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Stefanik O, Majerova P, Kovac A, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:120-164. [PMID: 37705480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a growing class of innovative drugs with high efficiency and a low risk of adverse effects. These biomolecules fall within the molecular mass range between that of small molecules and proteins. However, their inherent instability and potential for degradation underscore the importance of reliable and effective analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and compliance testing. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has long time been the "gold standard" conventional method for peptide analysis, but capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being recognized as a complementary and, in some cases, superior, highly efficient, green, and cost-effective alternative technique. CE can separate peptides composed of different amino acids owing to differences in their net charge and size, determining their migration behavior in an electric field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic peptides that have been used in the clinical environment for the last 25 years. It describes the properties, classification, current trends in development, and clinical use of therapeutic peptides. From the analytical point of view, it discusses the challenges associated with the analysis of therapeutic peptides in pharmaceutical and biological matrices, as well as the evaluation of CE as a whole and the comparison with LC methods. The article also highlights the use of microchip electrophoresis, nonaqueous CE, and nonconventional hydrodynamically closed CE systems and their applications. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of developing new CE-based analytical methods to ensure the high quality, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic peptides in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Jiang M, Tian L, Su M, Cao X, Jiang Q, Huo X, Yu C. Real-time monitoring of 5-HT release from cells based on MXene hybrid single-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7967-7976. [PMID: 36129526 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an essential inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo that is critical for interneuronal communication of the nervous system. Herein, we constructed an electrochemical cell-sensing platform for 5-HT detection based on MXene/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposite. The one-dimensional SWCNTs with good electrical conductivity are uniformly dispersed on the surface and intermediate layers of the two-dimensional MXene to form a tightly heterogeneous heterostructure. The synthesized MXene-SWCNTs could improve the stacking problem of MXene nanosheets and expose more active sites, effectively promoting the conductive properties and electrochemical activity of the composite. The fabricated MXene-SWCNTs/GCE possessed outstanding detection capability for 5-HT with a wide linear range of 4 nM-103.2 μM and a low detection limit of 1.5 nM. Moreover, the sensor was further applied for the real-time monitoring trace amount of 5-HT releasing from different cell lines, which confirmed its promising applications in 5-HT related physiological and pathological fields. MXene-SWCNTs/GCE was developed and applied for the real-time monitoring of trace amounts of 5-HT secreted from living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tian
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Su
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Huo
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China.
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Influence of Organic Solvents and β-cyclodextrins on Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Separation of Five Biogenic Amines and Two B Vitamins. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/afpuc-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of organic modifiers—alcohols (methanol, isopropanol), acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran—and β-cyclodextrins in capillary zone electrophoresis were investigated using a test mixture containing five biogenic amines important from the human health point of view—serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and tyramine—and two B vitamins—thiamine and pyridoxine. The simultaneous addition of tetrahydrofuran and isopropanol was found to improve the resolution of determined analytes and enable effective separation of analytes with very similar electromigration characteristics migrating as one peak (dopamine and serotonin). The developed and optimised separation method based on capillary zone electrophoresis and ultraviolet detection was capable to achieve detection limits at the concentration level in the range of 0.15 to 1.25 μg/mL−1. The developed method was also characterised by other favourable validation parameters, such as linearity (r
2 > 0.99), accuracy (82.9–117.8% for the intraday measurements, and 87.6–119.2% for the interday measurements), and precision (intraday relative standard deviation in the range of 0.4–15.5%, interday relative standard deviation in the range of 0.9–18.3%). The method was finally applied to investigate the stability of the analytes in model water matrix samples under various storage conditions.
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Piestansky J, Matuskova M, Cizmarova I, Majerova P, Kovac A, Mikus P. Ultrasensitive determination of serotonin in human urine by a two dimensional capillary isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462190. [PMID: 33979756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional capillary isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis method hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for ultrasensitive quantification of serotonin in real human urine samples. Under optimal conditions, the separation was achieved within 12 min (including on-line sample preparation) with the limit of detection of 34 pg mL-1 (due to a large volume sample injection, here 10 µL, and isotachophoretic preconcentration). This concentration limit represents the lowest value for serotonin in comparison to other previously published separation methods employing mass spectrometry detection and applied to urine matrices. Thanks to high orthogonality, on-line concentration and clean-up effects of this approach, other excellent validation parameters such as linearity (coefficient of determination > 0.99), inter-day and intra-day precision (relative standard deviations 3.5-12.2%), accuracy (relative errors within 99-109.4%), and recovery (96-102%) could be easily obtained too. To demonstrate applicability of the method, we monitored serotonin levels in various real samples (from a healthy volunteer and clinical ones). The determined levels, normalized on the creatinine concentrations, were in the range of 6.81-12.86 ng mmol-1 creatinine This advanced method is suggested for an effective, reliable, high sample throughput, and low cost routine clinical screening or targeted metabolomic studies of serotonin in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Piestansky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Matuskova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Cizmarova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract
The present review deals with the recent progress made in the field of the electrochemical detection of serotonin by means of electrochemical sensors based on various nanomaterials incorporated in the sensitive element. Due to the unique chemical and physical properties of these nanomaterials, it was possible to develop sensitive electrochemical sensors with excellent analytical performances, useful in the practice. The main electrochemical sensors used in serotonin detection are based on carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes and various materials, such as benzofuran, polyalizarin red-S, poly(L-arginine), Nafion/Ni(OH)2, or graphene oxide, incorporating silver-silver selenite nanoparticles, as well as screen-printed electrodes modified with zinc oxide or aluminium oxide. Also, the review describes the nanocomposite sensors based on conductive polymers, tin oxide-tin sulphide, silver/polypyrole/copper oxide or a hybrid structure of cerium oxide-gold oxide nanofibers together with ruthenium oxide nanowires. The presentation focused on describing the sensitive materials, characterizing the sensors, the detection techniques, electroanalytical properties, validation and use of sensors in lab practice.
