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Sun M, Yao L, Yu Q, Duan Y, Huang J, Lyu T, Yu N, Peng D, Chen W, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y. Screening of Poria cocos polysaccharide with immunomodulatory activity and its activation effects on TLR4/MD2/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:132931. [PMID: 38942665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
PCP-W1, the Poria cocos polysaccharide with the strong immunomodulatory activity, was isolated through column chromatography and screened for in vitro immune activity in RAW 264.7 cells in this study. The structure analysis results revealed that the PCP-W1 were composed of galactose, glucose, fucose and mannose in a molar percentage of 35.87: 28.56: 21.77: 13.64. And it exhibited a random coil and branched conformational features with a molecular weight of 18.38 kDa. The main chain consisted of residues→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → , while branching occurred at β-D-Glcp-(1→, α-D-Manp-(1→, and α-L-Fucp-(1 → 3)- α-L-Fucp-(1→. The pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that PCP-W1 activated the release of NO, IL-6, IL-β, TNF-α, CD86, and ROS to induce polarization of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages towards M1-type through modulation of the TLR4/MD2/NF-κB pathway. The molecular docking results showed that PCP-W1 could primarily dock onto the hydrophobic binding site of TLR4/MD2 complex via its galactose chain. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation displayed stable modeling for TLR4-MD2-PCP-W1 complex. Overall, we screened the most immunoactive components of the polysaccharide, analyzed its structure, demonstrated its impact on TLR4/MD2/NF-kB pathway, and studied the interaction between TLR4/MD2 and the polysaccharide fragments. These results provide further support for the structure-activity relationship study of the immunomodulatory effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Qimeng Yu
- Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China.
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2
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Yang K, Jia X, Chen J, Wang Z, Song B, Li R, Cheong KL, Zhong S. Sulfate glycosaminoglycan from swim bladder exerts immunomodulatory potential on macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132439. [PMID: 38761907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the immunomodulatory impact and potential mechanisms on macrophages RAW264.7 using a purified macromolecular sulfate glycosaminoglycan (SBSG) from the swim bladder, whose structure was similar to chondroitin sulfate A. The results showed that SBSG at 0.25-1 mg/mL increased the viability and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells. Meanwhile, SBSG promoted the secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and nitric oxide (NO), as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to the RT-PCR and Western blot data, SBSG activated TLR4-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which decreased the relative mRNA and protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IκB kinase β (IKKβ), NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation findings revealed that the main binding force between TLR4 and SBSG was conventional hydrogen bond interaction, resulting in more stable ligand receptor complexes. In summary, SBSG exhibits significant immunomodulatory potential, similar to chondroitin sulfate C. The underlying molecular mechanism involved the binding of SBSG through hydrogen bonding to TLR4 receptors, triggering the NF-κB signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of related genes and proteins. This, in turn, regulated the secretion of various cytokines that were mediated by macrophages to exert the immunity of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xuejing Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Bingbing Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Brooks SA. Lectin Histochemistry: Historical Perspectives, State of the Art, and Future Directions. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2566:65-84. [PMID: 36152243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2675-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lectins, discovered more than 100 years ago and defined by their ability to selectively recognize specific carbohydrate structures, are ubiquitous in living organisms. Their precise functions are as yet under-explored and incompletely understood but they are clearly involved, through recognition of their binding partners, in a myriad of biological mechanisms involved in cell identity, adhesion, signaling, and growth regulation in health and disease. Understanding the complex "sugar code" represented by the "glycome" is a major challenge and at the forefront of current biological research. Lectins have been widely employed in histochemical studies to map glycosylation in cells and tissues. Here, a brief history of the discovery of lectins and early developments in their use is presented along with a selection of some of the most interesting and significant discoveries to emerge from the use of lectin histochemistry. Further, an evaluation of the next generation of lectin-based technologies is presented, including the potential for designing recombinant lectins with more precisely defined binding characteristics, linking lectin-based studies with other technologies to answer fundamental questions in glycobiology and approaches to exploring the interactions of lectins with their binding partners in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ann Brooks
