Mexicanolide-Type Limonoids from the Roots of Trichilia sinensis

Research progress of meliaceous limonoids from 2011 to 2021

Covering: July 2010 to December 2021Limonoids, a kind of natural tetranortriterpenoids with diverse skeletons and valuable insecticidal and medicinal bioactivities, are the characteristic metabolites of most plants of the Meliaceae family. The chemistry and bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids are a continuing hot area of natural products research; to date, about 2700 meliaceous limonoids have been identified. In particular, more than 1600, including thirty kinds of novel rearranged skeletons, have been isolated and identified in the past decade due to their wide distribution and abundant content in Meliaceae plants and active biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the discovery of new structures, many positive medicinal bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids have been investigated, and extensive achievements regarding the chemical and biological synthesis have been made. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the discovery of new structures, medicinal and agricultural bioactivities, and chem/biosynthesis of limonoids from the plants of the Meliaceae family during the past decade, with an emphasis on the discovery of limonoids with novel skeletons, the medicinal bioactivities and mechanisms, and chemical synthesis. The structures, origins, and bioactivities of other new limonoids were provided as ESI. Studies published from July 2010 to December 2021 are reviewed, and 482 references are cited.

New hydroperoxycycloartane-complete chemical shifts assignment of 13C and 1H-and cytotoxicity evaluation of cycloartanes isolated from Trichilia casaretti

New cycloartane, 22-hydroxy-25-hydroperoxycycloart-23E-en-3-one (1), along with six known analogues (2-7) and three steroids (8-10), were isolated from the leaves of Trichilia casaretti. Structures were elucidated mainly on the basis of the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and HRESIMS spectroscopic data, involving comparison with data of the literature. The cytotoxic activities of 1-7 and 10 isolated compounds were also evaluated against human leukemia cell line Molt-4 (acute lymphoblastic) and exhibited good cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.62 to 21.14 μM.

Khayalactone- and phragmalin-type limonoids with PTP1B inhibitory activity from Trichilia sinensis Bentv

An investigation on the extract from the plant Trichilia sinensis Bentv. led to the isolation of 13 new limonoids (1-13), in which two were of khayalactone skeleton and 11 were phragmalin-type limonoids, and eight known phragmalin-type limonoids (14-21). Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques and HRESIMS experiment. Compounds 6 and 17 displayed potent protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 8.1 ± 0.5 μM, respectively.

Recent progress in the chemistry and biology of limonoids

Significant limonoids: new isolated limonoids, and recent developments in the total chemical synthesis, and structural modifications of limonoids regarding the bioactivities have been summarised.