Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries

Production of mulberry wine using selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae: implications from sensory analysis, phytochemical and antioxidant activities

The present study aims to evaluate the quality of chemical, sensory properties and antioxidant potential of mulberry wine using selenium-enriched yeasts employing eight different methods (MW1-MW8). The selenium-enriched yeast significantly (p < 0.05) increased phytochemical profiles, flavor, quality and antioxidant capacity. The most effective method for raising the selenium level of mulberry wine was using L-seMC (MW5). Mulberry wine color was attributed to the anthocyanins and phytochemical composition with selenium content. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity varied with change in treatment methods suggesting their impact on antioxidant activity. Total selenium content on L-SeMC supplementation proved a significant correlation between selenium content with total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content and flavonoid content. Sensory analysis by electronic nose exhibited MW2 with high response value in the W2S sensor showing high alcohol concentration. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 57 volatile aromatic compounds comprehended by esters and alcohol (isoamyl alcohol, 2-methylbutanol, 2,3-butanediol, and phenethyl alcohol). Principal component analysis affirms the response values for four categorical score values with reliability and consistency for all the parameters, significantly. Thus, the workflow demonstrates a simpler, cost-effective traditional methodology for rationalized outcomes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05847-4.

A multi-omics analysis strategy reveals the molecular mechanism of the inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa and its application

Water pollution causes the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, which poses a serious threat to human life. Escherichia coli O157:H7, as a representative organism that can directly exhibit molecular response to stress, was selected as the indicator bacteria for the study. Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics and non-targeted metabolomics were used to study the response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanin (AMA) treatment. The results showed that 628 proteins and 1338 metabolites changed significantly after treatment with AMAs. According to bioinformatics analysis, integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and metabolites participate in pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway. This study preliminarily proposed the inhibition mechanism of AMAs on Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the perspective of multi-omics, providing a theoretical basis for the application of natural preservatives in fresh cut vegetables.

Phytoconstituent Profiles Associated with Relevant Antioxidant Potential and Variable Nutritive Effects of the Olive, Sweet Almond, and Black Mulberry Gemmotherapy Extracts

The extracts of whole plants or specific organs from different plant species are gaining increasing attention for their phytotherapy applications. Accordingly, we prepared standardized gemmotherapy extracts (GTEs) from young shoots/buds of olive (Olea europaea), sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus), and black mulberry (Morus nigra), and analyzed the corresponding phytonutrient profiles. We identified 42, 103, and 109 phytonutrients in the olive, almond, and black mulberry GTEs, respectively, containing amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, iridoids, carboxylic acids, lignans, terpenoids, and others. In order to assess the physiological effects generated by the GTEs, we developed a translational nutrition model based on Drosophila melanogaster and Cyprinus carpio. The results indicate that GTEs could influence, to a variable extent, viability and ATP synthesis, even though both are dependent on the specific carbohydrate load of the applied diet and the amino acid and polyphenol pools provided by the GTEs. It seems, therefore, likely that the complex chemical composition of the GTEs offers nutritional properties that cannot be separated from the health-promoting mechanisms that ultimately increase viability and survival. Such an approach sets the paves the way for the nutritional genomic descriptions regarding GTE-associated health-promoting effects.

Blackberries and Mulberries: Berries with Significant Health-Promoting Properties

Blackberries and mulberries are small and perishable fruits that provide significant health benefits when consumed. In reality, both are rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics and volatile compounds, and micronutrients, such as vitamins. All the compounds are well-known thanks to their medicinal and pharmacological properties, namely antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiviral, and cardiovascular properties. Nevertheless, variables such as genotype, production conditions, fruit ripening stage, harvesting time, post-harvest storage, and climate conditions influence their nutritional composition and economic value. Given these facts, the current review focuses on the nutritional and chemical composition, as well as the health benefits, of two blackberry species (Rubus fruticosus L., and Rubus ulmifolius Schott) and one mulberry species (Morus nigra L.).

Cross-linked CMC/Gelatin bio-nanocomposite films with organoclay, red cabbage anthocyanins and pistacia leaves extract as active intelligent food packaging: colorimetric pH indication, antimicrobial/antioxidant properties, and shrimp spoilage tests

Multifunctional food packaging films were produced from crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin (CMC/Ge) bio-nanocomposites incorporated with Ge-montmorillonite (OM) nanofiller, anthocyanins (ATH) from red cabbage as colorimetric pH-indicator, and pistacia leaves extract (PE) as active agent. The influence of additives on the structural, physical, and functional properties of the films was investigated. The results showed that ATH and PE caused color alteration and reduced transparency. However, they improved the UV light barrier ability by 98 %, with less impact from OM, despite its well-dispersed state in the matrix. Increasing PE content in the bio-nanocomposite films caused an increase in compactness and surface roughness, reduction in moisture content (15.10-12.33 %), swelling index (354.55-264.58 %), surface wettability (contact angle 80.1-92.49°), water vapor permeability (7.37-5.69 × 10¹⁰ g m^-1s^-1Pa^-1), and nano-indentation mechanical parameters, without affecting the thermal stability. ATH-included films demonstrated color pH-sensitivity with improved ATH color stability through the ATH-Al³⁺ chelates formation. PE-added films exhibited effective antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reaching 93 % of inhibition, and antimicrobial properties with biocidal effects for PE-rich film. The shrimp spoilage test showed that the T-1.5PE film offered the strongest active intelligent response. The CMC/Ge-based bio-nanocomposite films endowed with antioxidant/antimicrobial properties and colorimetric pH-sensitivity have promising potential for food packaging application.

