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Murashevych B, Stepanskyi D, Toropin V, Mironenko A, Maslak H, Burmistrov K, Teteriuk N. Virucidal properties of new multifunctional fibrous N-halamine-immobilized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115221121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Virucidal properties of N-chlorosulfonamides immobilized on fibrous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers have been studied. Corresponding materials with different functional group structures and chlorine content have been synthesized on FIBAN polymer carriers in the form of staple fibers and non-woven fabrics. The study has been conducted in general accordance with EN 14476 standard on poliovirus type-1 and adenovirus type-5. It has been found that all tested samples exhibit pronounced virucidal activity: regardless of the carrier polymer form, sodium N-chlorosulfonamides inactivated both viruses in less than 30 s, and N,N-dichlorosulfonamides—in 30–60 s. The main mechanism of action of these materials, obviously, consists in the emission of active chlorine from the functional group into the treated medium under the action of the amino groups of virus fragments and cell culture. Considering the previously described antimicrobial and reparative properties of such materials, as well as their satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, the synthesized polymers are promising for the creation of medical devices with increased resistance to microbial contamination, such as protective masks, filter elements, long-acting wound dressings, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Murashevych
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Stepanskyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Toropin
- Department of Pharmacy and Technology of Organic Substances, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Alla Mironenko
- Department of Respiratory and Other Viral Infections, L.V. Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Hanna Maslak
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Burmistrov
- Department of Pharmacy and Technology of Organic Substances, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Teteriuk
- Department of Respiratory and Other Viral Infections, L.V. Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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pH-Responsive Emission of Novel Water-Soluble Polymeric Iridium(III) Complexes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060927. [PMID: 35335741 PMCID: PMC8951343 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of water-soluble copolymers containing N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) and a vinylic monomer containing an Iridium(III), Ir(III), complex substituted with the quinoline-based unit 2-(pyridin-2-ylo)-6-styrene-4-phenylquinoline (VQPy) as ligand are reported. These copolymers were prepared through pre- or post-polymerization complexation of Ir(III) with the VQPy units. The first methodology led to copolymer P1 having fully complexed VQPy units, whereas the latter methodology allowed the preparation of terpolymers containing free and Ir(III)-complexed VQPy units (copolymer P2). The optical properties of the copolymers were studied in detail through UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy in aqueous solution. It is shown that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (ΜLCT) emission is prevailing in the case of P1, regardless of pH. In contrast, in the case of terpolymer P2 the MLCT emission of the Ir(III) complex is combined with the pH-responsive emission of free VQPy units, leading to characteristic pH-responsive color changes under UV illumination in the acidic pH region.
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3
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Multilayered Curcumin-Loaded Hydrogel Microcarriers with Antimicrobial Function. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041415. [PMID: 35209213 PMCID: PMC8875356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of multifunctional microcarriers has attracted significant attention because they combine various functions within a single system. In this study, we developed a set of multilayered hydrogel microcarriers, which were first loaded with chemotherapeutic curcumin (CUR), then, using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, coated through a polyelectrolyte shell consisting of chitosan (CHIT) or poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). As an outer layer with antimicrobial function, newly synthesised alkylene quaternary ammonium salt functionalised polyelectrolytes (A-QAS-PEs) were applied. For this purpose, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was decorated with different hydrophobic side chains (n-hexane and n-dodecane side entities) and different degrees of substitution (m) of quaternary ammonium groups (abbreviated as PAA-C(O)O-(CH2)n-N+(CH3)3(m); n = 6, 12; m = 8–14%). The grafting approach of PAA with the alkylene quaternary ammonium salt moiety was performed under mild reaction conditions using Steglich esterification followed by quaternisation. The structure of antimicrobial decorated PAA was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR, and the mean diameter of all multifunctional microparticles was characterised by SEM. The viscoelastic properties of the functional layers were studied using quartz crystal microbalance with a dissipation (QCM-D). The release of CUR from the microcarriers was described using a hybrid model, i.e., a combination of first-order kinetics and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The antimicrobial activity of functionalised PAA and multilayered CUR-loaded hydrogel microcarriers with quaternary ammonium function was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens by the agar diffusion assay method. Only a limited inhibition zone of PAA was observed, but in the case of both antimicrobial decorated PAA and the corresponding multilayered nanocarriers, the inhibitory activity increase was achieved against both strains of bacteria.
