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Chemical Characteristics of Wood Cell Wall with an Emphasis on Ultrastructure: A Mini-Review. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wood is complex in its chemical composition that has an important influence on its chemical behavior and mechanical strength. The complexity is reflected in the ultrastructure of the wood cell wall. In particular, the concentration of main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) changes depending on many factors such as the different type or parts of wood, and varies in different cell wall layers. From an ultrastructural standpoint, we describe the current level of knowledge about chemical characteristics of the wood cell walls. The information of distribution of main components in the cell walls of normal wood, reaction wood and water-logged archaeological wood, the cellulose microfibrils orientation, and the interactions between main components were presented based on the use of advanced techniques including transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, spectral imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the chemical changes of the wood cell wall during pretreatment are discussed. This mini-review not only provides a better understanding of wood chemistry, but also brings new insights into cell wall recalcitrance.
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Vaid S, Sharma S, Bajaj BK. Chemo-enzymatic approaches for consolidated bioconversion of Saccharum spontaneum biomass to ethanol-biofuel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124898. [PMID: 33691204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy involving sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (SDS assisted tris (2-hydroxyethyl) methyl- ammonium methyl sulphate ([TMA][MeSO4], ionic liquid) pretreatment of Saccharum spontaneum biomass (SSB) following its enzymatic saccharification, and conversion into ethanol-biofuel in a consolidated bioprocess (CBP) was developed. Ionic liquid stable enzyme preparation developed from Bacillus subtilis G2 was used for saccharification. Optimized pretreatment and saccharification variables enhanced the sugar yield (2.35-fold), which was fermented to ethanol content of 104.42 mg/g biomass with an efficiency of 35.73%. The pretreated biomass was examined for textural/ultrastructural alterations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area measurements, water retention value, and cellulase adsorption isotherms. The combined [TMA][MeSO4] and SDS pretreatment disrupted the lignocellulosic microfibrils, and increased the porosity and surface area. The study provides new mechanistic insights on combined IL and surfactant pretreatment of biomass for its efficient conversion to biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Vaid
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Surbhi Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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Abushammala H, Mao J. A Review on the Partial and Complete Dissolution and Fractionation of Wood and Lignocelluloses Using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E195. [PMID: 31940847 PMCID: PMC7023464 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids have shown great potential in the last two decades as solvents, catalysts, reaction media, additives, lubricants, and in many applications such as electrochemical systems, hydrometallurgy, chromatography, CO2 capture, etc. As solvents, the unlimited combinations of cations and anions have given ionic liquids a remarkably wide range of solvation power covering a variety of organic and inorganic materials. Ionic liquids are also considered "green" solvents due to their negligible vapor pressure, which means no emission of volatile organic compounds. Due to these interesting properties, ionic liquids have been explored as promising solvents for the dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose for biofuel production, pulping, extraction of nanocellulose, and for processing all-wood and all-cellulose composites. This review describes, at first, the potential of ionic liquids and the impact of the cation/anion combination on their physiochemical properties and on their solvation power and selectivity to wood polymers. It also elaborates on how the dissolution conditions influence these parameters. It then discusses the different approaches, which are followed for the homogeneous and heterogeneous dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose using ionic liquids and categorize them based on the target application. It finally highlights the challenges of using ionic liquids for wood and cellulose dissolution and processing, including side reactions, viscosity, recyclability, and price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abushammala
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jia Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Al-Ghurair University, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai P.O. Box 37374, UAE;
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Zhao X, Tekinalp H, Meng X, Ker D, Benson B, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Wang Y, Li K, Webb E, Gardner DJ, Anderson J, Ozcan S. Poplar as Biofiber Reinforcement in Composites for Large-Scale 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4557-4570. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Zhao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Darby Ker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bowie Benson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Erin Webb
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Douglas J. Gardner
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - James Anderson
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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