The CmMYB3 transcription factors isolated from the Chrysanthemum morifolium regulate flavonol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chrysanthemum morifolium MYB3 factors are transcriptional activators for the regulation of flavonol biosynthesis. Flavonol was not only the critical secondary metabolite participating in the growth and development of plants but also the main active ingredient in medicinal chrysanthemum. However, few pieces of research revealed the transcriptional regulation of flavonol biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Here, we isolated two CmMYB3 transcription factors (CmMYB3a and CmMYB3b) from the capitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv 'Hangju'. According to the sequence characteristics, the CmMYB3a and CmMYB3b belonged to the R2R3-MYB subgroup 7, whose members were often reported to regulate flavonol biosynthesis positively. CmMYB3a and CmMYB3b factors were identified to localize in the nucleus by subcellular localization assay. Besides, both of them have obvious transcriptional self-activation activity in their C-terminal. After the overexpression of CmMYB3 genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana, the flavonol contents in plants were increased, and the expression of AtCHS, AtCHI, AtF3H, and AtFLS genes in A. thaliana was also improved. Interestingly, the CmMYB3a factor had stronger functions in improving flavonol contents and related gene expression levels than CmMYB3b. The interaction analysis between transcription factors and promoters suggested that CmMYB3 could bind and activate the promoters of CmCHI and CmFLS genes in C. morifolium, and CmMYB3a also functioned more powerfully. Overall, these results indicated that CmMYB3a and CmMYB3b work as transcriptional activators in controlling flavonol biosynthesis.

Bioactive Natural Pigments' Extraction, Isolation, and Stability in Food Applications

Color in food has multiple effects on consumers, since this parameter is related to the quality of a product, its freshness, and even its nutrient content. Each food has a characteristic color; however, this can be affected by the technological treatments that are applied during its manufacturing process, as well as its storage. Therefore, the development of new food products should take into account consumer preferences, the physical properties of a product, food safety standards, the economy, and applications of technology. With all of this, the use of food additives, such as dyes, is increasingly important due to the interest in the natural coloring of foods, strict regulatory pressure, problems with the toxicity of synthetic food colors, and the need for globally approved colors, in addition to current food market trends that focus on the consumption of healthy, organic, and natural products. It is for this reason that there is a growing demand for natural pigments that drives the food industry to seek or improve extraction techniques, as well as to study different stability processes, considering their interactions with the food matrix, in order to meet the needs and expectations of consumers.

Behavioral effects of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice in a rat model of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficit

INTRODUCTION

The ovariectomized rat is a model used to mimic the changes in female organism during menopause. Aroniamelanocarpa fruit juice (AMFJ) is extremely rich in phenolic substances (procyanidins, flavonoids and phenolic acids).

Hydroethanolic Extract of Morus nigra L. Leaves: A Dual PPAR-α/γ Agonist with Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7

Inhibition of systemic inflammation has been a beneficial strategy in treating several non-communicable diseases, which represent one of the major causes of mortality in the world. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) are interesting pharmacological targets, since they can act both through the metabolic and anti-inflammatory pathways. Morus nigra L. has flavonoids in its chemical composition with recognized anti-oxidant activity and often associated with anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the hydroethanolic extract of M. nigra leaves' ability to activate PPAR and promote anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cells. The leaf extract was prepared by cold maceration, and the chemical profile was obtained by HPLC-DAD. Activation of PPAR α and γ was evaluated by the luciferase reporter assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells after stimulation with LPS from Escherichia coli. The HPLC-DAD analysis identified two major compounds: rutin and isoquercitrin. The extract showed agonist activity for the two types of PPAR, α and γ, although its major compounds, rutin and isoquercitrin, did not significantly activate the receptors. In addition, the extract significantly reduced the production of ROS, NO, and TNF-α. Treatment with the specific PPAR-α antagonist, GW 6471, was able to partially block the anti-inflammatory effect caused by the extract.

MnASI1 Mediates Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Mulberry (Morus notabilis)

Six α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor genes (MnASIs) were identified from mulberry (Morus notabilis). In this study, bioinformatics and expression pattern analysis of six MnASIs were performed to determine their roles in resistance to B. cinerea. The expression of all six MnASIs was significantly increased under Botrytis cinerea infection. MnASI1, which responded strongly to B. cinerea, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and mulberry. The resistance of Arabidopsis and mulberry overexpressing MnASI1 gene to B. cinerea was significantly improved, the catalase (CAT) activity was increased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased after inoculation with B. cinerea. At the same time, H₂O₂ and O₂⁻ levels were reduced in MnASI1 transgenic Arabidopsis, reducing the damage of ROS accumulation to plants. In addition, MnASI1 transgenic Arabidopsis increased the expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway-related gene AtPR1. This study provides an important reference for further revealing the function of α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitors.

