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Dörrenhaus R, Wagner PK, Kath-Schorr S. Two are not enough: synthetic strategies and applications of unnatural base pairs. Biol Chem 2023; 404:883-896. [PMID: 37354104 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid chemistry is a rapidly evolving field, and the need for novel nucleotide modifications and artificial nucleotide building blocks for diagnostic and therapeutic use, material science or for studying cellular processes continues unabated. This review focusses on the development and application of unnatural base pairs as part of an expanded genetic alphabet. Not only recent developments in "nature-like" artificial base pairs are presented, but also current synthetic methods to get access to C-glycosidic nucleotides. Wide-ranging viability in synthesis is a prerequisite for the successful use of unnatural base pairs in a broader spectrum and will be discussed.
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Sipos Á, Szennyes E, Hajnal NÉ, Kun S, Szabó KE, Uray K, Somsák L, Docsa T, Bokor É. Dual-Target Compounds against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Proof of Concept for Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter (SGLT) and Glycogen Phosphorylase (GP) Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040364. [PMID: 33920838 PMCID: PMC8071193 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A current trend in the quest for new therapies for complex, multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), is to find dual or even multi-target inhibitors. In DM, the sodium dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys and the glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the liver are validated targets. Several (β-D-glucopyranosylaryl)methyl (het)arene type compounds, called gliflozins, are marketed drugs that target SGLT2. For GP, low nanomolar glucose analogue inhibitors exist. The purpose of this study was to identify dual acting compounds which inhibit both SGLTs and GP. To this end, we have extended the structure-activity relationships of SGLT2 and GP inhibitors to scarcely known (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)methyl arene type compounds and studied several (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)arene type GP inhibitors against SGLT. New compounds, such as 5-arylmethyl-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 5-arylmethyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 4-arylmethyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidines and 4(5)-benzyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)imidazole were prepared by adapting our previous synthetic methods. None of the studied compounds exhibited cytotoxicity and all of them were assayed for their SGLT1 and 2 inhibitory potentials in a SGLT-overexpressing TSA201 cell system. GP inhibition was also determined by known methods. Several newly synthesized (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)methyl arene derivatives had low micromolar SGLT2 inhibitory activity; however, none of these compounds inhibited GP. On the other hand, several (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)arene type GP inhibitor compounds with low micromolar efficacy against SGLT2 were identified. The best dual inhibitor, 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4(5)-(2-naphthyl)-imidazole, had a Ki of 31 nM for GP and IC50 of 3.5 μM for SGLT2. This first example of an SGLT-GP dual inhibitor can prospectively be developed into even more efficient dual-target compounds with potential applications in future antidiabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.S.); (K.U.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szennyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Nikolett Éva Hajnal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Katalin E. Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.S.); (K.U.)
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.D.); (É.B.); Tel.: +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22348) (L.S.); +36-525-186-00 (ext. 61192) (T.D.); +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22474) (É.B.)
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.S.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.D.); (É.B.); Tel.: +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22348) (L.S.); +36-525-186-00 (ext. 61192) (T.D.); +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22474) (É.B.)
| | - Éva Bokor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.É.H.); (S.K.); (K.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.D.); (É.B.); Tel.: +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22348) (L.S.); +36-525-186-00 (ext. 61192) (T.D.); +36-525-129-00 (ext. 22474) (É.B.)
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Goyard D, Kónya B, Czifrák K, Larini P, Demontrond F, Leroy J, Balzarin S, Tournier M, Tousch D, Petit P, Duret C, Maurel P, Docsa T, Gergely P, Somsák L, Praly JP, Azay-Milhau J, Vidal S. Glucose-based spiro-oxathiazoles as in vivo anti-hyperglycemic agents through glycogen phosphorylase inhibition. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:931-940. [PMID: 31922157 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors targeting the catalytic site of the enzyme is a promising strategy for a better control of hyperglycaemia in the context of type 2 diabetes. Glucopyranosylidene-spiro-heterocycles have been demonstrated as potent GP inhibitors, and more specifically spiro-oxathiazoles. A new synthetic route has now been elaborated through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an aryl nitrile oxide to a glucono-thionolactone affording in one step the spiro-oxathiazole moiety. The thionolactone was obtained from the thermal rearrangement of a thiosulfinate precursor according to Fairbanks' protocols, although with a revisited outcome and also rationalised with DFT calculations. The 2-naphthyl substituted glucose-based spiro-oxathiazole 5h, identified as one of the most potent GP inhibitors (Ki = 160 nM against RMGPb) could be produced on the gram-scale from this strategy. Further evaluation in vitro using rat and human hepatocytes demonstrated that compound 5h is a anti-hyperglycaemic drug candidates performing slightly better than DAB used as a positive control. Investigation in Zucker fa/fa rat model in acute and subchronic assays further confirmed the potency of compound 5h since it lowered blood glucose levels by ∼36% at 30 mg kg-1 and ∼43% at 60 mg kg-1. The present study is one of the few in vivo investigations for glucose-based GP inhibitors and provides data in animal models for such drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goyard
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Bálint Kónya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Czifrák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Paolo Larini
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Fanny Demontrond
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jérémy Leroy
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Balzarin
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Tournier
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Tousch
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Petit
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Duret
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France and Montpellier University, UMR-1040, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Maurel
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France and Montpellier University, UMR-1040, Montpellier, France
