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Kitic D, Miladinovic B, Randjelovic M, Szopa A, Seidel V, Prasher P, Sharma M, Fatima R, Arslan Ateşşahin D, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Anticancer and chemopreventive potential of Morinda citrifolia L. bioactive compounds: A comprehensive update. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1932-1950. [PMID: 38358681 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as Noni, has a longstanding history in traditional medicine for treating various diseases. Recently, there has been an increased focus on exploring Noni extracts and phytoconstituents, particularly for their effectiveness against cancers such as lung, esophageal, liver, and breast cancer, and their potential in cancer chemoprevention. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies assessing Noni's impact on cancer, alongside an exploration of its bioactive compounds. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing a wide range of scientific databases to gather pertinent literature. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials that explore the effects of Noni fruit and its phytoconstituents-including anthraquinones, flavonoids, sugar derivatives, and neolignans-on cancer. The search was meticulously structured around specific keywords and criteria to ensure a thorough analysis. The compiled studies highlight Noni's multifaceted role in cancer therapy, showcasing its various bioactive components and their modes of action. This includes mechanisms such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, antiangiogenesis, and immune system modulation, demonstrating significant anticancer and chemopreventive potential. The findings reinforce Noni's potential as a safe and effective option in cancer prevention and treatment. This review underscores the need for further research into Noni's anticancer properties, with the hope of stimulating additional studies and clinical trials to validate and expand upon these promising findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Kitic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Nis, Serbia
| | - Bojana Miladinovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milica Randjelovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Nis, Serbia
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Rabab Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Morindone from Morinda citrifolia as a potential antiproliferative agent against colorectal cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270970. [PMID: 35819953 PMCID: PMC9275698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand in developing new, effective, and affordable anti-cancer against colon and rectal. In this study, our aim is to identify the potential anthraquinone compounds from the root bark of Morinda citrifolia to be tested in vitro against colorectal cancer cell lines. Eight potential anthraquinone compounds were successfully isolated, purified and tested for both in-silico and in-vitro analyses. Based on the in-silico prediction, two anthraquinones, morindone and rubiadin, exhibit a comparable binding affinity towards multitargets of β-catenin, MDM2-p53 and KRAS. Subsequently, we constructed a 2D interaction analysis based on the above results and it suggests that the predicted anthraquinones from Morinda citrifolia offer an attractive starting point for potential antiproliferative agents against colorectal cancer. In vitro analyses further indicated that morindone and damnacanthal have significant cytotoxicity effect and selectivity activity against colorectal cancer cell lines.
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Li R, Li H, Lan J, Yang D, Lin X, Xu H, Han B, Yang M, Su B, Liu F, Jiang W. Damnacanthal isolated from morinda species inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation and migration through activating autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154084. [PMID: 35421676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is a very common gynecological malignant tumor. Natural products are important sources of chemotherapy drugs for ovarian cancer. Damnacanthal is an anthraquinone derivative with anti-cancer pharmacological properties. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying damnacanthal's effects against ovarian cancer. METHODS In vitro experiments, CCK8, colony formation and flow cytometry assays were used to evaluate the anti-ovarian cancer effect of damnacanthal on SKVO3 and A2780 cells. The wound healing tests and the transwell invasion assays were used to detect the migration and infiltration of ovarian cancer cells. Western Blot assays and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure autophagy levels. In vivo experiments, the anti-ovarian cancer effect of damnacanthal was further evaluated in a xenograft nude mouse model of SKVO3 cells. RESULTS Damnacanthal induced significant cell death and apoptosis, as well as significant inhibition in migration and invasion, in SKVO3 and A2780 cells, Furthermore, damnacanthal induced cell cycle arrest by increasing the protein levels of p27Kip1 and decreasing cyclin D1 levels. In addition, damnacanthal induced a significant accumulation of autophagosomes, accompanied with an increase in LC3II protein levels, and a decrease in p62 protein levels. 