Development of green and sustainable smart biochromic and therapeutic bandage using red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata) extract encapsulated into alginate nanoparticles

Novel multifunctional wound dressing with the ability to protect, cure and sense the healing process, was developed. Red-cabbage extract has been reported to exhibit bioactive compounds with the ability to function as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent, as well as a natural pH-sensory chromophoric material. An anthocyanin extract was prepared from Red-cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata). The anthocyanins extract was encapsulated into calcium alginate in the presence of potash alum mordant, which was then applied to the surface of the cotton gauze. Red-cabbage based anthocyanin chromophoric extract was encapsulated at different concentrations into alginate-based hydrogel and immobilized into cotton gauze to provide a smart therapeutic pH-responsive wound dress to function as an antimicrobial and biochromic matrix providing a comfortable dress sensor to monitor the wound status. Decreasing the pH of a wound mimic solution caused a blue shift from 579 to 437 nm. The anthocyanin spectroscopic probe's halochromic activity demonstrated a colorimetric change from purple to pink, which was critical to the dyed cotton diagnostic assay's biochromic performance. The colorimetric parameters of the prepared dressing sensor were proved by UV-Vis absorbance and CIE Lab coordinates. Both mechanical and morphological properties of the prepared dressing were studied using different analytical methods. The effect of anthocyanin concentration on the mechanical, water vapor permeability, water absorption and morphological properties of the wound dressing were investigated. No substantial flaws in air-permeability or bend length were detected after dyeing. The colored cotton gauze samples were tested for their high colorfastness. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the prepared biochromic cotton gauze were explored. The dyed cotton samples exhibited no cytotoxicity and improved antimicrobial activity with increasing the anthocyanin ratio on cotton surface.

Phytocosmetic Emulsion Containing Extract of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae): Development, Stability Study, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

Morus nigra L. is a species popularly known in the Northeast of Brazil as “amora miúra”. This species is a source of flavonoids with antioxidant activity. Antioxidants play an important role in the preservation of cosmetic formulations, and they neutralize free radicals. The objective of this study was to develop a topical emulsion containing leaf extract of Morus nigra L., as well as to evaluate the stability, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the formulations. A crude hydroalcoholic (70%) extract of M. nigra leaves (MnCE) was submitted to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD) analysis and incorporated into an anionic base emulsion. Antioxidant activity was evaluated according to the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and the stability of the formulation was assessed for 90 days, submitting the emulsion to storage at 4, 20, and 37 °C. Microdilution techniques evaluated the antibacterial activity and a challenge test assessed the microbiological stability. Analysis by HPLC–DAD identified the flavonoids rutin and isoquercetin in the M. nigra extract. The emulsion and plant extract presented antioxidant activity, and the stability of the emulsion was preserved in terms of pH value and viscosity—which did not show significant changes, except for the spreadability, which was affected by the temperature. The antioxidant activity did not change significantly, except for the sample under 4 °C, which showed a considerable decrease in activity. The crude hydroalcoholic extract and formulation showed antimicrobial activity and the emulsion was considered stable in terms of organoleptic, physicochemical, and microbiological properties.

The Mulberry SPL Gene Family and the Response of MnSPL7 to Silkworm Herbivory through Activating the Transcription of MnTT2L2 in the Catechin Biosynthesis Pathway

SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, as unique plant transcription factors, play important roles in plant developmental regulation and stress response adaptation. Although mulberry is a commercially valuable tree species, there have been few systematic studies on SPL genes. In this work, we identified 15 full-length SPL genes in the mulberry genome, which were distributed on 4 Morus notabilis chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the SPL genes from five plants (Malus × domestica Borkh, Populus trichocarpa, M. notabilis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa) into five groups. Two zinc fingers (Zn1 and Zn2) were found in the conserved SBP domain in all of the MnSPLs. Comparative analyses of gene structures and conserved motifs revealed the conservation of MnSPLs within a group, whereas there were significant structure differences among groups. Gene quantitative analysis showed that the expression of MnSPLs had tissue specificity, and MnSPLs had much higher expression levels in older mulberry leaves. Furthermore, transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of MnSPL7 and MnSPL14 were significantly increased under silkworm herbivory. Molecular experiments revealed that MnSPL7 responded to herbivory treatment through promoting the transcription of MnTT2L2 and further upregulating the expression levels of catechin synthesis genes (F3′H, DFR, and LAR).

Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry

In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects.

Characterization of the Chitinase Gene Family in Mulberry (Morus notabilis) and MnChi18 Involved in Resistance to Botrytis cinerea

Chitinase is a hydrolase that uses chitin as a substrate. It plays an important role in plant resistance to fungal pathogens by degrading chitin. Here, we conducted bioinformatics analysis and transcriptome data analysis of the mulberry (Morus notabilis) chitinase gene family to determine its role in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. A total of 26 chitinase genes were identified, belonging to the GH18 and GH19 families. Among them, six chitinase genes were differentially expressed under the infection of B. cinerea. MnChi18, which significantly responded to B. cinerea, was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The resistance of MnChi18 transgenic Arabidopsis to B. cinerea was significantly enhanced, and after inoculation with B. cinerea, the activity of catalase (CAT) increased and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. This shows that overexpression of MnChi18 can protect cells from damage. In addition, our study also indicated that MnChi18 may be involved in B. cinerea resistance through other resistance-related genes. This study provides an important basis for further understanding the function of mulberry chitinase.

