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Shi M, Han H, Yang L, Wang Z, Chen K. Development and validation of a dried blood spots assay for metabolic profiling of ginsenosides using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118136. [PMID: 38583731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer., a famous and valuable traditional Chinese medicine with thousand years of history for its healthcare and therapeutic effects. It is necessary and meaningful to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenosides in vivo as they are the most active components. Dried blood spots (DBS) are a mature and advanced blood collection method with meet the needs for the measurement of numerous analytes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the feasibility on DBS in the metabolic profile analysis of complex herbal products. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of ginsenosides. The preparation of DBS samples was conducted by spiking the whole blood with analytes to obtain 20 μL of blood spots on Whatman 903 collection card. A punched dish of 10 mm in diameter was extracted with 70 % methanol aqueous solution, digoxin was used as an internal standard. Target compounds were separated on a Waters T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) with acetonitrile and water (0.1 % formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. RESULTS The various ginsenosides showed good linearity in the range of 1-2000 ng/mL. The extraction recoveries and matrix effects of the target analytes were above 82.2%. The intra- and inter-batch accuracy and precision were within the limits of ≤15% for all tested concentrations. Moreover, the collected dried blood spot samples could be stably stored at room temperature for 14 days and 4 °C for 1 month without being affected. And it is delightful that the DBS-based analysis is compatible or even superior to the conventional protein precipitation in terms of sensitivity, linearity, and stability. In particular, the target analytes are stable in the DBS sampling under normal storing condition and the sensitivity for some trace metabolites of ginsenosides, such as 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, F1, Rk1, Rg5, etc. increases 3-4 folds as evaluated by LLOQ. CONCLUSIONS The established method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng extract in mice, this suggests a more feasible strategy for pharmacokinetic study of traditional and natural medicines both in animal tests and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Han Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Zhang C, Liu Z, Lu S, Xiao L, Xue Q, Jin H, Gan J, Li X, Liu Y, Liang X. Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134225. [PMID: 35807471 PMCID: PMC9268438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, which contains abundant ginsenosides, grows mainly in the Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang in China. It has been reported that the quality and traits of ginsengs from different origins were greatly different. To date, the accurate prediction of the origins of ginseng samples is still a challenge. Here, we integrated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) with a support vector machine (SVM) for rapid discrimination and prediction of ginseng from the three main regions where it is cultivated in China. Firstly, we develop a stable and reliable UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method to obtain robust information for 31 batches of ginseng samples after reasonable optimization. Subsequently, a rapid pre-processing method was established for the rapid screening and identification of 69 characteristic ginsenosides in 31 batches ginseng samples from three different origins. The SVM model successfully distinguished ginseng origin, and the accuracy of SVM model was improved from 83% to 100% by optimizing the normalization method. Six crucial quality markers for different origins of ginseng were screened using a permutation importance algorithm in the SVM model. In addition, in order to validate the method, eight batches of test samples were used to predict the regions of cultivation of ginseng using the SVM model based on the six selected quality markers. As a result, the proposed strategy was suitable for the discrimination and prediction of the origin of ginseng samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Zhe Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoming Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Liujun Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Qianqian Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (H.J.)
| | - Hongli Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (H.J.)
| | - Jiapan Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Xiaonong Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Yanfang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.X.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
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Insights into Recent Studies on Biotransformation and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040512. [PMID: 35454101 PMCID: PMC9031344 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that ginsenosides—major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng—are attracting more attention due to their beneficial pharmacological activities. Ginsenoside Rd, belonging to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, exhibits diverse and powerful pharmacological activities. In recent decades, nearly 300 studies on the pharmacological activities of Rd—as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases—have been published. However, no specific, comprehensive reviews have been documented to date. The present review not only summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies on the health benefits of Rd, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, ischemic stroke, immunoregulation, and other pharmacological effects, it also delves into the inclusion of potential molecular mechanisms, providing an overview of future prospects for the use of Rd in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Although biotransformation, pharmacokinetics, and clinical studies of Rd have also been reviewed, clinical trial data of Rd are limited; the only data available are for its treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, clinical evidence of Rd should be considered in future studies.