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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Tetrault T, Meredith RJ, Zhang W, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. One-Bond 13C- 1H and 13C- 13C Spin-Coupling Constants as Constraints in MA'AT Analysis of Saccharide Conformation. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9506-9515. [PMID: 36356177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MA'AT analysis uses ensembles of redundant experimental NMR spin-coupling constants, parametrized J-coupling equations obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and circular statistics to produce probability distributions of molecular torsion angles in solution and information on librational motions about these angles (Meredith et al., J. Chem. Info. Model. 2022, 62, 3135-3141). Current DFT methods give nearly quantitative two- and three-bond JHH, JCH, and 1JCC values for use in MA'AT analysis of saccharides. In contrast, the accuracy of DFT-calculated one-bond 1JCH and 1JCC values is more difficult to determine, preventing their use in MA'AT modeling. This report describes experimental and computational studies that address this problem using two approaches (Strategies 1 and 2). Differences [1JCHcalc - 1JCHexp] (Strategy 1) ranged from -1.2 to 2.5 Hz, giving an average difference of 0.8 ± 1.7 Hz. Percent differences ranged from -0.8% to 1.6%, giving an average % difference of 0.5 ± 1.1%. In comparison, [1JCHMA'AT - 1JCHexp] (Strategy 2) ranged from -1.8 to 0.2 Hz, giving an average difference of -1.2 ± 0.7 Hz. Percent differences ranged from -1.2% to 0.1%, giving an average % difference of -0.8 ± 0.5%. Strategy 1 gave an average difference of 2.1 Hz between calculated and experimental 1JCC values, with an average % difference of 5.1 ± 0.2%. Calculated 1JCC values were consistently larger than experimental values. Strategy 2 also gave calculated 1JCC values that were larger than the experimental values, with an average difference of 2.3 ± 0.6 Hz, and an average % difference of 5.6 ± 1.6%. The findings of both strategies are similar and indicate that 1JCH values in saccharides can be calculated nearly quantitatively, but 1JCC values appear to be consistently overestimated by ∼5% using current DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenhui Zhang
- Omicron Biochemicals, Inc., South Bend, Indiana 46617, United States
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Meredith R, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. Nonconventional NMR Spin-Coupling Constants in Oligosaccharide Conformational Modeling: Structural Dependencies Determined from Density Functional Theory Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23950-23966. [PMID: 35847250 PMCID: PMC9280969 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonconventional NMR spin-coupling constants were investigated to determine their potential as conformational constraints in MA'AT modeling of the O-glycosidic linkages of oligosaccharides. Four (1 J C1',H1', 1 J C1',C2', 2 J C1',H2', and 2 J C2',H1') and eight (1 J C4,H4, 1 J C3,C4, 1 J C4,C5, 2 J C3,H4, 2 J C4,H3, 2 J C5,H4, 2 J C4,H5, and 2 J C3,C5) spin-couplings in methyl β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside (methyl β-lactoside) were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) to determine their dependencies on O-glycosidic linkage C-O torsion angles, ϕ and ψ, respectively. Long-range 4 J H1',H4 was also examined as a potential conformational constraint of either ϕ or ψ. Secondary effects of exocyclic (hydroxyl) C-O bond rotation within or proximal to these coupling pathways were investigated. Based on the findings of methyl β-lactoside, analogous J-couplings were studied in five additional two-bond O-glycosidic linkages [βGlcNAc-(1→4)-βMan, 2-deoxy-βGlc-(1→4)-βGlc, αMan-(1→3)-βMan, αMan-(1→2)-αMan, and βGlcNAc(1→2)-αMan] to determine whether the coupling behaviors observed in methyl β-lactoside were more broadly observed. Of the 13 nonconventional J-couplings studied, 7 exhibit properties that may be useful in future MA'AT modeling of O-glycosidic linkages, none of which involve coupling pathways that include the linkage C-O bonds. The findings also provide new insights into the general effects of exocyclic C-O bond conformation on the magnitude of experimental spin-couplings in saccharides and other hydroxyl-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan
J. Meredith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, United States
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Radiation
Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, United States
| | - Anthony S. Serianni
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, United States
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Feng X, Li F, Ding M, Zhang R, Shi T, Lu Y, Jiang W. Molecular dynamic simulation: Study on the recognition mechanism of linear β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan by Dectin-1. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Feng X, Li F, Ding M, Zhang R, Shi T, Jiang W. Molecular dynamic simulation: Structural insights of multi-stranded curdlan in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117844. [PMID: 33766340 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, by using molecular dynamic simulation we provide microscale structure information which helps to reveal the molecular mechanisms concerning the multi-chain conformational behavior of short curdlan. Through simulations starting with different conformations of curldan dodecasaccharides, it is found that the right-handed triple helix is thermodynamically the most stable conformation in aqueous solutions, which is well maintained and stabilized by an inter-strand hydrogen bonding network of the C2 hydroxyls. Unlike any predicted forms, the inter-strand hydrogen bonds exhibit a left-handed double helix pattern with preferred global orientations. Temperature REMD results suggest that the formation of triple helix is temperature sensitive, but the already formed triple helix is not. Investigation of curdlan with numbers of repeating units from 3 to 12 captures a critical value of 6, which in a way elucidates the relationship between the formation of triple helix and the chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Mingming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