Interaction characterization of zein with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and its effect on the stability of mulberry anthocyanins and protein digestion

Ingredient interactions usually occur in food matrix, which may affect their functions and properties. This study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of mulberry and corn protein on pigment stability and zein digestibility. The interaction of main compounds in both ingredients, that is, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and zein, was characterized via their structural, morphological, thermal stability, and digestible properties using multi-spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, and in vitro digestion models. Results showed that zein exhibited a strong binding affinity for C3G via van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds determined in fluorescence assays. The secondary structure of zein changed due to C3G binding, with a decrease in α-helix and an increase in β-sheet. The particle size of zein decreased after interacting with C3G. The zein complexation with mulberry anthocyanin-rich extracts in a simulative food system did not affect the digestibility of zein significantly but enhanced the thermal stability of pigments slightly. Specifically, anthocyanins did not change the susceptibility of zein to pepsin proteolysis, suggesting that binding sites of C3G might not be the cleavage sites of pepsins. These results provide important insight into the binding mechanism of zein and anthocyanins and might help guide the design of anthocyanin-based functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Zein, as a storage protein widely distributed in corn flour, was commonly co-existing with anthocyanins in starchy food. This study provides insights into the molecular interactions between zein and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. However, the interaction might not impact the zein digestion but enhance anthocyanin thermal stability. The findings of this work could throw light on the selection of ingredients rich in zein and anthocyanins in the food industry.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit Extracts

The fruit of mulberry trees (Morus sp.), mulberries, are traditionally utilised as a nutritional food and provide health benefits as well as skin nourishment in Thailand. White mulberries (Morus alba L.) from Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son provinces were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activities as well as the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The aqueous extracts of mulberries exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which was associated with a higher phenolic and anthocyanin content. In testing the potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae, the mulberry extracts proved to be quite efficient, especially following water extraction. Time-kill and antibacterial adhesion assays further indicated that aqueous mulberry extracts could inhibit bacterial growth and prevent adhesions of pathogenic enteric bacteria on intestinal epithelial cells. It thus appears that mulberries can potentially be consumed as a good source of antioxidants, containing antimicrobial properties against some pathogenic bacteria which cause gastrointestinal tract infections.

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an Alternative Therapeutic Option for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing life-threatening infections in cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals, and it is a leading cause of nosocomial infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment of P. aeruginosa infections is challenging due to the antibiotic resistance to most of the conventional antibiotics. Development of alternative therapeutic options is urgently demanded for the patients who have antibiotic-resistant infections. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a clinical history of thousands of years for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in China, taking advantages of improving clinical outcomes, producing less side effects, inhibiting pathogen, and modulating host immunity. Recent research has revealed a variety of natural products derived from TCM showing significant antimicrobial effects on antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa alone or combined with antibiotics in vitro or in animal models, suggesting that TCM is a promising complementary and alternative therapeutic approach for treatment of chronic P. aeruginosa infections. This review summarizes the recent findings attempting to dissect the mechanisms of TCM combating P. aeruginosa infections and highlights the molecular targets of TCM on P. aeruginosa and host.

Anthocyanin Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial against Foodborne Pathogens Activities of Purple Rice Cultivars in Northern Thailand

Five glutinous purple rice cultivars and non-glutinous purple rice cultivated in different altitudes in the north of Thailand were collected. The samples were extracted using ethanol and determined for anthocyanins using HPLC. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities against foodborne pathogens were investigated. The highland glutinous cultivar named Khao’ Gam Luem-Phua (KGLP) extract had significantly high levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, TPC, and TFC, as well as exerting a potent antioxidant activity through ABTS assay (524.26 ± 4.63 VCEAC, mg l-ascorbic-ascorbic/g extract), lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ = 19.70 ± 0.31 µg/mL), superoxide anions (IC₅₀ = 11.20 ± 0.25 µg/mL), nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 17.12 ± 0.56 µg/mL), a suppression effect on nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 18.32 ± 0.82 µg/mL), and an inducible nitric oxide synthase production (IC₅₀ = 23.43 ± 1.21 µg/mL) in combined lipopolysaccharide-interferon-γ-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Additionally, KGLP also exhibited antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These results indicate that Thai glutinous purple rice cultivated on the highland could be a potent natural source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and antimicrobial agents for use as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient in functional food and nutraceutical products.

Do grape and black mulberry molasses have an effect on oral mucositis and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer?

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the effect of black mulberry and grape molasses on the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis and quality of life (QoL) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

METHODS

Patients treated for HNC between 2010 and 2018 in our department were divided into three groups (group 1 = control (n = 14), group 2 = grape molasses (n = 40), and group 3 = black mulberry molasses (n = 40)). Oral mucositis, pain scoring, and weight loss were evaluated weekly. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) General QoL Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and EORTC Head and Neck Cancer QoL Module (QLQ-HN35) were used to evaluate QoL.

RESULTS

The mean body weight, scores of oral mucositis, and pain were similar among the groups throughout the treatment. Both groups 2 and 3 were associated with improved outcomes for swallowing, opening mouth, and weight loss in the EORTC HN35, and these parameters were not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. Global health score was higher in group 3 at the 6th week of RT compared to that of group 2. Both groups 2 and 3 had improved scores for role functioning, emotional and social functioning, fatigue, appetite loss, and pain throughout the treatment compared to group 1.

CONCLUSIONS

Both grape and black mulberry molasses improved the QoL in HNC patients. No significant difference between black mulberry and grape molasses was found with regard to the healing of oral mucositis.

Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health: A Comprehensive Review

In recent years, the consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables. Overall, the present review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential health benefits from the daily intake of anthocyanin-rich foods, as well as their possible pharmacological mechanisms of action. However, before that, some emphasis regarding their chemical structure, dietary sources, and bioavailability was done.

A High-Throughput Metabolic Microarray Assay Reveals Antibacterial Effects of Black and Red Raspberries and Blackberries against Helicobacter pylori Infection

Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC₉₀ values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.

Anthocyanins: Promising Natural Products with Diverse Pharmacological Activities

Anthocyanins are natural products that give color to plants. As natural plant pigments, anthocyanins also have a series of health-promoting benefits. Many researchers have proved that anthocyanins have therapeutic effects on diseases, such as circulatory, nervous, endocrine, digestive, sensory, urinary and immune systems. Additionally, a large number of studies have reported that anthocyanins have an anticancer effect through a wide range of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The anti-disease impact and mechanism of anthocyanins are diverse, so they have high research value. This review summarizes the research progress of anthocyanins on the pharmacological agents of different diseases to provide references for subsequent research.

Hierarchical Action of Mulberry miR156 in the Vegetative Phase Transition

The vegetative phase transition is a prerequisite for flowering in angiosperm plants. Mulberry miR156 has been confirmed to be a crucial factor in the vegetative phase transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. The over-expression of miR156 in transgenic Populus × canadensis dramatically prolongs the juvenile phase. Here, we find that the expression of mno-miR156 decreases with age in all tissues in mulberry, which led us to study the hierarchical action of miR156 in mulberry. Utilizing degradome sequencing and dual-luciferase reporter assays, nine MnSPLs were shown to be directly regulated by miR156. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays also revealed that six MnSPLs could recognize the promoter sequences of mno-miR172 and activate its expression. Our results demonstrate that mno-miR156 performs its role by repressing MnSPL/mno-miR172 pathway expression in mulberry. This work uncovered a miR156/SPLs/miR172 regulation pathway in the development of mulberry and fills a gap in our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of vegetative phase transition in perennial woody plants.

Effects of lyophilized black mulberry water extract on lipid oxidation, metmyoglobin formation, color stability, microbial quality and sensory properties of beef patties stored under aerobic and vacuum packaging conditions

The objective was to determine the effects of different concentrations of lyophilized black mulberry water extract (BMWE) on lipid oxidation, metmyoglobin (MMb) formation, color stability, microbial quality, and sensory properties of aerobic (AP) and vacuum (VP) packaged beef patties during 15 days of chilled storage. Compared to control, incorporating of BMWE decreased (P < .01) the pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), MMb, and hue angle values of both AP and VP beef patties, while improving the redness (a*) and chroma values (P < .01). Addition of BMWE contributed significantly to extending the shelf life of beef patties by limiting lipid oxidation, discoloration and microbial growth during storage compared to control (P < .01). Although the lowest TAMB (total aerobic mesophylic bacteria) counts, TBARS and MMb values were determined in 0.4% BMWE groups, 0.2% BMWE was the most favourable concentration considering sensory acceptability and instrumental redness. These results showed that BMWE could be used as a promising natural colorant, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in beef patties instead of synthetic additives.

Aqueous extract from leaves of Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. relieves pain without genotoxicity activity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, the watery sap of Doliocarpus dentatus is used to alleviate thirst, and the leaves of this species are used to relieve pain and swelling associated with inflammatory processes.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to analyze the compounds of the leaves from the aqueous extract of D. dentatus (EADd) and evaluate its toxicogenetic and pain relief effects in animal models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Compounds were identified in EADd by UHPLC-HRMS (Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry). The oral dose of 17 mg/kg EADd, calculated according to ethnopharmacological uses, and doses between 30 and 300 mg/kg were used to test Swiss mice in formalin- and acetic acid-induced models of pain and behavior. EADd (100-2000 mg/kg) was assayed in mice by comet, micronucleus, and phagocytosis tests and by peripheral leukocyte counts.

RESULTS

Phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as trigonelline and isoquercetin were identified in EADd. All oral doses of EADd exhibited antinociceptive activity, as indicated by a decrease in pain in both phases, a decrease in cold hypersensitivity induced by formalin, and a decrease in abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid. EADd did not alter the exploratory, motor or motivational activities of the animals. The comet and micronucleus tests indicated that EADd was not genotoxic and did not change the phagocytic activity or peripheral leukocyte count.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that EADd could act as an antinociceptive agent that does not present genotoxicity. This study should contribute to justifying, in part, the popular use of D. dentatus in pain management, ensuring its safe use.

