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Pennone V, Rosini E, Mascheroni E, Gianola S, Castellini G, Bargeri S, Lovati AB. Revolutionizing orthopedic healthcare: a systematic review unveiling recombinant antimicrobial peptides. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370826. [PMID: 38756724 PMCID: PMC11097975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for orthopedic surgeries, including joint replacements, is driven by an aging population and improved diagnosis of joint conditions. Orthopedic surgeries carry a risk of infection, especially in patients with comorbidities. The rise of antibiotic resistance exacerbates this issue, necessitating alternatives like in vitro bioengineered antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), offering broad-spectrum activity and multiple action mechanisms. This review aimed to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial potential and the yield after purification among recombinant AMP families. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against the most common bacteria involved in clinical infections. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, focusing on in vitro studies of recombinant AMPs. The search strategy was run on PubMed, Scopus and Embase up to 30th March 2023. The Population, Exposure and Outcome model was used to extract the data from studies and ToxRTool for the risk of bias analysis. This review included studies providing peptide production yield data and MIC values against pathogenic bacteria. Non-English texts, reviews, conference abstracts, books, studies focusing solely on chemical synthesis, those reporting incomplete data sets, using non-standard MIC assessment methods, or presenting MIC values as ranges rather than precise concentrations, were excluded. From 370 publications, 34 studies on AMPs were analyzed. These covered 46 AMPs across 18 families, with Defensins and Hepcidins being most common. Yields varied from 0.5 to 2,700 mg/L. AMPs were tested against 23 bacterial genera, with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to >1,152 μg/mL. Arenicins showed the highest antimicrobial activity, particularly against common orthopedic infection pathogens. However, AMP production yields varied and some AMPs demonstrated limited effectiveness against certain bacterial strains. This systematic review emphasizes the critical role of bioengineered AMPs to cope infections and antibiotic resistance. It meticulously evaluates recombinant AMPs, focusing on their antimicrobial efficacy and production yields. The review highlights that, despite the variability in AMP yields and effectiveness, Arenicins and Defensins are promising candidates for future research and clinical applications in treating antibiotic-resistant orthopedic infections. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of AMPs in healthcare, underscoring their potential in addressing the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance. Systematic review registration:https://osf.io/2uq4c/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pennone
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Mascheroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianola
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Castellini
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bargeri
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna B. Lovati
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Efficacy of natural antimicrobial peptides versus peptidomimetic analogues: a systematic review. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1899-1921. [PMID: 36421051 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This systematic review was carried out to determine whether synthetic peptidomimetics exhibit significant advantages over antimicrobial peptides in terms of in vitro potency. Structural features - molecular weight, charge and length - were examined for correlations with activity. Methods: Original research articles reporting minimum inhibitory concentration values against Escherichia coli, indexed until 31 December 2020, were searched in PubMed/ScienceDirect/Google Scholar and evaluated using mixed-effects models. Results: In vitro antimicrobial activity of peptidomimetics resembled that of antimicrobial peptides. Net charge significantly affected minimum inhibitory concentration values (p < 0.001) with a trend of 4.6% decrease for increments in charge by +1. Conclusion: AMPs and antibacterial peptidomimetics exhibit similar potencies, providing an opportunity to exploit the advantageous stability and bioavailability typically associated with peptidomimetics.
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Gu H, Kato T, Kumeta H, Kumaki Y, Tsukamoto T, Kikukawa T, Demura M, Ishida H, Vogel HJ, Aizawa T. Three-Dimensional Structure of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin P1 in Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles and the Role of the C-Terminal Residues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31924-31934. [PMID: 36120057 PMCID: PMC9475619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin P1 (CP1) isolated from a large roundworm Ascaris suum, which is found in pig intestines, has been extensively studied as a model antimicrobial peptide (AMP). However, despite being a model AMP, its antibacterial mechanism is not well understood, particularly the function of its C-terminus. By using an Escherichia coli overexpression system with calmodulin as a fusion partner, we succeeded in the mass expression of recombinant peptides, avoiding toxicity to the host and degradation of CP1. The structure of the recombinant 15N- and 13C-labeled CP1 and its C-terminus truncated analogue in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles was determined by NMR. In this membrane-mimetic environment, CP1 formed an α-helix for almost its entire length, except for a short region at the C-terminus, and there was no evidence of a hinge, which is considered important for the expression of activity in other cecropins. Several NMR analyses showed that the entire length of CP1 was protected from water by micelles. Since the loss of the C-terminus of the analogue had little effect on the NMR structure or its interaction with the micelle, we investigated another role of the C-terminus of CP1 in its antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the C-terminal region affected the DNA-binding capacity of CP1, and this mechanism of action was also newly suggested that it contributed to the antimicrobial activity of CP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takasumi Kato
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumeta
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kumaki