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Jayaprakash NG, Singh A, Vivek R, Yadav S, Pathak S, Trivedi J, Jayaraman N, Nandi D, Mitra D, Surolia A. The barley lectin, horcolin, binds high-mannose glycans in a multivalent fashion, enabling high-affinity, specific inhibition of cellular HIV infection. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12111-12129. [PMID: 32636304 PMCID: PMC7443486 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Linked glycans are critical to the infection cycle of HIV, and most neutralizing antibodies target the high-mannose glycans found on the surface envelope glycoprotein-120 (gp120). Carbohydrate-binding proteins, particularly mannose-binding lectins, have also been shown to bind these glycans. Despite their therapeutic potency, their ability to cause lymphocyte proliferation limits their application. In this study, we report one such lectin named horcolin (Hordeum vulgare lectin), seen to lack mitogenicity owing to the divergence in the residues at its carbohydrate-binding sites, which makes it a promising candidate for exploration as an anti-HIV agent. Extensive isothermal titration calorimetry experiments reveal that the lectin was sensitive to the length and branching of mannooligosaccharides and thereby the total valency. Modeling and simulation studies demonstrate two distinct modes of binding, a monovalent binding to shorter saccharides and a bivalent mode for higher glycans, involving simultaneous interactions of multiple glycan arms with the primary carbohydrate-binding sites. This multivalent mode of binding was further strengthened by interactions of core mannosyl residues with a secondary conserved site on the protein, leading to an exponential increase in affinity. Finally, we confirmed the interaction of horcolin with recombinant gp120 and gp140 with high affinity and inhibition of HIV infection at nanomolar concentrations without mitogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Singh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Vivek
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivender Yadav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jay Trivedi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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9
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Toukach PV, Egorova KS. New Features of Carbohydrate Structure Database Notation (CSDB Linear), As Compared to Other Carbohydrate Notations. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:1276-1289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip V. Toukach
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosect 47, Moscow, Russia 119991
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya 20, Moscow, Russia 101000
| | - Ksenia S. Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosect 47, Moscow, Russia 119991
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10
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Rabinovich ML, Melnik MS, Herner ML, Voznyi YV, Vasilchenko LG. Predominant Nonproductive Substrate Binding by Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I and Implications for Activity Improvement. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1700712. [PMID: 29781240 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic conversion of the most abundant renewable source of organic compounds, cellulose to fermentable sugars is attractive for production of green fuels and chemicals. The major component of industrial enzyme systems, cellobiohydrolase I from Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) (HjCel7A) processively splits disaccharide units from the reducing ends of tightly packed cellulose chains. HjCel7A consists of a catalytic domain (CD) and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) separated by a linker peptide. A tunnel-shaped substrate-binding site in the CD includes nine subsites for β-d-glucose units, seven of which (-7 to -1) precede the catalytic center. Low catalytic activity of Cel7A is the bottleneck and the primary target for improvement. Here it is shown for the first time that, in spite of much lower apparent kcat of HjCel7A at the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glucosidic linkages in the fluorogenic cellotetra- and -pentaose compared to the structurally related endoglucanase I (HjCel7B), the specificity constants (catalytic efficiency) kcat /Km for both enzymes are almost equal in these reactions. The observed activity difference appears from strong nonproductive substrate binding by HjCel7A, particularly significant for MU-β-cellotetraose (MUG4 ). Interaction of substrates with the subsites -6 and -5 proximal to the nonconserved Gln101 residue in HjCel7A decreases Km,ap by >1500 times. HjCel7A can be nonproductively bound onto cellulose surface with Kd ≈2-9 nM via CBM and CD that captures six terminal glucose units of cellulose chain. Decomposition of this nonproductive complex can determine the rate of cellulose conversion. MUG4 is a promising substrate to select active cellobiohydrolase I variants with reduced nonproductive substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail L Rabinovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Maria S Melnik
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Mikhail L Herner
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Yakov V Voznyi
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Lilia G Vasilchenko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