Antiphotoaging Potential of Extracts of Yin-Tonic Herbal Medicine in Skin Cell and Human Skin Equivalent

Yin-tonic herbal medicines have been shown to possess properties that make skin healthy by nourishing within various organs of the body. However, the antiphotoaging effect of these medicines on the skin has not been fully studied. Photoaging occurs with prolonged sun exposure and causes skin damage and aging, with depletion of the dermal extracellular matrix and chronic alterations in skin structure, such as wrinkles. In this study, we assessed the antiphotoaging effects of eight yin-tonic herbal medicines on human skin cells and skin equivalents. The levels of type I procollagen and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in ultraviolet B- (UVB-) irradiated CCD-986sk fibroblasts were measured, and then three medicines were chosen based on screening results. Using UVB-irradiated human skin equivalents, we evaluated the effect of three yin-tonic herbal medicines on histological changes of skin, epidermal and dermal thickness, and MMP-1 production. Furthermore, we observed collagen fiber content and protein expression of filaggrin in UVB-irradiated human skin equivalents. Yin-tonic herbal medicines increased type I procollagen levels and decreased the production of MMP-1 in UVB-irradiated CCD-986sk fibroblasts. The three selected yin-tonic herbal medicines recovered the collagen content and filaggrin expression via MMP-1 downregulation in UVB-irradiated human skin equivalents. Our results show that yin-tonic herbal medicines can prevent skin photoaging by reduction of MMP-1 levels and increasing the expression of moisturizing factors. Based on these results, we suggest that yin-tonic herbal medicines have the potential to be used as helpful agent for skin photoaging.

Genome Sequencing Analysis of Scleromitrula shiraiana, a Causal Agent of Mulberry Sclerotial Disease With Narrow Host Range

Scleromitrula shiraiana is a necrotrophic fungus with a narrow host range, and is one of the main causal pathogens of mulberry sclerotial disease. However, its molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report a 39.0 Mb high-quality genome sequence for S. shiraiana strain SX-001. The S. shiraiana genome contains 11,327 protein-coding genes. The number of genes and genome size of S. shiraiana are similar to most other Ascomycetes. The cross-similarities and differences of S. shiraiana with the closely related Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea indicated that S. shiraiana differentiated earlier from their common ancestor. A comparative genomic analysis showed that S. shiraiana has fewer genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and effector proteins than that of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, as well as many other Ascomycetes. This is probably a key factor in the weaker aggressiveness of S. shiraiana to other plants. S. shiraiana has many species-specific genes encoding secondary metabolism core enzymes. The diversity of secondary metabolites may be related to the adaptation of these pathogens to specific ecological niches. However, melanin and oxalic acid are conserved metabolites among many Sclerotiniaceae fungi, and may be essential for survival and infection. Our results provide insights into the narrow host range of S. shiraiana and its adaptation to mulberries.

An Evidence-Based Research on Botanical Sources for Oral Mucositis Treatment in Traditional Persian Medicine

BACKGROUND

Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases associated with heavy complications in treatment. Mucotoxic cancer therapies such as head and neck radiotherapy and some of the chemotherapy agents may lead to oral mucositis. In addition to its economic consequences, mucositis also affects patients' quality of life. In Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) manuscripts, several medicaments have been suggested for the treatment of mucositis.

OBJECTIVE

Considering the public welcome for herbal medicine, the current evidence-based review study is conducted to investigate the herbal remedies which have been proposed for oral mucositis in TPM.

METHODS

At first, a comprehensive survey was done on Qanon fi al-Teb, which is the most important textbook of TPM; then the scientific name of the herbs was authenticated according to the botanical textbooks. At last, data banks including Scopus, Pubmed, Web of science and Science direct were investigated for possible relevant properties of each medicinal plant in the literature.

RESULTS

In total, 30 herbs are introduced in this study. According to the registered documents, 18 herbs are reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and wound healing properties of which the therapeutic effect of only a few herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva sylvestris, Morus nigra, Punica granatum, and Solanum nigrum were directly evaluated against oral mucositis on the literature.

CONCLUSION

Despite the lack of human studies on mucositis for the other discussed herbs, their related pharmacological properties can be considered for new natural drug discovery supported by medieval and traditional experiments.

Pomegranate-derived anthocyanin regulates MORs-cAMP/CREB-BDNF pathways in opioid-dependent models and improves cognitive impairments

BACKGROUND

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is one of the oldest known edible fruit. Recently, there has been an increased interest in this fruit as a functional food for health benefits due to its use in disease prevention and promotion of overall health wellness.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the effects of pomegranate extract for the development of non-opioid substitution therapy for in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anthocyanin contents consisting of cyanidin 3-glucoside, diglucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside, diglucoside were detected and quantified in pomegranate extract using high-performance liquid chromatography. The optimum dosage of the extract was determined based on the regulation of MORs and cAMP proteins in U-87 cells. Co-treatment of the extract with morphine was performed to evaluate its potency in reducing the concentration levels of MORs and cAMP. For animal studies, rats were divided into two major groups representing both acute and chronic morphine-induced treatments and the Morris water maze (MWM) study was employed after treatment for each rat. The rats were sacrificed after the treatments and serum samples were collected to evaluate the levels of CREB and BDNF.

RESULTS

The results indicated that each of the anthocyanin content tested in the study was present in the pomegranate extract. Additionally, in-vitro studies using pomegranate extract treatment showed that the extract was effective in decreasing the MORs and cAMP protein levels in U-87 cells at a concentration of 0.125 mg/mL. The memory impairment based on the MWM study in rats was also subsequently improved after treatment with pomegranate extract as compared to treatment with morphine. The blood serum derived from the rats treated with pomegranate extract also showed a significant decrease in CREB level and an increase in BDNF as compared to rats treated with morphine.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study substantiates the potency of pomegranate extract as a non-opioid substitution therapy for in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Discovery and Development of Inflammatory Inhibitors from 2-Phenylchromonone (Flavone) Scaffolds

Flavonoids are compounds based on a 2-phenylchromonone scaffold. Flavonoids can be divided into flavonoids, flavonols, dihydroflavones, anthocyanins, chalcones and diflavones according to the oxidation degree of the central tricarbonyl chain, the connection position of B-ring (2-or 3-position), and whether the tricarbonyl chain forms a ring or not. There are a variety of biological activities about flavonoids, such as anti-inflammatory activity, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor activity, and the antiinflammatory activity is apparent. This paper reviews the anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms of flavonoids and their derivatives reported in China and abroad from 2011 till date (2011-2020), in order to find a good drug scaffold for the study of anti-inflammatory activities.

