseng leaf is rich in ginsenosides and has potential application for its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Geng Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Chinese Medicine Resources, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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