3-methyladenine, an autophagy formation inhibitor, significantly mitigated the damnacanthal-induced apoptosis and migration hindrance, as well as the decline in cell viability. Furthermore, the inactivation of ERK and its downstream effector mTOR signaling pathways, rather than Akt or P38 pathway, were involved in damnacanthal's activation in autophagy. In addition, TBHQ, an ERK activator, significantly inhibited damnacanthal-boosted LC3 II levels and autophagosome accumulation, and reversed damnacanthal-induced cell death, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and migration hindrance. Finally, the anti-ovarian cancer effect of damnacanthal was confirmed in the orthotopic xenograft model of SKVO3 cells in nude mice, with tumor growth being significantly inhibited comparably to the efficacy of cisplatin. Damnacanthal was also synergistic with cisplatin and showed inhibition in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION Damnacanthal inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer via the ERK/mTOR/autophagy signaling cascade, indicating that it may be a potential anti-ovarian cancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruli Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - He Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Lan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Xinjing Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Siraj MA, Jacobs AT, Tan GT. Altersolanol B, a fungal tetrahydroanthraquinone, inhibits the proliferation of estrogen receptor-expressing (ER+) human breast adenocarcinoma by modulating PI3K/AKT, p38/ERK MAPK and associated signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 359:109916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A 5-Fluorouracil Derivative: Carmofur as a New Potent Agent for Inhibition of Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-021-01227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chanthira Kumar H, Lim XY, Mohkiar FH, Suhaimi SN, Mohammad Shafie N, Chin Tan TY. Efficacy and Safety of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) as a Potential Anticancer Agent. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221132848. [PMID: 36448674 PMCID: PMC9716600 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221132848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and therefore there has been interest in discovering the phytoconstituents of medicinal plants exhibiting anticancer activities. Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as Noni, has shown anticancer properties in in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies. A systematic review was conducted to collate scientific evidence on the anticancer properties of M. citrifolia using pre-determined keywords on 5 electronic databases: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS, Web of Science, and EBSCOHost. A total of 51 clinical and preclinical studies comprising 41 efficacy and 10 safety studies were included in this review. Our findings showed that M. citrifolia demonstrated various anticancer properties in different cancer models, via multiple mechanisms including antitumor, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, antiangiogenesis, antimigratory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. M. citrifolia is deemed to be a potentially valuable medicinal plant in the treatment of cancer through its many intrinsic pathways. More well-designed and reported preclinical efficacy and safety studies are needed to allow for better translation into future clinical studies which could further substantiate the role of M. citriflolia in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemahwathy Chanthira Kumar
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Huda Mohkiar
- Nutrition, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shazlan Noor Suhaimi
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Terence Yew Chin Tan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Carrillo JT, Borthakur D. Do Uncommon Plant Phenolic Compounds Have Uncommon Properties? A Mini Review on Novel Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8445810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique plants and their properties, once considered synonymous to medicine, remain a potent source for new compounds in modern science. Plant polyphenols and natural products continue to be investigated for effective treatments for the most persistent of human ailments. In this review, fifty novel plant phenolic compounds have been compiled and briefly described from the previous five years. Select compounds and notable plant species from genus Morinda and Sophora are further expanded on. Traditional medicine plants often contain rich and diverse mixtures of flavonoids, from which rare compounds should receive attention. The bioactivity of crude plant extracts, purified compounds and mixtures can differ greatly, requiring that these interactions and mechanisms of action be investigated in greater detail. Novel applications of uncommon natural products, namely mimosine and juglone, are explored within this review. The 2019 coronavirus pandemic has resulted in abrupt spike of related scientific publications: speculation is made regarding plant natural products and future of antiviral drug discovery.
