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Zhou L, Peng Y, Xu Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Liang T, Chen T, Xiao Y, Feng S, Ding C. The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Moisturizing Effects of Camellia oleifera Oil and Its Potential Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1864. [PMID: 38675684 PMCID: PMC11055129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera oil (CO oil) extracted from C. oleifera seeds has a 2300-year consumption history in China. However, there is relatively little research regarding its non-edible uses. This study determined the physicochemical properties of CO oil extracted via direct pressing, identified its main components using GC-MS, and evaluated its antioxidant, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that CO oil's acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were 1.06 ± 0.031 mg/g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g/100 g, 65.14 ± 8.22 g/100 g, and 180.41 ± 5.60 mg/g, respectively. CO oil's tocopherol, polyphenol, and squalene contents were 82.21 ± 9.07 mg/kg, 181.37 ± 3.76 mg/kg, and 53.39 ± 6.58 mg/kg, respectively; its unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was 87.44%, and its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was 12.56%. CO oil also demonstrated excellent moisture retention properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and certain free radical scavenging. A highly stable CO oil emulsion with competent microbiological detection was developed using formulation optimization. Using CO oil in the emulsion significantly improved the formulation's antioxidant and moisturizing properties compared with those of the emulsion formulation that did not include CO oil. The prepared emulsion was not cytotoxic to cells and could reduce cells' NO content; therefore, it may have potential nutritional value in medicine and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunlan Peng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhou Xu
- Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China;
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ningbo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shiling Feng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chunbang Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
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Zhang L, Chen J, Liang R, Liu C, Chen M, Chen J. Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipophilic Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin and Camellia Oil Combination in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020289. [PMID: 35204172 PMCID: PMC8868477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination drug therapy has become an effective strategy to control inflammation. Lipophilic grape seed proanthocyanidin (LGSP) and camellia oil (CO) have been independently investigated to show anti-inflammatory effects, but their synergistic anti-inflammatory effects are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of LGSP and CO. The anti-inflammatory activity of LGSP and CO individual or in combination on RAW264.7 cells was detected by MTT assay, Griess reagent, RT-PCR, 2′,7′-dichlorfluoroescein diacetate and Western blot analysis. The combined treatment of LGSP with CO (20 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL) synergistically suppressed the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and ROS. Further studies showed that the synergistic effect was attributed to their suppression of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential synergistic effect between LGSP and CO in LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (L.Z.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Juan Chen
- Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564501, China;
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (L.Z.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (L.Z.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Mingshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (L.Z.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0791-88305871
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (L.Z.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (J.C.)
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Apios Americana Medicus: A potential staple food candidate with versatile bioactivities. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cho BO, Shin JY, Kang HJ, Park JH, Hao S, Wang F, Jang SI. Anti‑inflammatory effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii, peppermint, Glycyrrhiza glabra herbal mixture in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:532. [PMID: 34036392 PMCID: PMC8170225 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal inflammatory reaction protects the body from harmful external factors, whereas abnormal chronic inflammation can cause various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti‑inflammatory activity of a mixture of Chrysanthemum zawadskii, peppermint and Glycyrrhiza glabra (CPG) by analyzing the expression levels of inflammatory mediators, cytokines and transcription factors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated Raw264.7 cells. A nitric oxide assay, ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate the anti‑inflammatory activity of the CPG mixture. Pretreatment of Raw264.7 cells with CPG inhibited the increase of inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‑2 and IFN‑β) induced by LPS. Additionally, it inhibited the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β). CPG suppressed LPS‑induced phosphorylation of STAT1, AKT, Iκb and NF‑κB. Furthermore, CPG inhibited the translocation of NF‑κB into the nucleus. In summary, CPG could inhibit LPS‑induced inflammation, which occurs primarily through the AKT/Iκb/NF‑κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Park
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Suping Hao
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju‑si, Jeollabuk‑do 55069, Republic of Korea
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Horie M, Sugino S, Tada A, Nara K. Groundnut ( Apios americana Medik) Extract Enhances the Osteoblast Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of groundnut ( Apios americana Medik) extract on osteoblast differentiation were examined using MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with the crude extract along with other differentiating reagents. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of cells cultured in a differentiation medium supplemented with 0.01% crude groundnut extract was 1.5‐1.6 times higher than that of cells cultured in a differentiation medium without the extract. Crude groundnut extract was further separated into aqueous and methanol fractions. The methanol fraction enhanced ALP activity, osteocalcin, integrin-binding sialoprotein, and type I collagen expression, and calcium mineralization. Conversely, the aqueous fraction did not show such effects. Groundnut extract may enhance osteoblast differentiation, and this effect is likely conferred by water insoluble substance(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sakiko Sugino
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Atsumi Tada
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nara
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Jissen Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
