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Bojić T, Sencanski M, Perovic V, Milicevic J, Glisic S. In Silico Screening of Natural Compounds for Candidates 5HT6 Receptor Antagonists against Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092626. [PMID: 35565976 PMCID: PMC9101541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, is the focus of pharmacological research. One of the targets that attract the most attention for the potential therapy of AD is the serotonin 5HT6 receptor, which is the receptor situated exclusively in CNS on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. The neurochemical impact of this receptor supports the hypothesis about its role in cognitive, learning, and memory systems, which are of critical importance for AD. Natural products are a promising source of novel bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic potential as a 5HT6 receptor antagonist in the treatment of AD dementia. The ZINC-natural product database was in silico screened in order to find the candidate antagonists of 5-HT6 receptor against AD. A virtual screening protocol that includes both short-and long-range interactions between interacting molecules was employed. First, the EIIP/AQVN filter was applied for in silico screening of the ZINC database followed by 3D QSAR and molecular docking. Ten best candidate compounds were selected from the ZINC Natural Product database as potential 5HT6 Receptor antagonists and were proposed for further evaluation. The best candidate was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Bojić
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics-080, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Milan Sencanski
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Vladimir Perovic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Jelena Milicevic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Sanja Glisic
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
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2
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Arrieta-Rodríguez L, Espinoza-Rosales D, Vera G, Cho YH, Cabezas D, Vásquez-Velásquez D, Mella-Raipán J, Lagos CF, Recabarren-Gajardo G. Novel N-Arylsulfonylindoles Targeted as Ligands of the 5-HT 6 Receptor. Insights on the Influence of C-5 Substitution on Ligand Affinity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060528. [PMID: 34206083 PMCID: PMC8227400 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of twenty-two C-5 substituted N-arylsulfonylindoles was prepared with the aim of exploring the influence of C-5 substitution on 5-HT6 receptor affinity. Eleven compounds showed moderate to high affinity at the receptor (Ki = 58–403 nM), with compound 4d being identified as the most potent ligand. However, regarding C-5 substitution, both methoxy and fluorine were detrimental for receptor affinity compared to our previously published unsubstituted compounds. In order to shed light on these observations, we performed docking and molecular dynamics simulations with the most potent compounds of each series (4d and 4l) and PUC-10, a highly active ligand previously reported by our group. The comparison brings about deeper insight about the influence of the C-5 substitution on the binding mode of the ligands, suggesting that these replacements are detrimental to the affinity due to precluding a ligand from reaching deeper inside the binding site. Additionally, CoMFA/CoMSIA studies were performed to systematize the information of the main structural and physicochemical characteristics of the ligands, which are responsible for their biological activity. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models presented high values of q2 (0.653; 0.692) and r2 (0.879; 0.970), respectively. Although the biological activity of the ligands can be explained in terms of the steric and electronic properties, it depends mainly on the electronic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Arrieta-Rodríguez
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory (BHSL), Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (L.A.-R.); (D.E.-R.); (G.V.); (Y.H.C.)
| | - Daniela Espinoza-Rosales
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory (BHSL), Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (L.A.-R.); (D.E.-R.); (G.V.); (Y.H.C.)
| | - Gonzalo Vera
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory (BHSL), Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (L.A.-R.); (D.E.-R.); (G.V.); (Y.H.C.)
| | - Young Hwa Cho
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory (BHSL), Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (L.A.-R.); (D.E.-R.); (G.V.); (Y.H.C.)
| | - David Cabezas
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (D.C.); (J.M.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 2360134, Chile
| | - David Vásquez-Velásquez
- Drug Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Jaime Mella-Raipán
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (D.C.); (J.M.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 2360134, Chile
| | - Carlos F. Lagos
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Lab, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7510157, Chile;
| | - Gonzalo Recabarren-Gajardo
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory (BHSL), Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (L.A.-R.); (D.E.-R.); (G.V.); (Y.H.C.)
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-23541418
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Pirolla NFF, Batista VS, Dias Viegas FP, Gontijo VS, McCarthy CR, Viegas C, Nascimento-Júnior NM. Alzheimer's Disease: Related Targets, Synthesis of Available Drugs, Bioactive Compounds Under Development and Promising Results Obtained from Multi-target Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:505-538. [PMID: 32814524 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999200819144544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the therapeutic targets involved in Alzheimer's disease as well as the available drugs and their synthetic routes. Bioactive compounds under development are also exploited to illustrate some recent research advances on the medicinal chemistry of Alzheimer's disease, including structure-activity relationships for some targets. The importance of multi-target approaches, including some examples from our research projects, guides new perspectives in search of more effective drug candidates. This review comprises the period between 2001 and early 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália F F Pirolla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Victor S Batista
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caitlin R McCarthy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
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Talukdar R. Rapid access to 3-acyl indoles using ethyl acetate/triflic acid couple as the acylium donor and Cu(OAc) 2 catalysed aerial oxidation of indole benzoins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8876-8880. [PMID: 33103169 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esters are potential acyl donors but are relatively unexplored for that purpose. A facile installation of acyl groups at the C-3 position of indoles under triflic acid catalysed conditions with easily available and cheap esters as new acylating agents is described herein. Furthermore, heterocycles like N-protected pyrrole, furan and thiophene were also suitable substrates for similar C-2 acylation. Analogous C-3 benzoylated products of indole were obtained, albeit in lower yields, by using methyl benzoate as a benzoyl donor. The benzoylated products were synthesised in much better yields via a copper(ii) catalysed aerial oxidation of indole containing benzoins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadeep Talukdar
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Amani AM. A conceptual review of rhodanine: current applications of antiviral drugs, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1132-1148. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1573824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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6
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Song M, Wang S, Wang Z, Fu Z, Zhou S, Cheng H, Liang Z, Deng X. Synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and molecular docking studies of N-arylsulfonylindoles containing an aminoguanidine, a semicarbazide, and a thiosemicarbazide moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Suzuki-Type Cross-Coupling Reaction of Unprotected 3-Iodoindazoles with Pinacol Vinyl Boronate: An Expeditive C-3 Vinylation of Indazoles under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082051. [PMID: 30115838 PMCID: PMC6222620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report an expeditive C-3 vinylation of unprotected 3-iodoindazoles under microwave irradiation. Ten C-5 substituted 3-vinylindazole derivatives, nine of them novel, were synthesized through this method, which proceeds in moderate to excellent yields starting from C-5 substituted 3-iodoindazole derivatives. In all cases, the C-3 vinylated derivative was the only isolated product. This methodology allows access to 3-vinylated indazoles selectively and directly without the need of N-protection. 3-Vinylindazoles could be interesting synthetic intermediates allowing access to biologically active molecules.