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Calculations of the Thermodynamic Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric Isomeric Compounds for Identification in Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of theoretical and experimental approaches was applied to determine the chromatographic rules of isomeric compounds’ behavior for preliminary identification. In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identification is performed by spectra matching, however, difficulties arise with isomeric compounds, which cannot be distinguished from each other without additional information. The thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption of symmetric and asymmetric isomers of chlorophenylphenols, dimethoxybiphenyls, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls were determined using molecular statistical calculations. By-products in the chlorination of 4-hydroxybiphenyl were identified: 4-hydroxy-2,3′- and 3,2′-dichlorobiphenyls, 4-hydroxy-3,5,2′- and 2,3,6-trichlorobiphenyls. A developed theoretical approach was applied to predict the retention order of tri- and tetra-chlorobiphenyls. The GC-MS data and molecular statistical calculations made it possible to determine the main products of methoxybenzene dimerization as well as identify impurities. Thermodynamic parameters were received to describe the unusual retention behavior of epimers in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Molecular descriptors were calculated to determine correlation with retention of both structural isomers and epimers. Descriptor combining surface area and partial charge information turned out to be useful in evaluating retention order for isomers.
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Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of saponins after intravenous administration of ShenMai Injection in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1128:121777. [PMID: 31487566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ShenMai Injection (SMI) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been extensively applied in the treatment of coronary artery disease and tumor for many years. However, there is still lack of deep research on the behaviors of SMI in vivo. In this study, a reliable, specific, and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous determination of sixteen saponins found in SMI using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of sixteen active compounds after a single intravenous administration of SMI. These compounds included seven protopapaxdiol (PPD-type) ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, S-Rg3, R-Rg3), six protopapaxtriol (PPT-type) ginsenosides (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2), one oleanolic acid type ginsenoside (ginsenoside Ro) and two ophiopogonins (ophiopogonin D (MD-D) and ophiopogonin D' (MD-D')). Connection of the C-20 hydroxyl group to the glycoside and the chiral configuration of C-20 might significantly impact the pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo of ginsenosides, particularly PPD-type ginsenosides. PPD-type ginsenosides were usually eliminated slowly in serum and tissues, but S/R-Rg3 bearing a free hydroxyl group at C-20 exhibited quick elimination, and R-Rg3 underwent quicker elimination than S-Rg3. The PPT-type ginsenosides, oleanolic acid type ginsenoside and ophiopogonins underwent a fast elimination from serum and tissues. There were 10 ginsenosides that could penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In contrast to other saponins, the distributions of S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, R-Rg3, MD-D and MD-D' in liver were higher than in kidney. Several PPD-type ginsenosides were found to have a long-term accumulation risk in some tissues, especially Rd in kidney. In the excretion study, Rg1, S-Rg2 and MD-D were mainly excreted in a prototype and other saponins were mainly excreted in the form of metabolites. Prototypes of S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, R-Rg3, MD-D and MD-D' exhibited higher distribution in the liver than kidney, were excreted mainly in the feces, whereas prototypes of the remaining saponins were primarily excreted via urine. To best our knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively evaluate the tissue distribution and excretion of SMI in rats. Our research provides novel insight into the behaviors in vivo of PPD-type ginsenosides and delivers valuable information for further drug development of SMI.
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Stereoselective and Simultaneous Analysis of Ginsenosides from Ginseng Berry Extract in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Ginseng Berry Extract. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071835. [PMID: 30041497 PMCID: PMC6099803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ginseng berry extract (GBE) has been attributed to its anti-hyperglycemic effect in humans. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GBE constitutes after oral GBE administration have not been established yet. In this study, stereoselective and simultaneous analytical methods for 10 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2, S-Rg3, and R-Rg3) were developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), for the pharmacokinetic study of GBE. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 10 ginsenosides after oral GBE were evaluated in rats. All analytes were detected with a linear concentration range of 0.01–10 µg/mL. Lower limits of detection (LLOD) and quantification (LLOQ) were 0.003 and 0.01 µg/mL, respectively, for all 10 ginsenosides. This established method was adequately validated in linearity, sensitivity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. Relative standard deviations for all intra- and inter-precision of the 10 ginsenosides were below 11.5% and accuracies were 85.3–111%, which were sufficient to evaluate the pharmacokinetic study of oral GBE in rats. We propose that Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, S-Rg2, R-Rg2 and/or S-Rg3 were appropriate pharmacokinetic markers of systemic exposure following oral GBE administration.