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Lindsay RJ, Siess J, Lohry DP, McGee TS, Ritchie JS, Johnson QR, Shen T. Characterizing protein conformations by correlation analysis of coarse-grained contact matrices. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:025101. [PMID: 29331124 DOI: 10.1063/1.5004141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a method to capture the essential conformational dynamics of folded biopolymers using statistical analysis of coarse-grained segment-segment contacts. Previously, the residue-residue contact analysis of simulation trajectories was successfully applied to the detection of conformational switching motions in biomolecular complexes. However, the application to large protein systems (larger than 1000 amino acid residues) is challenging using the description of residue contacts. Also, the residue-based method cannot be used to compare proteins with different sequences. To expand the scope of the method, we have tested several coarse-graining schemes that group a collection of consecutive residues into a segment. The definition of these segments may be derived from structural and sequence information, while the interaction strength of the coarse-grained segment-segment contacts is a function of the residue-residue contacts. We then perform covariance calculations on these coarse-grained contact matrices. We monitored how well the principal components of the contact matrices is preserved using various rendering functions. The new method was demonstrated to assist the reduction of the degrees of freedom for describing the conformation space, and it potentially allows for the analysis of a system that is approximately tenfold larger compared with the corresponding residue contact-based method. This method can also render a family of similar proteins into the same conformational space, and thus can be used to compare the structures of proteins with different sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lindsay
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Jan Siess
- Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David P Lohry
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Trevor S McGee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Jordan S Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Quentin R Johnson
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Tongye Shen
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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12
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Sugawara K, Kadoya T, Kuramitz H. Magnetic beads modified with an electron-transfer carbohydrate-mimetic peptide for sensing of a galactose-dependent protein. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1001:158-167. [PMID: 29291799 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For use in the voltammetric sensing of galactose-dependent proteins, we modified magnetic beads with a peptide that had both electroactive- and molecular recognition properties. The peptide consisted of a YXY sequence and behaved as an electron-transfer carbohydrate-mimetic peptide that would combine with proteins. With this tool, the protein could be detected via a label-free system. We synthesized several penta- and hexa-peptides with a cysteine residue on the C-terminals to examine the properties of peptides. These peptides contained amino acid residues (X) of alanine, serine, or tyrosine. The peptides were immobilized on magnetic beads via N-(8-maleimidocapryloxy) succinimide. Soybean agglutinin(SBA), the in vivo function of which has been well established in animals, was selected as a model protein. The protein was detected via the changes in electrode response due to the oxidation of tyrosine residues from the phenol group to quinone. As a result, SBA was selectively accumulated on the beads modified with YYYYC. The calibration curve of SBA was linear and ranged from 2.5 × 10-12 to 1.0 × 10-10 M. With this system, SBA was recovered in human serum at values that ranged from 98 to 103%. Furthermore, the beads with peptides were regenerated five times using a protein denaturant. Accordingly, this electrochemical system was simple and could be rapidly applied to the detection of galactose-recognition proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hideki Kuramitz
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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13
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Johnson QR, Lindsay RJ, Shen T. CAMERRA: An analysis tool for the computation of conformational dynamics by evaluating residue-residue associations. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1568-1578. [PMID: 29464733 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A computational method which extracts the dominant motions from an ensemble of biomolecular conformations via a correlation analysis of residue-residue contacts is presented. The algorithm first renders the structural information into contact matrices, then constructs the collective modes based on the correlated dynamics of a selected set of dynamic contacts. Associated programs can bridge the results for further visualization using graphics software. The aim of this method is to provide an analysis of conformations of biopolymers from the contact viewpoint. It may assist a systematical uncovering of conformational switching mechanisms existing in proteins and biopolymer systems in general by statistical analysis of simulation snapshots. In contrast to conventional correlation analyses of Cartesian coordinates (such as distance covariance analysis and Cartesian principal component analysis), this program also provides an alternative way to locate essential collective motions in general. Herein, we detail the algorithm in a stepwise manner and comment on the importance of the method as applied to decoding allosteric mechanisms. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin R Johnson
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830
| | - Richard J Lindsay
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830.,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Tongye Shen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830.,Department of Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
