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Purkait A, Hazra DK, Kole R, Mandal S, Bhattacharrya S, Karmakar R. Harnessing the Carrier Solvent Complexity of Crop Biostimulant Liquid Formulations Using Locally Available Transesterified Waste Cooking Oil: Economic Recycling, Solvent Performance, and Bioefficacy Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1017-1024. [PMID: 38170676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Locally sourced waste cooking oil (WCO) was successfully base-catalyzed and transesterified with methanol into biodiesel to produce biostimulant (nitrobenzene) formulations and replace high-risk carrier solvents. Ideal synthesis conditions were composed of 1% NaOH, MeOH/oil molar ratio (6:1), reaction temperature (65 °C), a 3 h mixing rate, and 97-98% yields. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified five fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) including palmitic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, and eicosenoic acids with high solubilization and olfactory characteristics. Using anionic and nonionic emulsifiers in conjunction with recycled biodiesel, a stable emulsifiable concentrate (NB 35% EC) was created with greater storage stability, wettability, and spreading capabilities than those of organic solvent-based ones. The highest counts of fruits per plant (35.80), flowers per plant (60.00), yield per plant (3.56 kg), and yield per hectare (143.7 quintals) were recorded in treatments with 4 mL/L biodiesel-based EC in field bioassays. In addition to having superior biosafety, FAME-based EC exhibits minimal phytotoxicity and is less harmful to aquatic creatures. It was discovered that the average cost-effectiveness was 5.49 times less expensive than solvent-based EC. In order to utilize waste oils as a locally obtained, sustainable alternative solvent with a wide solubilization range, low ecotax profile, circular economy, and high renewable carbon index, this integrative technique was expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloke Purkait
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva - Bharati, Birbhum, 731 236 Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- All India Network Project n Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramen Kole
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project n Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharrya
- All India Network Project n Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- All India Network Project n Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741 252 Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Więcławik J, Chrobok A. Gallium(III)- and Indium(III)-Containing Ionic Liquids as Highly Active Catalysts in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041955. [PMID: 36838943 PMCID: PMC9967191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical industry still requires development of environmentally friendly processes. Acid-catalysed chemical processes may cause environmental problems. Urgent need to replace conventional acids has forced the search for sustainable alternatives. Metal-containing ionic liquids have drawn considerable attention from scientists for many years. These compounds may exhibit very high Lewis acidity, which is usually dependent on the composition of the ionic liquid with the particular content of metal salt. Therefore, metal-containing ionic liquids have found a lot of applications and are successfully employed as catalysts, co-catalysts or reaction media in various fields of chemistry, especially in organic chemistry. Gallium(III)- and indium(III)-containing ionic liquids help to transfer the remarkable activity of metal salts into even more active and easier-to-handle forms of ionic liquids. This review highlights the wide range of possible applications and the high potential of metal-containing ionic liquids with special focus on Ga(III) and In(III), which may help to outline the framework for further development of the presented research topic and synthesis of new representatives of this group of compounds.
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