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Suaifan GARY, Alkhawaja B, Shehadeh MB, Sharmaa M, Hor Kuan C, Okechukwu PN. Glucosamine substituted sulfonylureas: IRS-PI3K-PKC-AKT-GLUT4 insulin signalling pathway intriguing agent. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:695-703. [PMID: 38389876 PMCID: PMC10880904 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Normally, skeletal muscle accounts for 70-80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the postprandial hyperglycemia state. Consequently, abnormalities in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle or insulin resistance (IR) are deemed as initial metabolic defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, T2DM is growing in exponential proportion. The majority of T2DM patients are treated with sulfonylureas in combination with other drugs to improve insulin sensitivity. Glycosylated sulfonylureas (sulfonylurea-glucosamine analogues) are modified analogues of sulfonylurea that have been previously reported to possess antidiabetic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of glycosylated sulfonylureas on the insulin signalling pathway at the molecular level using L6 skeletal muscle cell (in vitro) and extracted soleus muscle (ex vivo) models. To create an in vitro model, insulin resistance was established utilizing a high insulin-glucose approach in differentiated L6 muscle cells from Rattus norvegicus. Additionally, for the ex vivo model, extracted soleus muscles, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a solution containing 25 mmol L-1 glucose and 100 mmol L-1 insulin for 24 hours to induce insulin resistance. After insulin resistance, compounds under investigation and standard medicines (metformin and glimepiride) were tested. The differential expression of PI3K, IRS-1, PKC, AKT2, and GLUT4 genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway was evaluated using qPCR. The evaluated glycosylated sulfonylurea analogues exhibited a significant increase in the gene expression of insulin-dependent pathways both in vitro and ex vivo, confirming the rejuvenation of the impaired insulin signaling pathway genes. Altogether, glycosylated sulfonylurea analogues described in this study represent potential therapeutic anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Bayan Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Mayadah B Shehadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Mridula Sharmaa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Chan Hor Kuan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Patrick Nwabueze Okechukwu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
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Mansouri R, Bouzina A, Sekiou O, Aouf Z, Zerrouki R, Ibrahim-Ouali M, Aouf NE. Novel pseudonucleosides and sulfamoyl-oxazolidinone β- D-glucosamine derivative as anti-COVID-19: design, synthesis, and in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10999-11016. [PMID: 37098814 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2203246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
New pseudonucleosides containing cyclic sulfamide moiety and sulfamoyl β-D-glucosamine derivative are described. These pseudonucleosides are synthesized in good yields starting from chlorosulfonyl isocyanate and β-D-glucosamine hydrochloride in five steps; (protection, acetylation, removal of the Boc group, sulfamoylation, and cyclization). Further, novel glycosylated sulfamoyloxazolidin-2-one is prepared in three steps; carbamoylation, sulfamoylation, and intramolecular cyclization. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by usual spectroscopic and spectrometric methods NMR, IR, MS, and EA. Interesting molecular docking of the prepared pseudonucleosides and (Beclabuvir, Remdesivir) drugs with SARS-CoV-2/Mpro (PDB:5R80) was conducted using the same parameters for a fair comparison. A low binding affinity of the synthesized compounds compared to the Beclabuvir and other analysis showed that pseudonucleosides have the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. After the motivating results of molecular docking study, the complex between the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and compound 7 was subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using Desmond module of Schrodinger suite, during which the receptor-ligand complex showed substantial stability after 10 ns of MD simulation. Also, we studied the prediction of absorption, distribution, properties of metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the synthesized compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Mansouri
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
- Environment, modeling, and climate change department, Environmental Research Center (CRE), Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Abdeslem Bouzina
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Omar Sekiou
- Environment, modeling, and climate change department, Environmental Research Center (CRE), Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Zineb Aouf
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Rachida Zerrouki
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA7500 Université de Limoges, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87000, Limoges cedex, France
| | | | - Nour Eddine Aouf
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Sciences Faculty, Chemistry Department, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
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Kampouraki M, Mavridou K, Bakola M, Kitsou KS, Karanasios D. Can Sulfonylureas for Agricultural Use Cause Diabetes? A Report of Three Cases. Cureus 2023; 15:e35938. [PMID: 37038579 PMCID: PMC10082617 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylureas (SUs) are commonly used as herbicides. Many farmers and other professionals use SUs for cereal, strawberry, and grape crops. This study examines the possible association between exposure to SUs herbicides and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study presents three cases of unrelated agronomists who had used SUs for more than three decades and developed T2D. The objective was to investigate the association between occupational dermal and inhalation exposure to herbicides and T2D. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to determine the association and to help develop prevention strategies.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic Activity, Phenolic Content and Microscopical Characterization of Terfezia claveryi. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154843. [PMID: 35956793 PMCID: PMC9369677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terfezia claveryi (T. claveryi) is used by traditional healers in the Middle East region to treat several diseases, including diabetes. The present study evaluated the total phenolic and investigated the blood-glucose-lowering potential of different aqueous extracts of this selected truffle using in vitro and in vivo models. The phytochemical profile was examined using UPLC-MS. The macerate and the microwave-assisted extract were the richest in phenolic compounds. All T. claveryi extracts exhibited a remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory effect in vitro, with an IC50 of 2.43, 3.26, 5.18 and 3.31 mg/mL for the aqueous microwave-assisted extract macerate, infusion and decoction, respectively. On the other hand, in the high-fat diet alloxan-induced diabetic mice model, all tested crude aqueous extracts exhibited a significant antihyperglycemic activity (p < 0.05). Four hours after the administration of the 250 mg/kg dose, the macerate was able to induce a 29.4% blood-glucose-lowering effect compared to a 24.8% reduction induced by the infusion, which was sustained for a further two hours. The hypoglycemic effect (29.3% and 32.4%) was also recorded six hours after the administration of the single dose 500 mg/kg of the macerate and the infusion, respectively. Truffle extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing a rationale for the traditional use as a natural hypoglycemic.