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Wu W, Jiao C, Li H, Ma Y, Jiao L, Liu S. LC-MS based metabolic and metabonomic studies of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:331-340. [PMID: 29460310 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable health supplement with medicinal potential. Its chemical diversity and multiple pharmacological properties call for comprehensive methods to better understand the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic approaches just fit the purpose. OBJECTIVE Aims to give a review of recent progress on LC-MS based pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng, and metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects. METHODS The review has four sections: the first section discusses metabolic studies of ginsenosides based on LC-MS, the second focuses on ginsenoside-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic interaction between herb compounds based on LC-MS, the third is phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng based on LC-MS, and the fourth deals with metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects based on LC-MS. RESULTS LC-MS based metabonomic research on ginseng include analysis of single ginsenoside and total ginsenosides. The theory of multi-components and multi-targeted mechanisms helps to explain ginseng effects. CONCLUSION LC-MS based metabonomics is a promising way to comprehensively assess ginseng. It is valuable for quality control and mechanism studies of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxi Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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Jeong JH, Lee SY, Kim BN, Lee GY, Ham SH. Development of Simultaneous Analysis of Thirteen Bioactive Compounds in So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang Using UPLC-DAD. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:2875681. [PMID: 29854559 PMCID: PMC5954919 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2875681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
So-Cheong-Ryong-Tang, which is a standardized Korean medicine of the National Health Insurance, is a traditional prescription for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, bronchitis, and bronchial asthma. Simultaneous analysis and development of SCRT is essential for its stability, efficacy, and risk management. In this study, a simple, reliable, and accurate method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) fingerprinting with a diode array detector (DAD) was developed for the simultaneous analysis. The chromatographic separation of the analytes was performed by an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μM, 2.1 × 100 mm, Waters) with a mobile phase of water containing 0.01% (v/v) phosphoric acid and acetonitrile containing 0.01% (v/v) phosphoric acid. The flow rate and detection wavelength were set at 0.4 mL/min and 215, 230, 254, and 280 nm. All calibration curves of the thirteen components showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999). The limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged 0.001-0.360 and 0.004-1.200 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra- and interday was less than 2.60%, and the recoveries were within the range 76.08-103.79% with an RSD value of 0.03-1.50%. The results showed that the developed method was simple, reliable, accurate, sensitive, and precise for the quantification of bioactive components of SCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Jeong
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yu Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Na Kim
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Guk Yeo Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Ham
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do 59338, Republic of Korea
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SIRT1 activator isolated from artificial gastric juice incubate of total saponins in stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:240-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Structure Identification and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Lathyrol-3-phenylacetate-5,15-diacetate. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091412. [PMID: 28841191 PMCID: PMC6151716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from the genus Euphorbia show attention-attracting activities, such as anticancer activity. In this article, classical isolation and structure identification were used in a study on Caper Euphorbia Seed. Subsequently, MTT and wound healing assays, flow cytometry, western blotting, Hoechst 33258 staining and fluorescence microscopy examination were applied to investigate the anticancer activity of the obtained compounds. In a result, lathyrol-3-phenyl- acetate-5,15-diacetate (deoxy Euphorbia factor L1, DEFL1) was isolated from Caper Euphorbia Seed. Moreover, the NMR signals were totally assigned. DEFL1 showed potent inhibition against lung cancer A549 cells, with an IC50 value of 17.51 ± 0.85 μM. Furthermore, DEFL1 suppressed wound healing of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanically, DEFL1 induced apoptosis, with involvement of an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), release of cytochrome c, activity raise of caspase-9 and 3. Characteristic features of apoptosis were observed by fluorescence microscopy. In summary, DEFL1 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in lung cancer A549 cells via a mitochondrial pathway.