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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de Souza FRO, Ribeiro FM, Lima PMD. Implications of VIP and PACAP in Parkinson's Disease: What do we Know So Far? Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1703-1715. [PMID: 32196442 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200320162436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and although its aetiology is not yet fully understood, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key factor in the progression of the disease. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide are two neuropeptides that exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, modulating the production of cytokines and chemokines and the behaviour of immune cells. However, the role of chemokines and cytokines modulated by the endogenous receptors of the peptides varies according to the stage of the disease. METHODS We present an overview of the relationship between some cytokines and chemokines with vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and their endogenous receptors in the context of Parkinson's disease neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the modulation of microglial cells by the peptides in this context. RESULTS The two peptides exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in models of Parkinson's disease, as they ameliorate cognitive functions, decrease the level of neuroinflammation and promote dopaminergic neuronal survival. The peptides have been tested in a variety of in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease, demonstrating the potential for therapeutic application. CONCLUSION More studies are needed to establish the clinical use of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide as safe candidates for treating Parkinson's disease, as the use of the peptides in different stages of the disease could produce different results concerning effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Resende Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Sao Joao Del Rei, Praca Dom Helvecio, n. 74, Fabricas, 36301160, Sao Joao Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Mara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria d'Almeida Lima
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Sao Joao Del Rei, Praca Dom Helvecio, n. 74, Fabricas, 36301160, Sao Joao Del Rei, MG, Brazil
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Fan X, Xu H, Song J, Jin Y, Wink M, Wu G. Using a Membrane-Penetrating-Peptide to Anchor Ligands in the Liposome Membrane Facilitates Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 31:113-122. [PMID: 31841319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are typical cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) that intercalate into biomembranes and exhibit broad activities. We designed a triple fusion protein consisting of an AMP, Ib-AMP4 at the N-terminus, a fluorescent GFP probe in the center, and the tumor-targeting peptide P1c at the other terminus. After purification from E. coli, the interaction between the Ib-AMP4-GFP-P1c fusion protein (IGP) and the lipid membrane was characterized. Experiments using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) demonstrated that IGP proteins spontaneously bound the lipid bilayer with a maximal molar ratio of 1:52 (protein:lipid). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the IGP protein was present in the liposome membrane. After decoration with IGP proteins, the DOPC:DOPG liposomes were applied to cancer cells. Microscopy and flow cytometry reveal that the decorated liposomes selectively bound integrin αvβ3-positive A549 cells. In addition, compared with the common chemical conjugation method, the reported method seemed to be superior in certain aspects, such as simple sample preparation and cost-effectiveness. Next, the IGP protein was applied to decorate red blood cell (RBC) liposomes for targeted delivery in both in vitro and in vivo applications. The IGP-decorated RBC liposomes preferentially targeted integrin αvβ3 expressing A549 cancer cells. The in vivo imaging showed that IGP-decorated RBC liposomes were concentrated in tumor tissue and were primarily metabolized by the liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Fan
- Diagnostics Department, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 21009 , China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Diagnostics Department, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 21009 , China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biology , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Zhongda Hospital , Southeast University , Nanjing 21009 , China
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Khani S, Seyedjavadi SS, Zare-Zardini H, Hosseini HM, Goudarzi M, Khatami S, Amani J, Imani Fooladi AA, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Isolation and functional characterization of an antifungal hydrophilic peptide, Skh-AMP1, derived from Satureja khuzistanica leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:136-143. [PMID: 31128493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogenic fungi to conventional antifungal therapies is a major global health concern. Currently, antifungal peptides are receiving increasing attention as suitable candidates for antifungal drug discovery. In the present study, an antifungal peptide was isolated from Satureja khuzistanica by reverse phase-HPLC column and sequenced by de novo sequencing and Edman degradation. The peptide cytotoxicity on human red blood cells and HEK293 cells was assessed using hemolytic and MTT assays. The purified peptide had 25 amino acids with pI and net charge equal to 9.31 and + 2, respectively. According to the systematic nomenclature, this peptide was named Skh-AMP1. The peptide showed strong antifungal activity against pathogenic species of Aspergillus and Candida with MIC values of 19.8-23.4 μM and MFC values of 39.6-58.5 μM. Molecular modeling analysis predicted a α-helix conformation for Skh-AMP1 and the probable hydrophilic residues and hydrophobic regions in the peptide structure which may responsible for its antifungal activity. Skh-AMP1 preserved its stability at the pH of 7 and 8 and the temperatures of 30 and 40 °C. The peptide showed negligible hemolytic activity in the range of 0.19-2.1% at the concentrations of 3.6-72 μM. It has no obvious cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells at the MIC of 25.2 μM for the fungal growth. All together, these properties make Skh-AMP1 as a previously undescribed peptide a promising potential therapeutic agent to combat immerging fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khani