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids against the Emerging Opportunistic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the causative agent of severe chronic pulmonary diseases and is accountable for post-traumatic wound infections, lymphadenitis, endometritis, cutaneous, eye infections and disseminated diseases. These infections are extremely challenging to treat due to multidrug resistance, which encompasses the classical and existing antituberculosis agents. Hence, current studies are aimed to appraise the antimycobacterial activity of flavonoids against NTM, their capacity to synergize with pharmacological agents and their ability to block virulence. Flavonoids have potential antimycobacterial effects at minor quantities by themselves or in synergistic combinations. A cocktail of flavonoids used with existing antimycobacterial agents is a strategy to lessen side effects. The present review focuses on recent studies on naturally occurring flavonoids and their antimycobacterial effects, underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects in a cocktail with traditional agents.

Functional Characterization of the 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Genes in Morus notabilis

Terpenoids are considered to be the largest group of secondary metabolites and natural products. Studies have revealed 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate pathway, which produces isopentenyl diphosphate and its isoform dimethylallyl diphosphate as terpenoid biosynthesis precursors. Mulberry (Morus L.) is an economically and ecologically important perennial tree with diverse secondary metabolites, including terpenoids that protect plants against bacteria and insects and may be useful for treating human diseases. However, there has been relatively little research regarding DXS genes in mulberry and other woody plant species. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized three Morus notabilis DXS genes (MnDXS1, MnDXS2A, and MnDXS2B). Bioinformatics analyses indicated MnDXS1 belongs to clade 1, whereas MnDXS2A and MnDXS2B are in clade 2. The three encoded MnDXS proteins are localized to chloroplasts. Additionally, substantial differences in MnDXS expression patterns were observed in diverse tissues and in response to insect feeding and methyl jasmonate treatment. Moreover, overexpression of MnDXS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the gibberellic acid content and resulted in early flowering, whereas overexpression of MnDXS2A enhanced root growth and increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Our findings indicate that MnDXS functions vary among the clades, which may be useful for further elucidation of the functions of the DXS genes in mulberry.

The Prevention and Inhibition Effect of Anthocyanins on Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that are natural water soluble glycosidic pigments with efficacious anti-cancer effects, which have good biological activity against many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the exact molecular mechanism used by anthocyanins against cancer is unclear; it is also unclear what a reasonable dosage might be for their use against colorectal cancer.

METHODS

Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, MTT assay, xenograft model, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used to perform the experiments.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, anthocyanins could significantly inhibit the cell viability and proliferation and promote the apoptosis of human colon cancer HT29 cells. Furthermore, anthocyanins reduced tumor weight and volume in a colon tumor mouse model and downregulated the expression of PI3K protein, inhibited AKT expression and phosphorylation, decreased the Bcl-2 and Bax ratio and reduced survivin protein expression in the tumor tissue.

CONCLUSION

Anthocyanins promoted apoptosis of CRC cells and inhibited colon cancer growth of xenografted tumors. Mechanistically, anthocyanins enhanced the Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways through targeting the PI3K/AKT/survivin pathway, resulting in impairment of growth of CRC.

Chemotherapeutic Potential of Carthamus Oxycantha Root Extract as Antidiarrheal and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities

Our research work was designed to investigate the curative and preventive effects of Carthamus oxycantha root extract against diarrhea and microorganisms. For the antibacterial experiment, the agar well diffusion method was used against standard bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Salmonella typhi, while for the assessment of antidiarrheal activity, castor oil and the magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea method was used on albino, laboratory-bred (BALB/c) mice at a dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg (body weight, b.w) orally. The methanol extract of C. oxycantha significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the frequency of defecation, and wet stools in a dose depended on the manner of after receiving magnesium sulfate (2 g/kg (b.w)) and castor oil (1.0 mL/mice). Furthermore, the extract of C. oxycantha showed concentration-dependent antimicrobial properties against S. aureus followed by S. typhi, E. coli, and P. aeroginosa bacterial strains, with inhibitions ranging from 10.5–15 mm. These findings show significant results that C. oxycantha is effective as an antidiarrheal and antibacterial agent. However, further works are needed to establish its mode of action.