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14
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Edwardraja S, Eichinger A, Theobald I, Sommer CA, Reichert AJ, Skerra A. Rational Design of an Anticalin-Type Sugar-Binding Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Boronate Side Chain. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2241-2247. [PMID: 28937743 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular recognition of carbohydrates plays a fundamental role in many biological processes. However, the development of carbohydrate-binding reagents for biomedical research and use poses a challenge due to the generally poor affinity of proteins toward sugars in aqueous solution. Here, we describe the effective molecular recognition of pyranose monosaccharides (in particular, galactose and mannose) by a rationally designed protein receptor based on the human lipocalin scaffold (Anticalin). Complexation relies on reversible covalent cis-diol boronate diester formation with a genetically encoded l-boronophenylalanine (Bpa) residue which was incorporated as a non-natural amino acid at a sterically permissive position in the ligand pocket of the Anticalin, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Compared with the metal-ion and/or avidity-dependent oligovalent lectins that prevail in nature, our approach offers a novel and promising route to generate tight sugar-binding reagents both as research reagents and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Edwardraja
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Andreas Eichinger
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Ina Theobald
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Carina Andrea Sommer
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Andreas J. Reichert
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
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15
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Abstract
Lectins, discovered more than 100 years ago and defined by their ability to selectively recognize specific carbohydrate structures, are ubiquitous in living organisms. Their precise functions are as yet under-explored and incompletely understood but they are clearly involved, through recognition of their binding partners, in a myriad of biological mechanisms involved in cell identity, adhesion, signaling, growth regulation, in health and disease. Understanding the complex "sugar code" represented by the glycome is a major challenge and at the forefront of current biological research. Lectins have been widely employed in histochemical studies to map glycosylation in cells and tissues. Here, a brief history of the discovery of lectins and early developments in their use is presented along with a selection of some of the most interesting and significant discoveries to emerge from use of lectin histochemistry. Further, an evaluation of the next generation of lectin-based technologies is presented, including the potential for designing recombinant lectins with more precisely defined binding characteristics, linking lectin-based studies with other technologies to answer fundamental questions in glycobiology, and approaches to exploring the interactions of lectins with their binding partners in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Brooks
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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16
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Tu T, Li Y, Su X, Meng K, Ma R, Wang Y, Yao B, Lin Z, Luo H. Probing the role of cation-π interaction in the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38413. [PMID: 27929074 PMCID: PMC5143973 DOI: 10.1038/srep38413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the key pectinase, polygalacturonase, and improving its thermotolerance and catalytic efficiency are of importance for the cost-competitive bioconversion of pectic materials. By combining structure analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, eight mutagenesis sites having the potential to form cation-π interactions were identified in the widely used fungal endo-polygalacturonase PG63. In comparison to the wild-type, three single mutants H58Y, T71Y and T304Y showed improved thermostability (the apparent Tms increased by 0.6-3.9 °C) and catalytic efficiency (by up to 32-fold). Chromatogram analysis of the hydrolysis products indicated that a larger amount of shorter sugars were released from the polygalacturonic acid by these three mutants than by the wild-type. MD analysis of the enzyme-substrate complexes illustrated that the mutants with introduced cation-π interaction have modified conformations of catalytic crevice, which provide an enviable environment for the catalytic process. Moreover, the lower plasticity of T3 loop 2 at the edge of the subsite tunnel appears to recruit the reducing ends of oligogalacturonide into the active site tunnel and initiates new hydrolysis reactions. This study demonstrates the importance of cation-π interaction in protein conformation and provides a realistic strategy to enhance the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhemin Lin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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17