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Hybrid Anticancer Peptides DN1 and DN4 Exert Selective Cytotoxicity Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inducing Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathways. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dong K, Zhao ZZ, Kang J, Lin LR, Chen WT, Liu JX, Wu XL, Lu TL. Cinnamaldehyde and Doxorubicin Co-Loaded Graphene Oxide Wrapped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced MCF-7 Cell Apoptosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:10285-10304. [PMID: 33376322 PMCID: PMC7756203 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s283981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined chemotherapy is often affected by the different physicochemical properties of chemotherapeutic drugs, which should be improved by the reasonable design of co-loaded preparations. Purpose A kind of simple but practical graphene oxide (GO) wrapped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) modified with hyaluronic acid (MSN@GO-HA) were developed for the co-delivery of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and doxorubicin (DOX), in order to enhance their combined treatment on tumor cells and reduce their application defects. Methods The MSNCA@GODOX-HA was constructed by MSNCA (loading CA via physical diffusion) and GODOX-HA (modified with HA and loading DOX via π–π stacking) through the electrostatic adsorption, followed by the physicochemical characterization, serum stability and in vitro release study. Cytotoxicity on different cells was detected, followed by the tumor cell uptake tests. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes, mitochondrial functions and activities of caspase-3/-9 in MCF-7 cells were also evaluated, respectively. Results The MSNCA@GODOX-HA nanoparticles kept stable in FBS solution and achieved pH-responsive release behavior, which was beneficial to increase the accumulation of CA and DOX in tumor cells to enhance the treatment. MSNCA@GODOX-HA exerted higher cytotoxicity to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells than H9c2 cardiac myocyte cells, which were not only attributed to the active targeting to tumor cells by HA, but also related with the activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MCF-7 cells induced by CA, which was mediated by the specific ROS signal amplification and the interference with mitochondrial function. Moreover, the efficacy of DOX was also enhanced by the above process. Conclusion The establishment of the MSNCA@GODOX-HA nanoparticles played a role in promoting strengths and restricting shortcomings of CA and DOX, thereby exerting their function and achieving efficient treatment against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Ruo Lin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Long Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Li Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Therapeutic Potential of the Natural Compound S-Adenosylmethionine as a Chemoprotective Synergistic Agent in Breast, and Head and Neck Cancer Treatment: Current Status of Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228547. [PMID: 33202711 PMCID: PMC7697526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the most recent studies focusing on the synergistic antitumor effect of the physiological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) in association with the main drugs used against breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), two highly aggressive and metastatic malignancies. In these two tumors the chemotherapy approach is recommended as the first choice despite the numerous side effects and recurrence of metastasis, so better tolerated treatments are needed to overcome this problem. In this regard, combination therapy with natural compounds, such as AdoMet, a molecule with pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular processes, is emerging as a suitable strategy to achieve synergistic anticancer efficacy. In this context, the analysis of studies conducted in the literature highlighted AdoMet as one of the most effective and promising chemosensitizing agents to be taken into consideration for inclusion in emerging antitumor therapeutic modalities such as nanotechnologies.