Mulberry Fruit Cultivar 'Chiang Mai' Prevents Beta-Amyloid Toxicity in PC12 Neuronal Cells and in a Drosophila Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by chronic neuron loss and cognitive problems. Aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, a product of cleaved amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1), have been indicated for the progressive pathogenesis of AD. Currently, screening for anti-AD compounds in foodstuffs is increasing, with promising results. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the extraction conditions, phytochemical contents, and anti-AD properties, targeting Aβ peptides of Morus cf. nigra 'Chiang Mai' (MNCM) both in vitro and in vivo. Data showed that the aqueous extract of MNCM contained high amounts of cyanidin, keracyanin, and kuromanin as anthocyanidin and anthocyanins. The extract also strongly inhibited cholinesterases and BACE-1 in vitro. Moreover, MNCM extract prevented Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and promoted neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells. Interestingly, MNCM extract reduced Aβ_1-42 peptides and improved locomotory coordination of Drosophila co-expressing human APP and BACE-1, specifically in the brain. These findings suggest that MNCM may be useful as an AD preventive agent by targeting Aβ formation.

Nutraceutical Properties of Mulberries Grown in Southern Italy (Apulia)

In this work, for the first time, were analyzed mulberry genotypes grown in Apulia (Southern Italy, Salento region) were analyzed. Two local varieties of Morus alba (cv. Legittimo nero and cv. Nello) and one of Morus nigra were characterized for content in simple sugars, organic acids, phenols, anthocyanins; fruit antioxidant activity (AA) was also evaluated by three different methods (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH; 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS; and Ferric reducing antioxidant potential, FRAP test). The results showed that the sugars amount ranged between 6.29 and 7.66 g/100 g fresh weight (FW) while the malic and citric acids content was low, at about 0.1–1 g/100 g FW. Mulberries are a good source of phenols which are present in higher values in M. nigra and M. alba cv. Legittimo nero (485 and 424 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/ 100 g FW, respectively). The high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/MS) analysis identified 5 main anthocyanin compounds present in different concentrations in each variety of mulberry: cyanidin 3-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was determined in Morus alba Legittimo (about 300 mg/100 g FW) while the lowest content (about 25 mg/100 g FW) was measured in M. alba cv. Nello. Morus nigra showed a good AA in comparison with the different M. alba genotypes with all the used methods; its AA was equal to 33, 26 and 21 μmols Trolox/g FW when using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests, respectively. All genotypes showed an anti-inflammatory activity (measured by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory assay) which was also compared with two commercial anti-inflammatory drugs. The data obtained support the high biological qualities of mulberry fruits and their diffusion in human nutrition.

Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

Mulberry plants belonging to the Moraceae family have been grown for the purpose of being the nutrient source for silk worm and raw materials for the preparation of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) is native to Southwestern Asia, and it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for animals and humans. In this article, recent research progress on various biological and pharmacological properties of extracts, fractions, and isolated active constituents from different parts of M. nigra are reviewed. M. nigra exhibited a wide-spectrum of biological and pharmacological therapeutic effects including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-melanogenic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. M. nigra also showed protective effects against various human organs and systems, mainly based on its antioxidant capacity. These findings strongly suggest that M. nigra can be used as a promising nutraceutical resource to control and prevent various chronic diseases.

Nutraceutical and Medicinal Potential of the Morus Species in Metabolic Dysfunctions

Many populations use medicinal plants as a therapeutic treatment, due to their lower cost and greater access. Among the plant species used for medicinal purposes are those of the genus Morus. The most known species are Morus alba, rubra, and nigra. This review aims to collect data from the literature, predominantly from cell and animal studies, which presents a possible nutraceutical and medicinal potential of the species Morus for use in metabolic dysfunctions. The fruits and leaves of mulberry are used for therapeutic purposes. For scientific confirmation of these effects, they were studied for laxative properties, antibacterial activity, anti-atherogenic activity, and hepatoprotective function. Furthermore, the genus Morus is recognized for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus, through its hypoglycemic action. It may also provide health benefits through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects. It has been found that the Morus species have phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that act as important antioxidants and promote beneficial effects on human health. These phytochemical compounds differ among species. Blackberry (Morus nigra) are rich in flavonoids, while the white mulberry (Morus alba) has low concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins. In addition, another important factor is to ensure a complete exemption of toxic risks in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases. Studies have shown no toxic effects by the administration of extracts of Morus species. Thus, the mulberry tree presents nutraceutical potential. It is therefore a promising alternative for medicinal products based on medicinal plants.

Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Activities of Polyphenol Extracts from Solanum tuberosum spp. tuberosum and spp. andigena Cultivars on Escherichia coli and Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells In Vitro

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are a good source of dietary antioxidant polyphenols. This study investigated the potential antioxidant, bactericidal, and cytotoxic activities in vitro of the phenolic compounds present in tubers of one S. tuberosum spp. tuberosum (Summerside), and three S. tuberosum spp. andigena (landraces Moradita, Waicha, and Santa María) cultivars. Both the content of phenolic acids, chlorogenic acids (CGAs) being the most abundant, and the antioxidant activity were higher in extracts from skin than from flesh. Extracts from Moradita flesh and Summerside skin showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 but failed to inhibit pathogenic E. coli O157. Both extracts lack pigmentation but do contain 5-CGA, caffeic, and ferulic acids. Positive control with gentamicin and commercial 5-CGA resulted in a complete inhibition of bacterial growth. In addition, all potato extracts and commercial 5-CGA diminished dose-dependently human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell viability. Skin extracts were more potent than flesh extracts. Among flesh extracts, Moradita was the most potent. Together, our results suggest that Moradita flesh could provide a desirable source of important health-promoting substances. Findings indicate that the biological activity of potato extracts is a combination of various bioactive compounds and contribute to the revalorization of potato as a functional food.