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Chen H, Cox JR, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Force Fields for Carbohydrate-Divalent Cation Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5203-8. [PMID: 27210229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report molecular dynamics simulations to study intermolecular interactions for carbohydrate-divalent cation complexes. We observed that common force fields from literature with standard Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules are unable to reproduce the experimental stability constants for model carbohydrate monomer (α-d-Allopyranose) and alkali earth metal cation (Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), or Ba(2+)) complexes. A modified combining rule with rescaled effective cross-interaction radius between cations and the hydroxyl oxygens on the carbohydrates was introduced to reproduce the experimental stability constants, which the preferential carbohydrate-cation complexing structures through the ax-eq-ax sequence of O-1, O-2, and O-3 on α-d-Allopyranose were also observed. The effective radius scaling factor obtained from (α-d-Allopyranose)-Ca(2+) complexes was directly transferrable to the similar six-membered ring (α-d-Ribopyranose)-Ca(2+) complexes; however, reparameterization for the scaling factor may be necessary for the five-membered ring (α-d-Ribofuranose)-Ca(2+) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh Chen
- Aramco Services Company: Aramco Research Center - Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason R Cox
- Aramco Services Company: Aramco Research Center - Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Athanassios Z Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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18
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Feng T, Zhu X, Campanella O. Molecular modeling tools to characterize the structure and complexation behavior of carbohydrates. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Clark AK, Wilder JH, Grayson AW, Johnson QR, Lindsay RJ, Nellas RB, Fernandez EJ, Shen T. The Promiscuity of Allosteric Regulation of Nuclear Receptors by Retinoid X Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8338-45. [PMID: 27110634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The promiscuous protein retinoid X receptor (RXR) displays essential allosteric regulation of several members in the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily via heterodimerization and (anti)cooperative binding of cognate ligands. Here, the structural basis of the positive allostery of RXR and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is revealed. In contrast, a similar computational approach had previously revealed the mechanism for negative allostery in the complex of RXR and thyroid receptor (TR). By comparing the positive and negative allostery of RXR complexed with CAR and TR respectively, we reported the promiscuous allosteric control involving RXR. We characterize the allosteric mechanism by expressing the correlated dynamics of selected residue-residue contacts which was extracted from atomistic molecular dynamics simulation and statistical analysis. While the same set of residues in the binding pocket of RXR may initiate the residue-residue interaction network, RXR uses largely different sets of contacts (only about one-third identical) and allosteric modes to regulate TR and CAR. The promiscuity of RXR control may originate from multiple factors, including (1) the frustrated fit of cognate ligand 9c to the RXR binding pocket and (2) the different ligand-binding features of TR (loose) versus CAR (tight) to their corresponding cognate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Quentin R Johnson
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Richard J Lindsay
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ricky B Nellas
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman , Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Tongye Shen
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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20
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Johnson QR, Lindsay RJ, Nellas RB, Shen T. Pressure-induced conformational switch of an interfacial protein. Proteins 2016; 84:820-7. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin R. Johnson
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Center for Molecular Biophysics; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37830
| | - Richard J. Lindsay
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Center for Molecular Biophysics; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37830
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Ricky B. Nellas
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman; Quezon City Philippines
| | - Tongye Shen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Center for Molecular Biophysics; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37830
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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21
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-9-264-6086; Fax: +32-9-264-6219
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22
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Protein-carbohydrate interactions as part of plant defense and animal immunity. Molecules 2015; 20:9029-53. [PMID: 25996210 PMCID: PMC6272538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules that interact with each other to initiate the host defense system. Many of these interactions involve specific carbohydrate structures and proteins that specifically recognize and bind them, in particular lectins. It is well established that lectin-carbohydrate interactions play a major role in the immune system, in that they mediate and regulate several interactions that are part of the immune response. Despite obvious differences between the immune system in animals and plants, there are also striking similarities. In both cases, lectins can play a role as pattern recognition receptors, recognizing the pathogens and initiating the stress response. Although plants do not possess an adaptive immune system, they are able to imprint a stress memory, a mechanism in which lectins can be involved. This review will focus on the role of lectins in the immune system of animals and plants.
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