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Shahzad K, Mushtaq S, Rizwan M, Khalid W, Atif M, Din FU, Ahmad N, Abbasi R, Ali Z. Field-controlled magnetoelectric core-shell CoFe 2O 4@BaTiO 3 nanoparticles as effective drug carriers and drug release in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111444. [PMID: 33321584 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The targeted drug release at tumor cells while sparing normal cells is a huge challenge. Core-shell magnetoelectric (ME) nanoparticles have addressed this problem using shape-dependent magneto-electric attributes. The colloidally stable, core-shell cobalt ferrite@barium titanate (CFO@BTO) ME nanoparticles (NPs) used for in vitro study were synthesized using sonochemical method. The structural characteristics and core-shell morphology were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) respectively. Further magnetic and exchange coupling between two phases of ME nanostructures were studied at room temperature. Colloidal stability was studied in different suspension solutions (Water, SBB, PBS, and DMEM) using dynamic light scattering. Subsequently, the synthesized nanoparticles were functionalized with anticancer drugs including doxorubicin and methotrexate up to 80% via (EDC) chemistry. In vitro cytotoxicity studies carried out on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human malignant melanoma (HT144), cells validated the magneto-electric property of CFO@BTO nano-carriers in the presence of external magnetic field (5 mT), with significantly enhanced cytotoxicity when compared to free drugs and without field replicates. The resulted IC50 values ranging from 5.3-7.3 μg/ml compared to 30.1-43.1 μg/ml in the absence of a magnetic field also confirmed the involved physical attributes of magnetoelectric nanostructures. The fluorescent microscopy results also indicated the increased apoptosis in magnetic field-assisted samples. Finally, hemolysis assay indicated the suitability of CFO@BTO nano-carriers for intravenous applications at IC50 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Shahzad
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air University Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24 Mauve Area, Sector G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air University Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Khalid
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air University Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air University Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24 Mauve Area, Sector G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24 Mauve Area, Sector G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zulqurnain Ali
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air University Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Karaosmanoğlu O. P38-β/SAPK-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing activities of (E)-4-chloro-2-((3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino)phenol. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1374-1389. [PMID: 32394730 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120924112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study has three purposes; first evaluating cytotoxicity of (E)-4-chloro-2-((3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)phenol (ACES), second deciphering ACES-mediated cellular death mechanism, and third estimating ACES-mediated alterations in the expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes. Neutral red uptake assay, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements, caspase 3/7 and 9 activations, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were implemented. IC50 values of ACES-treated five cells were around 4-6 µg/mL. However, Caco-2 and Huh-7 cells were found to be twofold resistant and fivefold sensitive with IC50 values of 11 µg/mL and 0.93 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, it was initially reported that ACES exhibits selective cytotoxicity to Huh-7 cells. In addition, ACES induced apoptosis by nuclear fragmentation, MMP disruption, and intracellular ROS elevation in MCF-7 cells. qRT-PCR experiment indicated the expressions of 30 genes including ATF2, CREB1, MYC, NFATC4 (NFAT3), CCNA1, CCNB1, CCND2, CDK2, CDKN1A (p21CIP1), CDKN1C (p57KIP2), CDKN2A (p16INK4a), CDKN2B (p15INK4b), DLK1, NRAS, CDC42, PAK1, MAP4K1 (HPK1), MAP3K3 (MEKK3), MAP2K3 (MEK3), MAP2K6 (MEK6), MOS, MAPK1 (ERK2), MAPK8 (JNK1), MAPK10 (JNK3), MAPK11 (p38-β), LAMTOR3 (MP1), MAPK8IP2 (JIP-1), PRDX6 (AOP2), COL1A1, and HSPA5 (Grp78) were downregulated at least 1.5-fold. Moreover, ACES effectively inhibited expressions of genes that code for elements of p38-β/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway. ACES has the potential to be used for the reversal of trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer patients by inhibiting p38/SAPK pathway in MCF-7 cells. Therefore, with the selective cytotoxic, apoptosis-inducing, and p38-β/SAPK-inhibiting activities, ACES can be utilized for developing a novel anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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Mphahlele MJ, Magwaza NM, Gildenhuys S, Setshedi IB. Synthesis, α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity of the 7-carbo–substituted 5-bromo-3-methylindazoles. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Al-Malky HS, Osman AMM, Damanhouri ZA, Alkreathy HM, Al Aama JY, Ramadan WS, Al Qahtani AA, Al Mahdi HB. Modulation of doxorubicin-induced expression of the multidrug resistance gene in breast cancer cells by diltiazem and protection against cardiotoxicity in experimental animals. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:191. [PMID: 31367189 PMCID: PMC6657176 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most important anticancer agents used in treating breast cancer. However, chronic cardiotoxicity and multidrug resistance limit the chemotherapeutic use of DOX. Methods This study aimed to evaluate the capability of calcium channel blocker diltiazem (DIL) to reverse DOX resistance in breast cancer MCF-7 cells and to confer protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. For this purpose, we explored the effects of DOX on cell cycle phase distribution and expression of ABCB1, FOXO3a, and p53 genes in the presence and absence of DIL (20 μg/ml) and studied the ability of DIL to prevent DOX-induced cardiotoxicity after a single injection of DOX (15 mg/kg) in male Wister rats. Results We found that compared with DOX alone treatment, DIL + DOX treatment down regulated the ABCB1 gene expression by > fourfold but up regulated the FOXO3a and p53 genes expression by 1.5 fold. DIL treatment conferred protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, as indicated by a decrease in the levels of the cardiac enzyme creatine kinase MB and malondialdehyde and an increase in the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase levels. These biochemical results were further confirmed by the histopathological investigation of cardiac cells, which showed normal cardiac cells with central vesicular nuclei and prevention of DOX-induced disruption of normal cardiac architecture in the DIL to DOX group. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that DIL treatment can reverse the resistance of breast cancer cells to the therapeutic effects of DOX and can protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdan S Al-Malky
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Moneim M Osman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,2Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Huda M Alkreathy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Y Al Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Aljawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,6Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali A Al Qahtani
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadiah B Al Mahdi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Aljawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Nasehi P, Moghaddam MS, Abbaspour SF, Karachi N. Preparation and characterization of a novel Mn-Fe2O4 nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon adsorbent for kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm surveys of aluminum ion adsorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1585456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Nasehi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Foad Abbaspour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Nima Karachi
- Department of Chemistry, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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Zidan AAA, El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, Ebeid EZM, Salem ML, Mosalam EM. Loading of doxorubicin and thymoquinone with F2 gel nanofibers improves the antitumor activity and ameliorates doxorubicin-associated nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 2018; 207:461-470. [PMID: 29885348 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to elucidate the benefits of nanoformulation of doxorubicin (DOX) and thymoquinone (TQ) loaded with nanofibers of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (pGlcNAc), which is known as F2 gel, over their conventional free forms. Moreover, evaluate the role of TQ in improving chemotherapeutic effect and ameliorating nephrotoxicity of DOX. MAIN METHODS The drugs were loaded into F2 gel followed by measurement of physicochemical characterization. Next, MCF-7 and HEPG2 cells were treated with the prepared formulations and assessed for apoptosis alongside with cellular proliferation. Furthermore, we experimentally induced Heps liver carcinoma in mice and at the end of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and serum samples were used to assess nephrotoxicity markers; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Additionally, renal tissue was used for determination of oxidative markers and antioxidant enzymes; whereas, tumor tissue was utilized to measure nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase 3. KEY FINDINGS Nanoformulation showed dramatic increase in apoptosis, caspase 3, and antioxidant enzymes; in contrast to, dramatic fall in cell viability, tumor volume, oxidative and nephrotoxicity markers, and NF-κB compared to corresponding free therapies. Combined therapy was superior in conserving the measured parameters compared to other treated groups. SIGNIFICANCE F2 gel loaded with DOX and TQ revealed enhanced antitumor activity with minimal toxicity. Moreover, using TQ as an adjuvant with DOX could augment its cytotoxicity and ameliorate nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Aziz A Zidan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt; Center of Excellence in cancer Research (CECR), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | | | - Eman G Khedr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - El-Zeiny M Ebeid