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Aresti Sanz J, El Aidy S. Microbiota and gut neuropeptides: a dual action of antimicrobial activity and neuroimmune response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1597-1609. [PMID: 30997526 PMCID: PMC6598950 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is comprised of a vast variety of microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and exert crucial roles for the host health. These microorganisms, partially via their breakdown of dietary components, are able to modulate immune response, mood, and behavior, establishing a chemical dialogue in the microbiota-gut-brain interphase. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases, in which altered levels of gut-associated neuropeptides are also detected. Gut neuropeptides are strong neuroimmune modulators; they mediate the communication between the gut microbiota and the host (including gut-brain axis) and have also recently been found to exert antimicrobial properties. This highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between gut neuropeptides and microbiota and their implications on host health. Here, we will discuss how gut neuropeptides help to maintain a balanced microbiota and we will point at the missing gaps that need to be further investigated in order to elucidate whether these molecules are related to neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often associated with gut dysbiosis and altered gut neuropeptide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aresti Sanz
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Seyedjavadi SS, Khani S, Zare-Zardini H, Halabian R, Goudarzi M, Khatami S, Imani Fooladi AA, Amani J, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Isolation, functional characterization, and biological properties of MCh-AMP1, a novel antifungal peptide from Matricaria chamomilla L. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:949-959. [PMID: 30773822 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activities of natural products have attracted much attention due to the increasing incidence of pathogens that have become resistant to drugs. Thus, it has been attempted to promisingly manage infectious diseases via a new group of therapeutic agents called antimicrobial peptides. In this study, a novel antifungal peptide, MCh-AMP1, was purified by reverse phase HPLC and sequenced by de novo sequencing and Edman degradation. The antifungal activity, safety, thermal, and pH stability of MCh-AMP1 were determined. This peptide demonstrated an antifungal activity against the tested Candida and Aspergillus species with MIC values in the range of 3.33-6.66 μM and 6.66-13.32 μM, respectively. Further, physicochemical properties and molecular modeling of MCh-AMP1 were evaluated. MCh-AMP1 demonstrated 3.65% hemolytic activity at the concentration of 13.32 μM on human red blood cells and 10% toxicity after 48 hr at the same concentration on HEK293 cell lines. The antifungal activity of MCh-AMP1 against Candida albicans was stable at a temperature range of 30-50°C and at the pH level of 7-11. The present study indicates that MCh-AMP1 may be considered as a new antifungal agent with therapeutic potential against major human pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soghra Khani
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xu CL, Guo Y, Qiao L, Ma L, Cheng YY. Recombinant expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:706-715. [PMID: 29456409 PMCID: PMC5807673 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i6.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the modulatory effect of recombinant-expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) analogue (rVIPa) on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats.
METHODS Forty-eight rats were randomized into six groups: normal control group (Control), model control group (TNBS), ethanol treatment group (ETOH), and VIP treatment groups with different dosage (rVIPa1nmol, rVIPa2nmol, rVIPa4nmol). Diarrhea and bloody stool were observed. Colonic damage was evaluated histologically. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and endotoxin in colonic tissue and serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of occludin, ZO-1, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), IκBα, and p-IκBα were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS Administration with 2 nmol rVIPa prevented TNBS-induced necrosis, hyperemia, swelling, inflammation, etc., pathologic changes observed in the inner surface of colon in experimental rats. Moreover, rVIPa significantly decreased colonic TNF-α level (P < 0.001), MPO activity (P < 0.001) and serum endotoxin level (P < 0.01), and remarkably increased colonic IL-10 content (P < 0.001) in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Furthermore, compared to the TNBS-induced colitis group, 2 nmol rVIPa treatment up-regulated the levels of occludin (P < 0.05) and ZO-1 (P < 0.05), NF-κB p65 (P < 0.01) and IκBα (P < 0.001), and down-regulated the levels of TLR4.
CONCLUSION rVIPa ameliorates TNBS-induced colonic injury and inflammation and effectively protected the intestinal mucosal barrier function in rats. The mechanism may be related to TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway. rVIPa could be used as a new alternative therapy for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Guo
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Yi Cheng
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
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The Road from Host-Defense Peptides to a New Generation of Antimicrobial Drugs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020311. [PMID: 29389911 PMCID: PMC6017364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-defense peptides, also called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whose protective action has been used by animals for millions of years, fulfill many requirements of the pharmaceutical industry, such as: (1) broad spectrum of activity; (2) unlike classic antibiotics, they induce very little resistance; (3) they act synergically with conventional antibiotics; (4) they neutralize endotoxins and are active in animal models. However, it is considered that many natural peptides are not suitable for drug development due to stability and biodisponibility problems, or high production costs. This review describes the efforts to overcome these problems and develop new antimicrobial drugs from these peptides or inspired by them. The discovery process of natural AMPs is discussed, as well as the development of synthetic analogs with improved pharmacological properties. The production of these compounds at acceptable costs, using different chemical and biotechnological methods, is also commented. Once these challenges are overcome, a new generation of versatile, potent and long-lasting antimicrobial drugs is expected.
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