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Preparation of Antimicrobial Coatings from Cross-Linked Copolymers Containing Quaternary Dodecyl-Ammonium Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413236. [PMID: 34948032 PMCID: PMC8707885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the concerns today’s societies face is the development of resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The need to tackle this problem has driven the development of innovative antimicrobial materials capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The present study investigates the dependence of the antimicrobial activity and solubility properties on the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio of antimicrobial coatings based on quaternary ammonium compounds. In this line, suitable hydrophilic and hydrophobic structural units were selected for synthesizing the antimicrobial copolymers poly(4-vinylbenzyl dimethyldodecylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid), P(VBCDDA-co-AA20) and poly(dodecyltrimethylammonium 4-styrene sulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate), P(SSAmC12-co-GMA20), bearing an alkyl chain of 12 carbons either through covalent bonding or through electrostatic interaction. The cross-linking reaction of the carboxylic group of acrylic acid (AA) with the epoxide group of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) of these two series of reactive antimicrobial copolymers was explored in blends, obtained through solution casting after curing at various temperatures. The release of the final products in pure water and NaCl 1 M solutions (as analyzed by gravimetry and total organic carbon, TOC/total nitrogen, TN analyses), could be controlled by the coating composition. The cross-linked polymeric membranes of composition 60/40 w/w % ratios led to 97.8 and 99.7% mortality for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively, whereas the coating 20/80 w/w % resulted in 96.6 and 99.8% cell reduction. Despite the decrease in hydrophobicity (from a 16- to a 12-carbon alkyl chain), the new materials maintained the killing efficacy, while at the same time resulting in increased release to the aqueous solution.
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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Schito AM, Piatti G, Caviglia D, Zuccari G, Alfei S. Broad-Spectrum Bactericidal Activity of a Synthetic Random Copolymer Based on 2-Methoxy-6-(4-Vinylbenzyloxy)-Benzylammonium Hydrochloride. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5021. [PMID: 34065133 PMCID: PMC8125966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight organic ammonium salts exert excellent antimicrobial effects by interacting lethally with bacterial membranes. Unfortunately, short-term functionality and high toxicity limit their clinical application. On the contrary, the equivalent macromolecular ammonium salts, derived from the polymerization of monomeric ammonium salts, have demonstrated improved antibacterial potency, a lower tendency to develop resistance, higher stability, long-term activity, and reduced toxicity. A water-soluble non-quaternary copolymeric ammonium salt (P7) was herein synthetized by copolymerizing 2-methoxy-6-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-benzylammonium hydrochloride monomer with N, N-di-methyl-acrylamide. The antibacterial activity of P7 was assessed against several multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Except for colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, most isolates were susceptible to P7, also including some Gram-negative bacteria with a modified charge in the external membrane. P7 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against isolates of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas, and on different strains of Escherichia coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophylia, regardless of their antibiotic resistance. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) observed were 0.6-1.2 µM and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were frequently overlapping with the MICs. In 24-h time-kill and turbidimetric studies, P7 displayed a rapid non-lytic bactericidal activity. P7 could therefore represent a novel and potent tool capable of counteracting infections sustained by several bacteria that are resistant to the presently available antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, I-16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (G.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Gabriela Piatti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, I-16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (G.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Debora Caviglia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, I-16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (G.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
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7
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Lainioti GC, Tsapikouni A, Druvari D, Avramidis P, Prevedouros I, Glaropoulos A, Kallitsis JK. Environmentally Friendly Cross-Linked Antifouling Coatings Based on Dual Antimicrobial Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094658. [PMID: 33925039 PMCID: PMC8125455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of environmentally friendly antimicrobial polymeric coatings, especially in the case of aquaculture, that inhibit the growth of bio-deposits is a very important issue that will contribute to the cost reduction of nets’ cleaning process as well as the protection of the submarine wealth from the biostatic substances used so far. In the present work, the antimicrobial polymers P(SSAmC16-co-VBCHAMx) and the terpolymer P(SSAmC16w-co-VBCHAMx-co-GMAy) were synthesized, bearing quaternary ammonium compounds, electrostatically bound and covalently attached at the same polymer chain. The combination of the two types is of particular importance, as it can provide effective antimicrobial polymeric materials with self-polishing capabilities as a result of the released nature of the antimicrobial, in combination with the permanent local action of the immobilized species. The cross-linking reaction of the terpolymer P(SSAmC16w-co-VBCHAMx-co-GMAy) with the homopolymer polyacrylic acid (PAA) was tested at 120 °C in terms of the equivalent ratio between epoxy and carboxyl groups. The synthesized polymers were further used for the coating of aquaculture nets and tested in terms of antifouling efficiency in lab and scale-up conditions. Uncoated nets were also used in all applications for comparison reasons. The coated nets performed efficiently for 35 days in lab-scale and 66 days in scale-up conditions, showing a high antifouling activity in both fields compared to the uncoated nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C. Lainioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.); (J.K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-261-099-7121
| | - Anthi Tsapikouni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Pavlos Avramidis
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (P.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioannis Prevedouros
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (P.A.); (I.P.)
| | | | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Achaia, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.); (J.K.K.)
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8
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Blend membranes based on N1-alkyl-substituted imidazolium functionalized polymers and aromatic polyethers: influence of N1-alkyl substituent on properties and alkaline stability. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Ifra, Kongkham B, Sharma S, Chaurasiya A, Biswal AK, Hariprasad P, Saha S. Development of non‐leaching antibacterial coatings through quaternary ammonium salts of styrene based copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ifra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Bhani Kongkham
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Alok Chaurasiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Agni K. Biswal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - P. Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Positively Charged Polymers as Promising Devices against Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051195. [PMID: 32456255 PMCID: PMC7285334 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has increased markedly in Gram-negative bacteria, causing severe infections intractable with traditional drugs and amplifying mortality and healthcare costs. Consequently, to find novel antimicrobial compounds, active on multidrug resistant bacteria, is mandatory. In this regard, cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs)—able to kill pathogens on contact—could represent an appealing solution. However, low selectivity, hemolytic toxicity and cost of manufacturing, hamper their massive clinical application. In the recent years—starting from CAMPs as template molecules—less toxic and lower-cost synthetic mimics of CAMPs, including cationic peptides, polymers and dendrimers, have been developed. Although the pending issue of hemolytic toxicity and biodegradability is still left not completely solved, cationic antimicrobial polymers (CAPs), compared to small drug molecules, thanks to their high molecular weight, own appreciable selectivity, reduced toxicity toward eukaryotic cells, more long-term activity, stability and non-volatility. With this background, an updated overview concerning the main manufactured types of CAPs, active on Gram-negative bacteria, is herein reported, including synthetic procedure and action’s mechanism. Information about their structures, antibacterial activity, advantages and drawbacks, was reported in the form of tables, which allow faster consultation and quicker learning concerning current CAPs state of the art, in order not to retrace reviews already available.
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Lee J, Pascall MA. Reduction in microbial survival on food contact surfaces by a spray coated polymerized quaternary ammonium compound. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2472-2477. [PMID: 32405403 PMCID: PMC7215225 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using polymerization and immobilization techniques, the loss of antimicrobial efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) was minimized by decreasing its solubility and crosslinking it to metal substrates. The survivability of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli K12 inoculated to silane QAC coated metal surfaces was compared with uncoated metal surfaces at different treatment conditions for up to 6 months storage. Resilience of the coating material to repeated cleaning, up to 20 washing and rinsing cycles, was also investigated. No evidence of bacteria viability (>5 log reduction of colony-forming unit) was observed for L. innocua when they were inoculated onto coated surfaces stored for 3 months, whereas E. coli was reduced by 3 to 4-logs. For the viable L. innocua cells on the coated surfaces, >5 log reductions were achieved even after the coated surfaces were cleaned by 20 washing and rinsing cycles prior to the cells' inoculation. For the E. coli cells, ~ 2 log reductions were achieved after 5 cleaning cycles and <1 log reduction after 10 or more cleaning procedures. Overall, the results showed that the coating had antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria while it showed moderate activity to Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Melvin A. Pascall
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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12
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Koufakis E, Manouras T, Anastasiadis SH, Vamvakaki M. Film Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Quaternized PDMAEMA Brushes: Short vs Long Alkyl Chain Length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3482-3493. [PMID: 32168453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes bearing quaternary ammonium groups of different alkyl chain lengths (ACLs) were prepared and assessed as biocidal coatings. For the synthesis of the antimicrobial brushes, first well-defined PDMAEMA chains were grown by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on glass and silicon substrates. Next, the tertiary amine groups of the polymer brushes were modified via a quaternization reaction, using alkyl halides, to obtain the cationic polymers. The polymer films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements. The effect of the ACL of the quaternary ammonium groups on the physicochemical properties of the films as well as the contact killing efficiency of the surfaces against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. A hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition of the surfaces and a significant decrease of the degree of quaternization of the DMAEMA moieties was found upon increasing the ACL of the quaternization agent above six carbon atoms, allowing the wettability, the thickness, and the pH-response of the brushes to be tuned via a facile postpolymerization, quaternization reaction. At the same time, antimicrobial tests revealed that the hydrophilic polymer brushes exhibited enhanced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, whereas the hydrophobic surfaces showed a significant deterioration of the in vitro bactericidal performance. Our results elucidate the antimicrobial action of quaternized polymer brushes, dictating the appropriate choice of the ACL of the quaternization agent for the development of coatings that effectively inhibit biofilm formation on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Koufakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodore Manouras
