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Miyamoto Y, Hiramoto A, Iwakuni K, Kuma S, Enomoto K, Nakayama N, Baba M. Analysis on high-resolution spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144304. [PMID: 38591681 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution absorption spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine was observed and analyzed with improved reliability. The spectrum, with a partially resolved rotational structure, was obtained by using the buffer-gas cooling technique and a single-mode tunable laser. Our new analysis reveals that the S1←S0000 band belongs to the a-type transition, where the electronic transition moment aligns parallel to the NH-HN direction, allowing the assignment of the S1 state to 1B3u. These results agree with a prior study using supersonic expansion and are well supported by theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the rotational constant B in the S1 state, which is often smaller than that in the ground state for typical molecules, was found to be slightly larger than that in the S01Ag state. This suggests a change in the character of π bonds with the electronic excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayami Hiramoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kana Iwakuni
- Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Naofumi Nakayama
- CONFLEX Corporation, 3-23-17 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074, Japan
| | - Masaaki Baba
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Bergmeister S, Ganner L, Ončák M, Gruber E. Gas-Phase Electronic Structure of Phthalocyanine Ions: A Study of Symmetry and Solvation Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307816. [PMID: 38225692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Research into and applications of phthalocyanines (Pc) are mostly connected to their intriguing electronic properties. Here, messenger-type UV-vis spectroscopy of two metal-free ions from the phthalocyanine family, cationic H2Pc+ and H2PcD+, along with their hydrates is performed. They show that the electronic properties of both ions can be traced to those in the conjugate base, Pc2-, however, they are affected by state splitting due to the reduced symmetry; in the H2Pc+ radical cation, a new band appears due to excitations into the singly-occupied molecular orbital. Quantum chemical spectra modeling reproduces all important features of the measured spectra and provides insight into the nature of electronic transitions. Hydration of the ions has only a mild effect on the electronic spectra, showing the stability of the electronic structure with respect to solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergmeister
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Ganner
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Bergmeister S, Ganner L, Locher J, Zappa F, Scheier P, Gruber E. Spectroscopy of helium-tagged molecular ions-Development of a novel experimental setup. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:055105. [PMID: 37191466 DOI: 10.1063/5.0144239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we present an efficient and alternative method to the commonly used RF-multipole trap technique to produce He-tagged molecular ions at cryogenic temperatures, which are perfectly suitable for messenger spectroscopy. The seeding of dopant ions in multiply charged helium nanodroplets, in combination with a gentle extraction of the latter from the helium matrix, enables the efficient production of He-tagged ion species. With a quadrupole mass filter, a specific ion of interest is selected, merged with a laser beam, and the photoproducts are measured in a time-of-flight mass-spectrometer. The detection of the photofragment signal from a basically zero background is much more sensitive than the depletion of the same amount of signal from precursor ions, delivering high quality spectra at reduced data acquisition times. Proof-of-principle measurements of bare and He-tagged Ar-cluster ions, as well as of He-tagged C60 ions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergmeister
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Ganner
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Locher
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabio Zappa
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fischer J, Slenczka A. Formation of heterogeneous clusters in superfluid helium nanodroplets: phthalocyanine and water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3287-3297. [PMID: 36629317 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clusters consisting of a single phthalocyanine molecule and a single water molecule are investigated by means of electronic spectroscopy in superfluid helium droplets. A recent spectroscopic study of those clusters [J. Fischer, F. Schlaghaufer, E.-M. Lottner, A. Slenczka, L. Christiansen, H. Stapelfeldt, M. Karra, B. Friedrich, T. Mullan, M. Schütz and D. Usvyat, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2019, 123, 10057-10064] which all exhibit a water induced electronic shift to the red is now complemented by the corresponding clusters exhibiting a water induced shift to the blue. These clusters will be analyzed by means of fluorescence excitation spectra, dispersed emission spectra, and additional experimental observations made feasible by helium droplets as cryogenic reactor. Together with the blue shifted clusters a total number of at least 6 isomeric variants could be identified in helium droplets. This contrasts to a number of only three isomeric variants obtained from quantum chemical calculations [J. Fischer, F. Schlaghaufer, E.-M. Lottner, A. Slenczka, L. Christiansen, H. Stapelfeldt, M. Karra, B. Friedrich, T. Mullan, M. Schütz and D. Usvyat, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2019, 123, 10057-10064] disregarding the helium environment and to a single isomer identified in a molecular beam experiment [J. Menapace and E. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 6877-6889]. The discrepancy in the number of isomers provides evidence of a profound involvement of helium in clustering. Moreover, the discrepancies between the gas phase experiment and quantum chemical calculations similarly reveal the influence of the dynamics of cluster formation on the population of global and local minima that are accessible as isomeric variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fischer