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1-[1-(4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]-3-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-one. MOLBANK 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/m991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound was prepared by an aza-Michael addition reaction between 1-[1-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one and 2-piridylpiperazine catalyzed by SiO2. The structural identity of the title compound was proven by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR). The compound was assayed in a binding assay at the 5-HT6 receptor, showing poor affinity.
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Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Staroń J, Krawczuk A, Mordalski S, Warszycki D, Satała G, Hogendorf AS, Bojarski AJ. The effect of the intramolecular C–H⋯O interactions on the conformational preferences of bis-arylsulfones – 5-HT6 receptor antagonists and beyond. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18672-18681. [PMID: 35541096 PMCID: PMC9080534 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of compounds with enhanced activity and selectivity by a conserved spatial orientation of the pharmacophore elements has a long history in medicinal chemistry. Rigidified compounds are an example of this concept. However, the intramolecular interactions were seldom used as a basis for conformational restraints. Here, we show the weak intramolecular interactions that contribute to the relatively well-conserved geometry of N1-arylsulfonyl indole derivatives. The structure analysis along with quantum mechanics calculations revealed a crucial impact of the sulfonyl group on the compound geometry. The weak intramolecular C–H⋯O interaction stabilizes the mutual "facing" orientation of two aromatic fragments. These findings extend the pharmacological interpretation of the sulfonyl group role from the double hydrogen bond acceptor to the conformational scaffold based on intramolecular forces. This feature has, to date, been omitted in in silico drug discovery. Our results should increase the awareness of researchers to consider the conformational preference when designing new compounds or improving computational methods. The impact of weak intramolecular C–H⋯O interactions on the conformational stability of bis-arylsulfones is discussed, suggesting different role of sulfonyl group in the ligand – 5HT6 receptor interaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kalinowska-Tłuścik
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physic
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Jakub Staroń
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-343 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physic
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Stefan Mordalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-343 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-343 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-343 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Adam S. Hogendorf
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physic
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences
- 31-343 Kraków
- Poland
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Structure-activity relationships studies on weakly basic N -arylsulfonylindoles with an antagonistic profile in the 5-HT 6 receptor. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Song MX, Li SH, Peng JY, Guo TT, Xu WH, Xiong SF, Deng XQ. Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of N-Arylsulfonylindole Analogs Bearing a Rhodanine Moiety as Antibacterial Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060970. [PMID: 28613234 PMCID: PMC6152656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapidly growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the scarcity of novel agents under development, bacterial infections are still a pressing global problem, making new types of antibacterial agents, which are effective both alone and in combination with traditional antibiotics, urgently needed. In this paper, seven series of N-arylsulfonylindole analogs 5–11 bearing rhodanine moieties were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for antibacterial activity. According to the in vitro antimicrobial results, half of the synthesized compounds showed potent inhibition against four Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values in the range of 0.5–8 µg/mL. For multidrug-resistant strains, compounds 6a and 6c were the most potent, with MIC values of 0.5 µg/mL, having comparable activity to gatifloxacin, moxiflocaxin and norfloxacin and being 128-fold more potent than oxacillin (MIC = 64 µg/mL) and 64-fold more active than penicillin (MIC = 32 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureusATCC 43300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Song
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Song-Hui Li
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jiao-Yang Peng
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Guo
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wen-Hui Xu
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Shao-Feng Xiong
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xian-Qing Deng
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
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Serotonin 5-HT 6 Receptor Antagonists in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Rationale and Current Development Status. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:19-32. [PMID: 27914038 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. Because of the lack of effective treatments for this illness, research focused on identifying compounds that restore cognition and functional impairments in patients with AD is a very active field. Since its discovery in 1993, the serotonin 5-HT6 receptor has received increasing attention, and a growing number of studies supported 5-HT6 receptor antagonism as a target for improving cognitive dysfunction in AD. This article reviews the rationale behind investigations into the targeting of 5-HT6 receptors as a symptomatic treatment for cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms of AD. In addition to describing the available clinical evidence, this article also describes the purported biochemical and neurochemical mechanisms of action by which 5-HT6 receptor antagonists could influence cognition, and the preclinical data supporting this therapeutic approach to AD. A large number of publications describing the development of ligands for this receptor have come to light and preclinical data indicate the procognitive efficacy of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists. Subsequently, the number of patents protecting 5-HT6 chemical entities has continuously grown. Some of these compounds have successfully undergone phase I clinical studies and have been further evaluated in clinical phase II trials with variable success. Phase II studies have also revealed the potential of combining 5-HT6 receptor antagonism and cholinesterase inhibition. Two of these antagonists, idalopirdine and RVT-101, have been further developed into ongoing phase III clinical trials. Overall, 5-HT6 receptor antagonists can reasonably be regarded as potential drug candidates for the treatment of AD.
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