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Esraa M Mosalam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt
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DK1 Induces Apoptosis via Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041151. [PMID: 29641445 PMCID: PMC5979415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been done in the search for innovative treatments against colon adenocarcinomas; however, the incidence rate of patients remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Malaysia. Natural bioactive compounds such as curcumin have been substantially studied as an alternative to anticancer drug therapies and have been surmised as a potent agent but, nevertheless, remain deficient due to its poor cellular uptake. Therefore, efforts now have shifted toward mimicking curcumin to synthesize novel compounds sharing similar effects. A synthetic analog, (Z)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-ene-1-one (DK1), was recently synthesized and reported to confer improved bioavailability and selectivity toward human breast cancer cells. This study, therefore, aims to assess the anticancer mechanism of DK1 in relation to the induction of in vitro cell death in selected human colon cancer cell lines. Using the3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of DK1 towards HT29 and SW620 cell lines were investigated. Acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) dual-staining assay and flow cytometry analyses (cell cycle analysis, Annexin/V-FITC and JC-1 assays) were incorporated to determine the mode of cell death. To further determine the mechanism of cell death, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and proteome profiling were conducted. Results from this study suggest that DK1 induced changes in cell morphology, leading to a decrease in cell viability and subsequent induction of apoptosis. DK1 treatment inhibited cell viability and proliferation 48 h post treatment with IC50 values of 7.5 ± 1.6 µM for HT29 cells and 14.5 ± 4.3 µM for SW620 cells, causing cell cycle arrest with increased accumulation of cell populations at the sub-G0/G1phaseof 74% and 23%, respectively. Flow cytometry analyses showed that DK1 treatment in cancer cells induced apoptosis, as indicated by DNA fragmentation and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. qRT-PCR results show significant upregulation in the expression of caspase-9 in both HT29 and SW620 cell lines, further supporting that cell death induction by DK1 is via an intrinsic pathway. These outcomes, therefore, demonstrate DK1 as a potential anticancer agent for colon adenocarcinoma due to its anti-apoptotic attributes.
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Curcumin Analog DK1 Induces Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro through Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010075. [PMID: 29303982 PMCID: PMC6017915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the primary malignant bone tumors that confer low survival rates for patients even with intensive regime treatments. Therefore, discovery of novel anti-osteosarcoma drugs derived from natural products that are not harmful to the normal cells remains crucial. Curcumin is one of the natural substances that have been extensively studied due to its anti-cancer properties and is pharmacologically safe considering its ubiquitous consumption for centuries. However, curcumin suffers from a poor circulating bioavailability, which has led to the development of a chemically synthesized curcuminoid analog, namely (Z)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (DK1). In this study, the cytotoxic effects of the curcumin analog DK1 was investigated in both U-2OS and MG-63 osteosarcoma cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell death was microscopically examined via acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) double staining. Flow cytometer analysis including Annexin V/Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), cell cycle analysis and JC-1 were adapted to determine the mode of cell death. Subsequently in order to determine the mechanism of cell death, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and proteome profiling was carried out to measure the expression of several apoptotic-related genes and proteins. Results indicated that DK1 induced U-2 OS and MG-63 morphological changes and substantially reduced cell numbers through induction of apoptosis. Several apoptotic genes and proteins were steadily expressed after treatment with DK1; including caspase 3, caspase 9, and BAX, which indicated that apoptosis occurred through a mitochondria-dependent signaling pathway. In conclusion, DK1 could be considered as a potential candidate for an anti-osteosarcoma drug in the near future, contingent upon its ability to induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines.