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Alkwin Slenczka
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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Izadnia S, LaForge AC, Stienkemeier F, Cheeseman JR, Bloino J, Cheramy J, Jäger W, Xu Y. Unusual binary aggregates of perylene bisimide revealed by their electronic transitions in helium nanodroplets and DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13862-13872. [PMID: 34159991 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01923f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The S1 ← S0 electronic transition of perylene bisimide (PBI) and its binary aggregates were investigated using a combination of helium nanodroplet isolation spectroscopy and computational methods. First, well-resolved vibronic bands of the PBI monomer obtained under the superfluid helium nanodroplet environment were compared to simulated vibronic spectra with anharmonic corrections of the band positions. Second, about ten sets of weaker vibronic bands were observed, which show similar vibronic patterns as that of the PBI monomer and have their band origins red-shifted by about 8 to 218 cm-1. Experimental Poisson curve analyses, performed at the origins of these new sets of bands and the PBI monomer, indicate that the carriers of these weaker red-shifted vibronic bands are binary adducts of PBI. Three types of PBI dimer structures where the electronic transition dipole moments of the two subunits are perpendicular to each other were proposed as possible carriers of these red-shifted vibronic patterns. Extensive vibronic simulations were carried out in a multi-step procedure with TD-DFT, vertical Hessian, and finally adiabatic Hessian approaches. Small red-shifted band origins and very similar vibronic patterns to that of the monomer were predicted for unusual, T-shaped, type I dimer structures and are in close agreement with the experimental data. The combined experimental and theoretical results indicate that the helium nanodroplet environment enables the formation of these unusual T-shaped dimers and stabilizes them.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Izadnia
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - A C LaForge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - James R Cheeseman
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac St., Bldg. 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-4050, USA
| | - Julien Bloino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Cheramy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Yunjie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Rathi P, Ekta, Kumar S, Banerjee D, Soma VR, Sankar M. Unsymmetrical β-functionalized ‘push–pull’ porphyrins: synthesis and photophysical, electrochemical and nonlinear optical properties. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3198-3208. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new family of unsymmetrical β-TPA appended ‘push–pull’ porphyrins has been synthesized in good yield for the first time. They exhibited red shifted broad absorption spectral features with high dipole moments and tunable redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Rathi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Ekta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500046
- India
| | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad 500046
- India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
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Fischer J, Fuchs S, Slenczka A, Karra M, Friedrich B. Microsolvation of porphine molecules in superfluid helium nanodroplets as revealed by optical line shape at the electronic origin. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:244306. [PMID: 30599728 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the line shape at the electronic origin of single porphine molecules doped into superfluid helium droplets as a function of the droplet size. Helium droplets comprised of less than 105 atoms are generated from an expansion of gaseous helium, while droplets with more than 105 atoms originate from liquid helium. In contrast to our recent study on phthalocyanine, porphine is found to exhibit a solvent shift to the blue with respect to the gas-phase resonance frequency as well as a multiplet splitting. A comparison of the helium-induced features of phthalocyanine and porphine with those obtained in similar studies on tetracene and pentacene reveals that these occur chiefly as two kinds of excitations distinguished by their linewidths and their dependence on the droplet size. Moreover, at quasi-bulk conditions achieved with droplets in excess of 106 helium atoms, none of these four dopant species yields an optical spectrum that can be assigned to a plausible rotational band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Fuchs
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Slenczka
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Karra
- Fritz-Haber-Insitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Fritz-Haber-Insitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Fuchs S, Fischer J, Slenczka A, Karra M, Friedrich B. Microsolvation of phthalocyanine molecules in superfluid helium nanodroplets as revealed by the optical line shape at electronic origin. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:144301. [PMID: 29655329 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the solvent shift of phthalocyanine (Pc) doped into superfluid helium droplets and probed by optical spectroscopy at the electronic origin. Our present work complements extant studies and provides results that in part contradict previous conclusions. In particular, the solvent shift does not increase monotonously with droplet radius all the way up to the bulk limit, but exhibits just the reverse dependence instead. Moreover, a substructure is resolved, whose characteristics depend on the droplet size. This behavior can hardly be reconciled with that of a freely rotating Pc-helium complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fuchs
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Slenczka
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Karra
- Fritz-Haber-Insitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Fritz-Haber-Insitut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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