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Plants Secondary Metabolites as Blood Glucose-Lowering Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144333. [PMID: 34299610 PMCID: PMC8307461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, significant advances in modern medicine and therapeutic agents have been achieved. However, the search for effective antidiabetic drugs is continuous and challenging. Over the past decades, there has been an increasing body of literature related to the effects of secondary metabolites from botanical sources on diabetes. Plants-derived metabolites including alkaloids, phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, stilbenoids, saponins, tannins, polysaccharides, coumarins, and terpenes can target cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, they can grant protection to pancreatic beta cells from damage, repairing abnormal insulin signaling, minimizing oxidative stress and inflammation, activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Studies have highlighted many bioactive naturally occurring plants' secondary metabolites as candidates against diabetes. This review summarizes the current knowledge compiled from the latest studies published during the past decade on the mechanism-based action of plants-derived secondary metabolites that can target various metabolic pathways in humans against diabetes. It is worth mentioning that the compiled data in this review will provide a guide for researchers in the field, to develop candidates into environment-friendly effective, yet safe antidiabetics.
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Okechukwu PN, Ekeuku SO, Chan HK, Eluri K, Froemming GRA. Palmatine Inhibits Up-Regulation of GRP78 and CALR Protein in an STZ-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:288-298. [PMID: 32744968 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200730124208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) which is due to the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It is associated with oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The plant alkaloid Palmatine has been previously reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties as well as other protective properties against kidney and liver tissue damage. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the ability of Palmatine to reduce the up-regulation of chaperone proteins Glucose Regulatory Protein 78 (GRP78), and Calreticulin (CALR) protein in a Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats treated with 2mg/kg of Palmatine for 12 weeks after the elevation of plasma glucose levels above 11mmol/L post-STZ administration. Proteins were extracted from the pancreas after treatment and Two-Dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), PDQuest 2-D analysis software genomic solutions and mass spectrometer were used to analyze differentially expressed protein. Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS), Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) was used for protein identification. RESULTS There was an up-regulation of the expression of chaperone proteins CALR and GRP78 and down-regulation of the expression of antioxidant and protection proteins peroxidoxin 4 (Prdx4), protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA2/3), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GSTs), and Serum Albumin (ALB) in non-diabetic rats. Palmatine treatment down-regulated the expression of chaperone proteins CALR and GRP78 and up-regulated the expression of Prdx4, PDIA2/3, GST, and ALB. CONCLUSION Palmatine may have activated antioxidant proteins, which protected the cells against reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic stress. The result is in consonance with our previous report on Palmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Okechukwu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science UCSI University No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, (Taman Connaught) Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sophia O Ekeuku
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science UCSI University No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, (Taman Connaught) Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hor K Chan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science UCSI University No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, (Taman Connaught) Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalpana Eluri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Campus, No. 1, Jalan Meara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gabriele R A Froemming
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Mohammad Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Patel AD, Pasha TY, Lunagariya P, Shah U, Bhambharoliya T, Tripathi RKP. A Library of Thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitors: An Attempt To Discover Novel Antidiabetic Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1229-1242. [PMID: 32390300 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important target for the treatment of diabetes. A series of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 8-22 was designed, synthesized and investigated as PTP1B inhibitors. The new molecules inhibited PTP1B with IC50 values in the micromolar range. 5-(Furan-2-ylmethylene)-2-(4-nitrophenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one (17) exhibited potency with a competitive type of enzyme inhibition. structure-activity relationship studies revealed various structural facets important for the potency of these analogues. The findings revealed a requirement for a nitro group-including hydrophobic heteroaryl ring for PTP1B inhibition. Molecular docking studies afforded good correlation with experimental results. H-bonding and π-π interactions were responsible for optimal binding and effective stabilization of virtual protein-ligand complexes. Furthermore, in-silico pharmacokinetic properties of test compounds predicted their drug-like characteristics for potential oral use as antidiabetic agents.Additionally, a binding site model demonstrating crucial pharmacophoric characteristics influencing potency and binding affinity of inhibitors has been proposed, which can be employed in the design of future potential PTP1B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish D Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, 388421, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Thopallada Y Pasha
- Shri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B G Nagara, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Paras Lunagariya
- Smt. R. D. Gardi B. Pharmacy College, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360110, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, 388421, India