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Facile synthesis of coumaronochromones through palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cross dehydrogenative coupling. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kim HY, Kim JH, Jeong HG, Jin CH. Anti-diabetic effect of the lupinalbin A compound isolated from Apios americana: In vitro analysis and molecular docking study. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:39. [PMID: 33692902 PMCID: PMC7938295 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and α-glucosidase inhibitors have been developed as anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In the present study, the anti-diabetic effects of the lupinalbin A compound isolated from Apios americana was investigated by measuring its inhibitory activity against DPP4 and α-glucosidase. To detect the inhibitory effect of lupinalbin A, DPP4 and α-glucosidase assays were performed in vitro. Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock 4.2. The IC50 values of lupinalbin A against DPP4 and α-glucosidase were 45.2 and 53.4 µM, respectively. Analysis of the enzyme kinetics revealed that lupinalbin A interacted with the active site of DPP4 in a competitive manner, with an inhibition constant (Ki) value of 35.1±2.0 µM, whereas the lupinalbin A interaction with α-glucosidase was non-competitive, with a Ki value of 45.0 µM. Molecular docking analysis revealed a binding pose between the DPP4 enzyme and lupinalbin A. Taken together, these data suggest lupinalbin A is more effective against DPP4 than α-glucosidase, with regard to its anti-diabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Young Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Chungcheongnam-do 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jin
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
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Yu M, Chen TT, Zhang T, Jia HM, Li JJ, Zhang HW, Zou ZM. Anti-inflammatory constituents in the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum by UPLC-PDA-QTOF/MS and lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113839. [PMID: 33388645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum (Hu-Zhang) has been used for treatment of various inflammatory disorders in China. In our pervious study, we found that three fractions (HZE-30, HZE-60 and HZE-95) from the ethanol extract of Hu-Zhang (HZE) all could inhibit NO production, and HZE-60 shows the most potent anti-inflammatory activity. In order to understand the major contribution constituents of Hu-Zhang responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect, quantitative composition-activity relationship method was performed. Firstly, the constituents in HZE-60 were characterized using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) approach. Second, quantitative analyzed five major constituents identified in HZE-60 and compare the difference of five major constituents in HZE and three anti-inflammatory activity fractions. Finally, evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of major constituents in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that a total of 31 compounds were identified from HZE-60, including 12 anthraquinones, 7 diphenylethenes, 9 phenols and 3 others. The contents of five major constituents (polydatin (6), resveratrol (7), emodin-1-O-β-d-glucoside (15), emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside (21) and emodin (31)) were simultaneously determined by UPLC-PDA with good linearity (correlation coefficients > 0.9990) and satisfactory repeatability (RSD < 0.99 %), precision (RSD < 0.01 %), stability (RSD < 0.67 %) and recoveries (99.52 %-101.23 %, RSD < 0.91 %). All five major constituents could be detected in HZE and HZE-60 fraction, but only 6 was detected in HZE-30, and 31 in HZE-95. Moreover, 7, 15 and 21 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity via suppressing supernatant pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NO, tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Therefore, we conclude that the bioactivity of HZE is the syngeneic effect of its constituents, and 7, 15 and 21 should make great contributions for the anti-inflammatory effect of Hu-Zhang. The findings define the anti-inflammatory chemical constituents of Hu-Zhang, which will benefit further investigation on its quality control and the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tong-Tong Chen
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hong-Mei Jia
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hong-Wu Zhang
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhong-Mei Zou
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Atraric Acid Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197070. [PMID: 32992840 PMCID: PMC7582958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens, composite organisms resulting from the symbiotic association between the fungi and algae, produce a variety of secondary metabolites that exhibit pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the secondary metabolite atraric acid produced by Heterodermia hypoleuca. The results confirmed that atraric acid could regulate induced pro-inflammatory cytokine, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, induced nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Meanwhile, atraric acid downregulated the expression of phosphorylated IκB, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Based on these results, the anti-inflammatory effect of atraric acid during LPS-induced endotoxin shock in a mouse model was confirmed. In the atraric acid treated-group, cytokine production was decreased in the peritoneum and serum, and each organ damaged by LPS-stimulation was recovered. These results indicate that atraric acid has an anti-inflammatory effect, which may be the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the inactivation of the ERK/NFκB signaling pathway, demonstrating its potential therapeutic value for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Zhang X, Xue C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Li H, Li F, Liu Y, Guo C. Caprylic acid suppresses inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and improves atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 31182969 PMCID: PMC6555760 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As reported previously by our group, medium-chain triglycerides can ameliorate atherosclerosis. Given that TLR4 is closely related to atherosclerosis, we hypothesized herein that caprylic acid (C8:0) would suppress inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and further promote the amelioration of atherosclerosis in apoE- deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Methods Fifty 6-week male apoE-/- mice were randomly allocated into five diet groups: a high-fat diet (HFD) without or with 2% caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0), or linolenic acid (C18:3). RAW246.7 cells were treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), palmitic acid (C16:0), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without TLR4 knock-down (TLR4-KD). The serum lipid profiles, inflammatory biomolecules, and mRNA and protein expression levels were measured. Atherosclerotic lesions that occurred in the aorta and aortic sinuses were evaluated and quantified. Results Our results indicated that C8:0 reduced body fat, improved the lipid profiles, suppressed inflammatory cytokine production, downregulated aortic TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IKKα, and IKKβ mRNA expression, and alleviated atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mice (P < 0.05). In RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 diminished the inflammatory response and both mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and TNF-α compared to those in the LPS and C16:0 groups (P < 0.05). However, in the TLR4-KD RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 significantly upregulated NF-κB mRNA and protein expression compared to those in the C16:0 and DHA groups. Conclusions These results suggest that C8:0 functions via TLR4/NF-κB signaling to improve the outcomes of apoE-/- mice through suppressing inflammation and ameliorating atherosclerosis. Thus, C8:0 may represent as a promising nutrient against chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China.,2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changyong Xue
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qing Xu
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Huizi Li
- 3Department of Nutrition, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Feng Li
- 4Department of Nutrition, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China
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