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Shao N, Jiang H, Wang X, Yuan B, Jin Y, Song M, Zhao Y, Xu H. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of 25-methoxyl-dammarane-3β,12β,20-triol and its active demethyl-metabolite epimers in rats after oral and intravenous administration. Fitoterapia 2016; 116:139-145. [PMID: 27940119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselectivity of ginsenosides produced from the stereogenic carbon-20 has been proved to be closely related to drug action including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. 25-Methoxydammarane-3,12,20-triol (25-OCH3-PPD) and 25-hydoxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH-PPD) are novel protopanaxadiol-type (PPD) sapogenins. 25-OH-PPD was also the in vivo bioactive demethyl-metabolite of 25-OCH3-PPD. The study aimed to investigate the influence of 20(R/S)-configuration on the pharmacokinetics of 20(R/S)-25-OCH3-PPD epimers and 20(R/S)-25-OH-PPD epimers. When rats were given 20(R/S)-25-OCH3-PPD epimers intravenously, the pharmacokinetic profiles of both epimers of 25-OCH3-PPD were similar, while the pharmacokinetic behaviors of their demethyl-metabolites were obviously different. After rats received an oral dose of 20(R/S)-25-OCH3-PPD epimers, the Cmax and AUC values of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD were at least 100 times higher than those of 20(R)-25-OCH3-PPD. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of 25-OH-PPD was observed in rats after i.v. and i.g. administration of 20(R/S)-25-OH-PPD epimers. In vitro metabolic kinetics results indicated that faster hepatic metabolism of R-epimer should be one of the crucial factors accounting for the stereospecific pharmacokinetics of 25-OCH3-PPD and 25-OH-PPD epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shao
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mantong Song
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical Collage, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Material Medical School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Simultaneous Determination of Eight Alkaloids in Rat Plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS after Oral Administration of Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao and Coptis chinensis Franch. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070913. [PMID: 27428938 PMCID: PMC6274250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was successfully developed and validated for the identification and determination of eight alkaloids: tetrahydropalmatine (A); palmatine (B); magnoflorine (C); columbamine (D); berberine (E); worenine (F); berberrubine (G) and coptisine (H) in rat plasma, which are the active components in Coptis deltoidea C. Y. cheng et Hsiao (CCY) and Coptis chinensis Franch (CF). The chromatographic separation of analytes was successfully achieved on an Agilent SB-C18 column (1.8 µm, 150 mm × 2.1 mm) using a programme with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.3% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The analytes were detected with a triple quadrupole tandem MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in positive mode. The validated method showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r2 > 0.991), and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) less than 1.1 ng/mL for all analytes, and matrix effects ranged from 85.2% to 106.8%. The mean extraction recoveries were no less than 86.4%, and the precision and accuracy were within the acceptable limits. All analytes were proven to be stable during sample storage and analysis procedures. The method validation results demonstrated that the proposed method was sensitive, specific, and reliable, which could lay a foundation for the pharmacokinetic study of eight analytes after oral administration of CCY and CF in subsequent studies.
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Ma LY, Zhou QL, Yang XB, Wang HP, Yang XW. Metabolism of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg₂ by Rat Liver Microsomes: Bioactivation to SIRT1-Activating Metabolites. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060757. [PMID: 27294899 PMCID: PMC6273440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg2 (1) has recently become a hot research topic due to its potent bioactivities and abundance in natural sources such as the roots, rhizomes and stems-leaves of Panaxginseng. However, due to the lack of studies on systematic metabolic profiles, the prospects for new drug development of 1 are still difficult to predict, which has become a huge obstacle for its safe clinical use. To solve this problem, investigation of the metabolic profiles of 1 in rat liver microsomes was first carried out. To identify metabolites, a strategy of combined analyses based on prepared metabolites by column chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed. As a result, four metabolites M1–M4, including a rare new compound named ginsenotransmetin A (M1), were isolated and the structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. A series of metabolites of 1, MA–MG, were also tentatively identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS in rat liver microsomal incubate of 1. Partial metabolic pathways were proposed. Among them, 1 and its metabolites M1, M3 and M4 were discovered for the first time to be activators of SIRT1. The SIRT1 activating effects of the metabolite M1 was comparable to those of 1, while the most interesting SIRT1 activatory effects of M3 and M4 were higher than that of 1 and comparable with that of resveratrol, a positive SIRT1 activator. These results indicate that microsome-dependent metabolism may represent a bioactivation pathway for 1. This study is the first to report the metabolic profiles of 1invitro, and the results provide an experimental foundation to better understand the in vivo metabolic fate of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Qi-Le Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin-Bao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hong-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Gao