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 7, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 7, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, POB 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jean-Pierre Praly
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jacqueline Azay-Milhau
- Montpellier University, EA7288, Biocommunication in cardiometabolism (BC2M), Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Kánya N, Kun S, Batta G, Somsák L. Glycosylation with ulosonates under Mitsunobu conditions: scope and limitations. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitsunobu reactions on highly hindered tertiary type hydroxy groups of ulosonates: from 47 NuH compounds O-, N-, and S-nucleophiles gave the corresponding ulosidonates in 30–78% yields, while C-nucleophiles were unreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Kánya
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- H-4002 Debrecen
- Hungary
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Kyriakis E, Karra AG, Papaioannou O, Solovou T, Skamnaki VT, Liggri PGV, Zographos SE, Szennyes E, Bokor É, Kun S, Psarra AMG, Somsák L, Leonidas DD. The architecture of hydrogen and sulfur σ-hole interactions explain differences in the inhibitory potency of C-β-d-glucopyranosyl thiazoles, imidazoles and an N-β-d glucopyranosyl tetrazole for human liver glycogen phosphorylase and offer new insights to structure-based design. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115196. [PMID: 31767404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
C-Glucopyranosyl imidazoles, thiazoles, and an N-glucopyranosyl tetrazole were assessed in vitro and ex vivo for their inhibitory efficiency against isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase (GP; a validated pharmacological target for the development of anti-hyperglycaemic agents). Imidazoles proved to be more potent inhibitors than the corresponding thiazoles or the tetrazole. The most potent derivative has a 2-naphthyl substituent, a Ki value of 3.2 µM for hepatic glycogen phosphorylase, displaying also 60% inhibition of GP activity in HepG2 cells, compared to control vehicle treated cells, at 100 μM. X-Ray crystallography studies of the protein - inhibitor complexes revealed the importance of the architecture of inhibitor associated hydrogen bonds or sulfur σ-hole bond interactions to Asn284 OD1, offering new insights to structure-based design efforts. Moreover, while the 2-glucopyranosyl-tetrazole seems to bind differently from the corresponding 1,2,3-triazole compound, the two inhibitors are equipotent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Kyriakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Aikaterini G Karra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Olga Papaioannou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodora Solovou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassiliki T Skamnaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiota G V Liggri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary; Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros E Zographos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Eszter Szennyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Bokor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna-Maria G Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Demetres D Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
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Pałasz A, Cież D, Trzewik B, Miszczak K, Tynor G, Bazan B. In the Search of Glycoside-Based Molecules as Antidiabetic Agents. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:19. [PMID: 31165274 PMCID: PMC6548768 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is an effort to summarize recent developments in synthesis of O-glycosides and N-, C-glycosyl molecules with promising antidiabetic potential. Articles published after 2000 are included. First, the O-glycosides used in the treatment of diabetes are presented, followed by the N-glycosides and finally the C-glycosides constituting the largest group of antidiabetic drugs are described. Within each group of glycosides, we presented how the structure of compounds representing potential drugs changes and when discussing chemical compounds of a similar structure, achievements are presented in the chronological order. C-Glycosyl compounds mimicking O-glycosides structure, exhibit the best features in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, the largest part of the article is concerned with the description of the synthesis and biological studies of various C-glycosides. Also N-glycosides such as N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-amides, N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-ureas, and 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives belong to the most potent classes of antidiabetic agents. In order to indicate which of the compounds presented in the given sections have the best inhibitory properties, a list of the best inhibitors is presented at the end of each section. In summary, the best inhibitors were selected from each of the summarizing figures and the results of the ranking were placed. In this way, the reader can learn about the structure of the compounds having the best antidiabetic activity. The compounds, whose synthesis was described in the article but did not appear on the figures presenting the structures of the most active inhibitors, did not show proper activity as inhibitors. Thus, the article also presents studies that have not yielded the desired results and show directions of research that should not be followed. In order to show the directions of the latest research, articles from 2018 to 2019 are described in a separate Sect. 5. In Sect. 6, biological mechanisms of action of the glycosides and patents of marketed drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pałasz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Cież
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzewik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miszczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tynor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Bazan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
Abstract
Glycomimetics are compounds that resemble carbohydrate molecules in their chemical structure and/or biological effect. A large variety of compounds can be designed and synthesized to get glycomimetics, however, C-glycosyl derivatives represent one of the most frequently studied subgroup. In the present survey syntheses of a range of five- and six membered C-glycopyranosyl heterocycles, anhydro-aldimine type compounds, exo-glycals, C-glycosyl styrenes, carbon-sulfur bonded oligosaccharide mimics are described. Some of the C-glycopyranosyl azoles, namely 1,2,4-triazoles and imidazoles belong to the most efficient glucose analog inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase known to date. Biological studies revealed the therapeutical potential of such inhibitors. Other synthetic derivatives offer versatile possibilities to get further glycomimetics.
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Szennyes E, Bokor É, Docsa T, Sipos Á, Somsák L. Synthesis of C-β-d-glucopyranosyl derivatives of some fused azoles for the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase. Carbohydr Res 2019; 472:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Compain P. Glycomimetics: Design, Synthesis, and Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071658. [PMID: 29986502 PMCID: PMC6100611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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