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros H Anastasiadis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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13
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Tsagdi A, Druvari D, Panagiotaras D, Avramidis P, Bekiari V, Kallitsis JK. Polymeric Coatings Based on Water-Soluble Trimethylammonium Copolymers for Antifouling Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071678. [PMID: 32268518 PMCID: PMC7180454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosslinked polymeric materials based on a quaternary trimethylammonium compound were developed and evaluated as potential antifouling coatings. For this purpose, two water-soluble random copolymers, poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate) P(DMAm-co-GMAx), were synthesized via free radical polymerization. A water based approach for the synthesis of P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) copolymer was used. Coatings of the complementary reactive copolymers in different compositions were obtained by curing at 120 °C for one day and were used to coat aquaculture nets. These nets were evaluated in respect to their release rate using Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) measurements. Finally, the antifouling efficacy of these newly-composed durable coatings was investigated for 14 days in accelerated conditions. The results showed that this novel polymeric material provides contact-killing antifouling activity for a short time period, whereas it functions efficiently in biofouling removal after high-pressure cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Tsagdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Dionisios Panagiotaras
- Department of Environment, Ionian University, M. Minotou-Giannopoulou 26, Zakynthos 29100, Greece;
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Pavlos Avramidis
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Vlasoula Bekiari
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece;
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR–26504 Patras, Greece; (A.T.); (D.D.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, P.O. Box 1414, GR-265 04 Rio-Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: (+302610) 962952; Fax: (+302610) 997122
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14
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Sun J, Wang C, Tan ZW, Liu CM. A novel reactive phosphonium-containing polyelectrolyte with multiple reactivities: monomer synthesis, RAFT polymerization and post-polymerization modifications. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00362j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A reactive polyelectrolyte can be defined as a kind of functional polymer which possesses not only the basic properties of a polyelectrolyte but also wide post-polymerization modification possibilities, which can be achieved via various reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Zhi-Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Cheng-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
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15
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Chouliaras T, Vollas A, Ioannides T, Deimede V, Kallitsis J. Synthesis of Imidazolium based PILs and Investigation of Their Blend Membranes for Gas Separation. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120164. [PMID: 31817030 PMCID: PMC6950310 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric (ionic liquid) (PIL) copolymers bearing cationic imidazolium pendants and polar acrylic acid groups (P(VBCImY-co-AAx)), which both favor the interaction with CO2 molecules, have been synthesized and blended with film forming, high glass transition temperature aromatic polyether-based pyridinium PILs (PILPyr). The blend membranes based on the above combination have been prepared and characterized in respect to their thermal and morphological behavior as well as to their gas separation properties. The used copolymers and blends showed a wide range of glass transition temperatures from 32 to 286 °C, while blends exhibited two phase morphology despite the presence of polar groups in the blend components that could participate in specific interactions. Finally, the membranes were studied in terms of their gas separation behavior. It revealed that blend composition, counter anion type and acrylic acid molar percentage affect the gas separation properties. In particular, PILPyr-TFSI/P(VBCImTFSI-co-AA20) blend with 80/20 composition shows CO2 permeability of 7.00 Barrer and quite high selectivity of 103 for the CO2/CH4 gas pair. Even higher CO2/CH4. selectivity of 154 was achieved for PILPyr-BF4/P(VBCImBF4-co-AA10) blend with composition 70/30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasis Chouliaras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (T.C.); (A.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Aristofanis Vollas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (T.C.); (A.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Theophilos Ioannides
- Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), GR 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Valadoula Deimede
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (T.C.); (A.V.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610-962958
| | - Joannis Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece; (T.C.); (A.V.); (J.K.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), GR 26504 Patras, Greece;
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16
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Jalageri MD, Malgar Puttaiahgowda Y, Parambil AM, Kulal A. Design of multifunctionalized piperazine polymer and its activity toward pathogenic microorganisms. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manohara Dhulappa Jalageri