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Geng X, Zhang M, Long H, Hu Z, Zhao B, Feng L, Du J. A reusable neurotransmitter aptasensor for the sensitive detection of serotonin. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1145:124-131. [PMID: 33453873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is one of the important neurotransmitters in human nervous system and associated with central nervous system diseases. Herein, we have prepared a novel electrochemical aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of serotonin by using the pre-designed and prepared DNA aptamers. In the absence of serotonin, the electron transfer rate on the aptasensor was faster than that in the presence of serotonin due to the hairpin structure of the aptamer was loose and MB could be closer to the electrode surface. While in the presence of serotonin, the hairpin structure of the aptamer was extended and MB was far away from the electrode surface. The effect of MB labeled sites on analytical performances of the proposed aptasensors was discussed by comparing sensitivity of the aptasensors that MB labeled in the intermediate of the aptamer with that MB labeled at the 3' end of the aptamer. It was found that sensitivity of the intermediate-labeled aptasensor was much higher than the terminal-labeled aptasensor due to the specific conformational changes before and after aptamer binding to serotonin. The developed aptasensors exhibits a rapid electrochemical response and high sensitivity for the determination of serotonin. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range for serotonin concentrations by the intermediate-labeled aptasensor was 1 pM-10 nM with a detection limit of 0.017 fM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed aptasensor is reusable and shows good reproducibility and selectivity for the detection of serotonin in 100-fold diluted rat cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a good application prospect in the detection of serotonin in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Geng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Mengtian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hongyan Long
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Afliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Ziheng Hu
- Materials Genome Institute, And Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, China
| | - Biying Zhao
- Materials Genome Institute, And Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Materials Genome Institute, And Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiangyan Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Maráková K, Piešťanský J, Zelinková Z, Mikuš P. Simultaneous determination of twelve biogenic amines in human urine as potential biomarkers of inflammatory bowel diseases by capillary electrophoresis – tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Plenis A, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Miękus N, Bączek T. Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids as Biomarkers of Various Disorders: A Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E640. [PMID: 31075927 PMCID: PMC6572256 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are bioactive endogenous compounds which play a significant physiological role in many cell processes like cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and membrane stability. Likewise, they are important in the regulation of body temperature, the increase/decrease of blood pressure or intake of nutrition, as well as in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, hormones and alkaloids. Additionally, it was confirmed that these compounds can be considered as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of several neuroendocrine and cardiovascular disorders, including neuroendocrine tumours (NET), schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease. Due to the fact that BAs are chemically unstable, light-sensitive and possess a high tendency for spontaneous oxidation and decomposition at high pH values, their determination is a real challenge. Moreover, their concentrations in biological matrices are extremely low. These issues make the measurement of BA levels in biological matrices problematic and the application of reliable bioanalytical methods for the extraction and determination of these molecules is needed. This article presents an overview of the most recent trends in the quantification of BAs in human samples with a special focus on liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, new approaches and technical possibilities applied in these methodologies for the assessment of BA profiles in human samples and the priorities for future research are reported and critically discussed. Moreover, the most important applications of LC, GC and CE in pharmacology, psychology, oncology and clinical endocrinology in the area of the analysis of BAs for the diagnosis, follow-up and monitoring of the therapy of various health disorders are presented and critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Malá Z, Gebauer P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:55-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Tian Z, Ma J, Kang M, Ding C, Ming D. Preparation of β-CD-Ellagic Acid Microspheres and Their Effects on HepG2 Cell Proliferation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122175. [PMID: 29292740 PMCID: PMC6149914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was chosen as the coating for ellagic acid to prepare ellagic acid microspheres, and the effect of microspheres on the growth of HepG2 cells was observed. METHODS Scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and release rate analysis were used to identify the formation of ellagic acid microspheres. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of ellagic acid microspheres on tumor cell proliferation at 6, 12, 24 and 36 h, and cell morphology and quantity were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Single-cell gel electrophoresis was used to observe the effect of ellagic acid microspheres on the DNA damage of HepG2 cells, and the Olive tail moment and the mRNA expression of tumor suppressor protein gene p53 was measured. RESULTS β-CD could be used as wrapping material of ellagic acid to prepare ellagic acid microspheres. HepG2 cell proliferation could be inhibited by 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g/L of ellagic acid microspheres in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the mechanism of proliferation inhibition was related to DNA damage and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Preparing ellagic acid microspheres with β-CD is feasible, and ellagic acid microspheres have potential therapeutic value (anticancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Zhongjing Tian
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Medical Science, Zaozhuang Vocational College, Zaozhuang 277800, China.
| | - Meiling Kang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Chengshi Ding
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Dongfeng Ming
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
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