M, Yang J, Wang Z, Yang B, Kuang H, Liu L, Wang L, Yang C. Simultaneous Determination of Purpurin, Munjistin and Mollugin in Rat Plasma by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study after Oral Administration of Rubia cordifolia L. Extract. Molecules 2016; 21:E717. [PMID: 27258244 PMCID: PMC6273328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific, simple, sensitive Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of purpurin, munjistin, and mollugin in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out using a C18 column (ACQUITY UPLC(®) HSS T3, 1.8 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm) with gradient elution. The compounds were detected on a 6430 triple-quadrupole tandem MS with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ionization mode. The samples were prepared by a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method with ethyl acetate after being spiked with an internal standard (bifendate). The current UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated for its linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability in different conditions. The method was linear for all analytes over the investigated range with all determined correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9900. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 4.21% to 14.84%, and the relative errors of accuracies were in the range of -14.05% to 14.75%. The mean recoveries and matrix effects of purpurin, munjistin, and mollugin were higher than 78.87% and 92.56%, repectively. After oral administration of 0.82 g/kg of Rubia cordifolia extract, the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 70.10 ± 11.78 ng/mL for purpurin, 26.09 ± 6.6 ng/mL for munjistin, and 52.10 ± 6.71 ng/mL for mollugin. The time for maximal concentration (Tmax) was 1.61 ± 0.24 h for purpurin, 2.58 ± 0.19 h for munjistin, and 1.99 ± 0.21 h for mollugin. The established method was further applied to a pharmacokinetic study of purpurin, munjistin, and mollugin in rat plasma. It was concluded from the pharmacokinetic parameters that the three analytes showed a process of slow absorption and metabolism after oral administration of R. cordifolia extract to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Analytical Department, Johnson & Johnson, 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Liqian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector and Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Evaluate Ginseng Roots and Rhizomes from Different Regions. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050603. [PMID: 27171066 PMCID: PMC6274567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, is an industrial crop in China and Korea. The functional components in ginseng roots and rhizomes are characteristic ginsenosides. This work developed a new high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS(n)) method to identify the triterpenoids. Sixty compounds (1-60) including 58 triterpenoids were identified from the ginseng cultivated in China. Substances 1, 2, 7, 15-20, 35, 39, 45-47, 49, 55-57, 59, and 60 were identified for the first time. To evaluate the quality of ginseng cultivated in Northeast China, this paper developed a practical liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) method to simultaneously quantify 14 interesting ginsenosides in ginseng collected from 66 different producing areas for the first time. The results showed the quality of ginseng roots and rhizomes from different sources was different due to growing environment, cultivation technology, and so on. The developed LC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS(n) method can be used to identify many more ginsenosides and the LC-DAD method can be used not only to assess the quality of ginseng, but also to optimize the cultivation conditions for the production of ginsenosides.
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Yang CJ, Wang ZB, Mi YY, Gao MJ, Lv JN, Meng YH, Yang BY, Kuang HX. UHPLC-MS/MS Determination, Pharmacokinetic, and Bioavailability Study of Taxifolin in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of its Nanodispersion. Molecules 2016; 21:494. [PMID: 27089318 PMCID: PMC6273324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method based on the Triple Quad system has been developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetics of taxifolin and its nanodispersion in rat plasma. Taxifolin plasma samples along with butylparaben (internal standard) were pre-treated by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and then separated on a SB-C18 RRHD column (150 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.8 μm) using isocratic elution with a run time of 3.0 min. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantification of taxifolin was performed by the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with negative atmospheric ionization at m/z 303.0→285.0 for taxifolin and 193.1→92.0 for I.S., respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin showed good linearity over a concentration range of 5.0-4280 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5.0 ng/mL. Intra-day, inter-day precision and accuracy (percent relative to standard deviation) were all within 8% at three concentration levels. A total recovery of taxifolin and I.S. was beyond 75%. The present LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of taxifolin after intravenous administration of taxifolin, oral administration of its physical mixture and nanodispersion. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin was calculated as 0.75% for taxifolin nanodispersion and 0.49% for taxifolin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Mi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Ming-Jie Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Jin-Nan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Yong-Hai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
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