- Department of ChemistryManipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576 104 Karnataka India
| | - Yashoda Malgar Puttaiahgowda
- Department of ChemistryManipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576 104 Karnataka India
| | | | - Ananda Kulal
- Biological Sciences DivisionPoornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research Devanahalli, Bangalore 562 110 Karnataka India
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17
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18
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19
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Druvari D, Koromilas ND, Lainioti GC, Bokias G, Vasilopoulos G, Vantarakis A, Baras I, Dourala N, Kallitsis JK. Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium-Containing Coatings with Potential Dual Contact-Based and Release-Based Antimicrobial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:35593-35605. [PMID: 27976854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, reactive blending of copolymers with complementary functional groups was applied to control their antimicrobial activity and antifouling action in real conditions. For this purpose, two series of copolymers, poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-acrylic acid), P(VBC-co-AAx), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate), P(SSNa-co-GMAx), were synthesized via free radical copolymerization and further modified by the incorporation of biocidal units either covalently (4-vinyl benzyl dimethylhexadecylammonium chloride, VBCHAM) or electrostatically bound (cetyltrimethylammonium 4-styrenesulfonate, SSAmC16). The cross-linking reaction of the carboxylic group of acrylic acid (AA) with the epoxide group of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) of these two series of reactive antimicrobial copolymers was explored in blends obtained through solution casting after curing at various temperatures. The combined results from the ATR-FTIR characterization of the membranes, solubility tests, turbidimetry, and TEM suggest that the reaction occurs already at 80 °C, leading mostly to graft samples, while at higher curing temperatures (120 or 150 °C) insoluble cross-linked samples are usually obtained. Controlled release experiments of selected membranes were performed in pure water and aqueous 1 M NaCl solutions for a period of two months. The released material was followed through gravimetry and TOC/TN measurements, while the evolution of the integrity and the morphology of the membranes were followed visually and through SEM, respectively. Antimicrobial tests also revealed that the cross-linked membranes presented strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Finally, a specific blend combination was applied on aquaculture nets and cured at 80 °C. The modified nets, emerged in the sea for 15 and 35 days, exhibited high antifouling action as compared to blank nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos D Koromilas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Ch Lainioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- FORTH/ICE-HT, Stadiou Street, P.O. Box 1414, GR-26504, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Bokias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- FORTH/ICE-HT, Stadiou Street, P.O. Box 1414, GR-26504, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Gavriil Vasilopoulos
- Environmental Microbiology, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras , Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras , Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Ilias Baras
- SELONDA Aquaculture SA, 30 Navarchou Nikodimou Street, Athens, GR-10556, Greece
| | - Nancy Dourala
- SELONDA Aquaculture SA, 30 Navarchou Nikodimou Street, Athens, GR-10556, Greece
| | - Joannis K Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- FORTH/ICE-HT, Stadiou Street, P.O. Box 1414, GR-26504, Rio-Patras, Greece
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20
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In vitro assessment of an antibacterial quaternary ammonium-based polymer loaded with chlorhexidine for the coating of polypropylene prosthetic meshes. Hernia 2016; 20:869-878. [PMID: 27590327 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-016-1537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses the use of an absorbable polymer loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) as an antibacterial coating for polypropylene (PP) meshes employed in hernia repair. METHODS The polymer N,N-dimethyl-N-benzyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium bromide was loaded with CHX (1 % w/w). Fragments (1 cm2) of Optilene® Mesh Elastic were coated either with the unloaded (POL) or CHX-loaded polymer (POL-CHX). Uncoated fragments (PP) served as controls. The release kinetics of the POL-CHX coating was monitored by HPLC. Sterile fragments were placed on agar plates previously contaminated with 106 CFU of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) ATCC25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) ATCC12228, or Escherichia coli (Ec) ATCC25922 and incubated at 37 °C for 1/2/7 days. At each time point, inhibition halos were measured and bacterial adhesion to the meshes quantified by sonication and scanning electron microscopy. Coating cytotoxic effects were examined on cultured fibroblasts. RESULTS The polymer coating gradually released CHX over 3 days. Inhibition halos were produced only around the POL-CHX-coated meshes and these were significantly smaller for Ec than Sa or Se (p < 0.01). While POL-CHX prevented bacterial adhesion to the mesh, the reduced bacterial yields over time were observed for the POL-coated versus control PP meshes (p < 0.001). By day 7, only Ec remained attached to the surface of control meshes. The POL coating was not cytotoxic, yet POL-CHX reduced the viability of cultured fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS When loaded with the antiseptic CHX, this quaternary ammonium-based polymer coating released its contents in a controlled manner indicating its potential prophylactic use to reduce the risk of infection following PP mesh implantation.