| | - Tushar Bhambharoliya
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Rati K P Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
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Al-Fakih AM, Algamal ZY, Lee MH, Aziz M, Ali HTM. A QSAR model for predicting antidiabetic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors by enhanced binary gravitational search algorithm. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:403-416. [PMID: 31122062 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1607899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-varying binary gravitational search algorithm (TVBGSA) is proposed for predicting antidiabetic activity of 134 dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors. To improve the performance of the binary gravitational search algorithm (BGSA) method, we propose a dynamic time-varying transfer function. A new control parameter, μ , is added in the original transfer function as a time-varying variable. The TVBGSA-based model was internally and externally validated based on Qint2 , QLGO2 , QBoot2 , MSEtrain , Qext2 , MSEtest , Y-randomization test, and applicability domain evaluation. The validation results indicate that the proposed TVBGSA model is robust and not due to chance correlation. The descriptor selection and prediction performance of TVBGSA outperform BGSA method. TVBGSA shows higher Qint2 of 0.957, QLGO2 of 0.951, QBoot2 of 0.954, Qext2 of 0.938, and lower MSEtrain and MSEtest compared to obtained results by BGSA, indicating the best prediction performance of the proposed TVBGSA model. The results clearly reveal that the proposed TVBGSA method is useful for constructing reliable and robust QSARs for predicting antidiabetic activity of DPP-IV inhibitors prior to designing and experimental synthesizing of new DPP-IV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Fakih
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Sana'a University , Sana'a , Yemen
| | - Z Y Algamal
- c Department of Statistics and Informatics , University of Mosul , Mosul , Iraq
| | - M H Lee
- d Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - M Aziz
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
- e Advanced Membrane Technology Centre , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - H T M Ali
- f College of Computers and Information Technology , Nawroz University , Kurdistan region , Iraq
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Mohammed AAM, Suaifan GARY, Shehadeh MB, Okechukwu PN. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,8-naphthyridine glucosamine conjugates as antimicrobial agents. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:179-186. [PMID: 30570767 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for discovering potent antimicrobial agents with lower toxicity, we envisioned the design and synthesis of nalidixic acid-D-(+)-glucosamine conjugates. The novel compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Cytotoxicity using MTT assay over L6 skeletal myoblast cell line, ATCC CRL-1458 was carried out. In vitro antimicrobial assay revealed that 1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-N-(1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose-2-yl)-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (5) and 1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-N-(2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose-2-yl)-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide(6) possess growth inhibitory activity against resistant Escherichia coli NCTC, 11954 (MIC 0.1589 mM) and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC, 33591 (MIC 0.1589 mM). Compound (5) was more active against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (MIC 0.1113 mM) in comparison with the reference nalidixic acid (MIC 1.0765 mM). Interestingly, compound (6) had potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC <0.0099 mM). Remarkably, the tested compounds had low cytotoxic effect. This study indicated that glucosamine moiety inclusion into the chemical structure of the marketed nalidixic acid enhances antimicrobial activity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mayadah B Shehadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Patrick N Okechukwu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abd El-Karim SS, Anwar MM, Syam YM, Nael MA, Ali HF, Motaleb MA. Rational design and synthesis of new tetralin-sulfonamide derivatives as potent anti-diabetics and DPP-4 inhibitors: 2D & 3D QSAR, in vivo radiolabeling and bio distribution studies. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:481-493. [PMID: 30243239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a severe disease and it is one of the most raising problems worldwide. This study deals with design, synthesis and in vivo determination of a new set of tetralin-sulfonamide derivatives as anti-diabetic and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibiting agents. Most of the new compounds exhibited significant hypoglycemic effect alongside with DPP-4 suppression potency considering sitagliptin as a reference drug. The most promising compounds 4, 15 showed 2.80 nM DPP-4 IC50 with 20-40 folds selectivity over DPP-8 and DPP-9. 2D and 3D QSAR models were performed using auto QSAR of Schrödinger, QuaSAR of MOE and 3D Field-based QSAR of Schrödinger, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the alignment-independent descriptors, electrostatic and steric field descriptors were significantly correlated with the antidiabetic activity of the new derivatives. In addition, the new compounds were docked in the active site of DPP-4 in reference to sitagliptin to rationalize the binding modes of the compounds with the amino acid residues of the enzyme. Furthermore, 131I-compound 4 complex was selected to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behavioral profile of compound 4 and its body organs uptakes alongside its elimination pathway as a representative example for the rest of the analogues. The bio distribution pattern of the tracer proved the selective accumulation of 131I-substrate in the pancreas and rapid clearance from most of the body organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaia S Abd El-Karim
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Manal M Anwar
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin M Syam
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Manal A Nael
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hanan F Ali
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Motaleb
- Labeled Compound Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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