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Aiswarya Devi S, Harshiny M, Udaykumar S, Gopinath P, Matheswaran M. Strategy of metal iron doping and green-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: dissolubility, antibacterial and cytotoxic traits. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:854-865. [PMID: 30090548 PMCID: PMC6062353 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Undoped and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Amaranthus spinosus leaf extract as a reducing agent. The physicochemical traits, dissolution, cytotoxicity, as well as the antioxidant, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of synthesized NPs were investigated. The results revealed that ZnO NPs were rod shaped with hexagonal phase structure, and their crystal size, dissolubility and aggregation decreased with Fe doping of NPs. Cytotoxicity of the NPs was studied against MCF-7 cells by MTT assay. IC50 values for undoped and 1 wt% Fe-doped ZnO NPs were found to be 400 and 600 μg mL-1, respectively. Cell viability with Fe-doped ZnO NPs was higher than with undoped ZnO. Among the synthesized NPs, A. spinosus-mediated 1 wt% Fe-doped ZnO shows a better decolourization efficiency of 97% for indigo carmine dye under solar irradiance. The antibacterial activity of NPs was tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus safensis using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and growth curve method. The bactericidal activity of Fe-doped ZnO NPs was more prominent with E. coli than B. safensis bacteria and when compared to undoped ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aiswarya Devi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli 620015 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-431-2503120
| | - M Harshiny
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli 620015 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-431-2503120
| | - S Udaykumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee , 247667 , India
| | - P Gopinath
- Centre for Nanotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee , 247667 , India
| | - M Matheswaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli 620015 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-431-2503120
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Liu Q, Zhao D, Zhu X, Chen H, Yang Y, Xu J, Zhang Q, Fan A, Li N, Guo C, Kong Y, Lu Y, Chen X. Coloaded Nanoparticles of Paclitaxel and Piperlongumine for Enhancing Synergistic Antitumor Activities and Reducing Toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3066-3075. [PMID: 28552690 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a nanocarrier system for codelivery of paclitaxel (PTX) and piperlongumine (PL) and investigate the therapeutic potential of improving efficacy and reducing toxicity. PTX and PL were formulated into poly lactic-co-glycolic acid and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate via organic solvent evaporation method. The average diameter was 117.1 ± 1.9 nm, and the zeta potential was -43.25 ± 2.76 mV. PL facilitated the cellular uptake of PTX, and the increased cytotoxicity was similarly displayed. The formulation with the PTX/PL concentration ratio at 1:200 showed the best antitumor activity, the IC50 of PTX were 5.10 ± 0.08 nM in HepG2 cells, and 3.79 ± 1.01 nM in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. Correspondingly, the combination index was 0.79 and 0.76. Furthermore, intracellular uptake of PTX toward HepG2 cells in coencapsulated nanoparticles was significantly more than free solution. In addition, the antitumor effect of PTX/PL-PTNPs in the HepG2 xenograft tumor model suggested that the nanoparticles showed a higher antitumor efficacy with reduced toxicity to other tissues compared with free PTX. In summary, the results indicated that PTX/PL-PTNPs processed well characteristics and enhanced its therapeutic efficacy; thus, this delivery system could be clinically effective for treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huili Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Yue Yang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqiu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ali Fan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaorui Guo
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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In vitro and in vivo assessments of two novel hydrazide compounds against breast cancer as well as mammary tumor cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:1195-1203. [PMID: 28451832 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hydrazide backbone is a well-known structural core system found in a broad range of biologically activated compounds. Among which, the compounds with anticancer activity have been cited in a number of studies. With this object in mind, we focused on the in vitro and in vivo anticancer potential of two novel hydrazide derivatives bearing furan or thiophen substituents (compounds 1 and 2). METHODS The cytotoxic property was evaluated using MTT assay against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, while the in vivo antitumor activity was investigated in BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis, and detection of apoptosis was examined by Annexin-V-FLUOS/PI assay. Protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 was estimated by Western blotting. RESULTS Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be cytotoxic towards breast cancer cells presenting IC50 values of 0.7 and 0.18 µM, respectively, and selectivity over normal fibroblast cells. Our findings further indicated that 2 × IC50 concentrations of both compounds induce early stage apoptosis and increase percentage of sub-G1 population in MCF-7 cells at 48 h. An elevation in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 cleavage suggested that apoptosis induced by the two compounds is through a caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent pathway. In the in vivo study, compounds 1 and 2 at doses of 10 and 1 mg/Kg/day, respectively, significantly hindered the growth of tumor after 3 weeks of i.p. administration, when compared to vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, the great potential exhibited by compound 2 could make it a promising chemotherapeutic candidate for human cancers, especially for breast cancer.
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