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21
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Jahnke JP, Terrell JL, Smith AM, Cheng X, Stratis-Cullum DN. Influences of Adhesion Variability on the "Living" Dynamics of Filamentous Bacteria in Microfluidic Channels. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080985. [PMID: 27483214 PMCID: PMC6274349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfabricated devices have increasingly incorporated bacterial cells for microscale studies and exploiting cell-based functions in situ. However, the role of surface interactions in controlling the bacterial cell behavior is not well understood. In this study, microfluidic substrates of varied bacterial-binding affinity were used to probe the interaction-driven behavior of filamentous Escherichia coli. In particular, cell alignment under controlled shear flow as well as subsequent orientation and filamentation were compared between cells presenting distinct outer membrane phenotypes. We demonstrated that filaments retained position under flow, which allowed for dynamic single-cell monitoring with in situ elongation of over 100 μm for adherent cells. This maximum was not reached by planktonic cells and was, therefore, adhesion-dependent. The bound filaments initially aligned with flow under a range of flow rates and their continual elongation was traced in terms of length and growth path; analysis demonstrated that fimbriae-mediated adhesion increased growth rate, increased terminal length, as well as dramatically changed the adherent geometry, particularly buckling behavior. The effects to filament length and buckling were further exaggerated by the strongest, specificity-driven adhesion tested. Such surface-guided control of the elongation process may be valuable to yield interesting “living” filamentous structures in microdevices. In addition, this work may offer a biomedically relevant platform for further elucidation of filamentation as an immune-resistant morphology. Overall, this work should inspire broader exploration of microfabricated devices for the study and application of single bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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22
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Santos MRE, Fonseca AC, Mendonça PV, Branco R, Serra AC, Morais PV, Coelho JFJ. Recent Developments in Antimicrobial Polymers: A Review. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9070599. [PMID: 28773721 PMCID: PMC5456892 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial polymers represent a very promising class of therapeutics with unique characteristics for fighting microbial infections. As the classic antibiotics exhibit an increasingly low capacity to effectively act on microorganisms, new solutions must be developed. The importance of this class of materials emerged from the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, which led to the advent of multidrug-resistant microbes, being nowadays one of the most serious public health problems. This review presents a critical discussion of the latest developments involving the use of different classes of antimicrobial polymers. The synthesis pathways used to afford macromolecules with antimicrobial properties, as well as the relationship between the structure and performance of these materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson R E Santos
- CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia V Mendonça
- CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
| | - Rita Branco
- CEMUC, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-401, Portugal.
| | - Arménio C Serra
- CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
| | - Paula V Morais
- CEMUC, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-401, Portugal.
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- CEMUC, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal.
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23
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Koromilas ND, Lainioti GC, Vasilopoulos G, Vantarakis A, Kallitsis JK. Synthesis of antimicrobial block copolymers bearing immobilized bacteriostatic groups. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00553e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial block copolymers bearing covalently bonded quaternized ammonium groups were synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Moreover, a new class of antimicrobial block copolymers were designed combining two types of biocide incorporation into one system (both contact-based and release-based mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Ch. Lainioti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- Patras
- Greece
- FORTH/ICE-HT
| | - G. Vasilopoulos
- Environmental Microbiology
- Department of Public Health
- Medical School
- University of Patras
- Greece
| | - A. Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology
- Department of Public Health
- Medical School
- University of Patras
- Greece
| | - J. K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- Patras
- Greece
- FORTH/ICE-HT
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