Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photostabilization in the Presence of Schiff Bases Containing a Thiadiazole Moiety

Spectroscopic characterization and assessment of microbiological potential of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative showing ESIPT dual fluorescence enhanced by aggregation effects

In the presented study, advanced experimental techniques, including electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies [with Resonance Light Scattering (RLS)], measurements of fluorescence lifetimes in the frequency domain, calculations of dipole moment fluctuations, quantum yields, and radiative and non-radiative transfer constants, were used to characterize a selected analogue from the group of 1,3,4-thiadiazole, namely: 4-[5-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diol (NTBD), intrinsically capable to demonstrate enol → keto excited-states intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effects. The results of spectroscopic analyses conducted in solvent media as well as selected mixtures were complemented by considering biological properties of the derivative in question, particularly in terms of its potential microbiological activity. The compound demonstrated a dual fluorescence effect in non-polar solvents, e.g. chloroform and DMSO/H₂O mixtures, while in polar solvents only a single emission maximum was detected. In the studied systems, ESIPT effects were indeed observed, as was the associated phenomenon of dual fluorescence, and, as demonstrated for the DMSO: H₂O mixtures, the same could be relatively easily induced by aggregation effects related to aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Subsequently conducted quantum-chemical (TD-)DFT calculations supported further possibility of ESIPT effects. The following article provides a comprehensive description of the spectroscopic and biological properties of the analyzed 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, highlighting its potential applicability as a very good fluorescence probes as well as a compound capable of high microbiological activity.

Chitosan Schiff-Base Hydrogels-A Critical Perspective Review

Chitosan is quite a unique polysaccharide due to the presence of the amine groups naturally occurring in its structure. This feature renders it into a polycation which makes it appealing for preparing polyelectrolyte complexes or imine bonds gels. Therefore, the vast majority of hydrogels prepared using Schiff base chemistry have chitosan as one component. Usually, the counterpart is a low molecular weight aldehyde or a macromolecular periodate-oxidized polysaccharide, i.e., cellulose, pullulan, starch, alginate, hyaluronic acid, etc. Indisputable advantages of hydrogels include their quick gelation, no need for crosslinking agents, and self-healing and injectability properties. This gives grounds for further research, both fundamental in materials science and applicative in various domains. This article is a critical assessment of the most relevant aspects of this topic. It also provides a short review of some of the most interesting research reported in the literature supporting the main observations of this perspective.

Synthesis of New Norfloxacin-Tin Complexes to Mitigate the Effect of Ultraviolet-Visible Irradiation in Polyvinyl Chloride Films

Polyvinyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of products, but it is susceptible to degradation if exposed to high temperatures and sunlight. There is therefore a need to continuously explore the design, synthesis, and application of new and improved additives to reduce the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride in harsh environments and for outdoor applications. This research investigates the use of new norfloxacin–tin complexes as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride to make it last longer. Reactions between norfloxacin and substituted tin chlorides, in different molar ratios and in methanol under reflux conditions, gave the corresponding organotin complexes in high yields. The chemical structures of the synthesized complexes were established, and their effect on the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride due to ultraviolet-visible irradiation was investigated. Norfloxacin–tin complexes were added to polyvinyl chloride at very low concentrations and homogenous thin films were made. The films were irradiated for a period of up to 300 h, and the damage that occurred was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, polymeric materials weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface inspection. The degree of photodegradation in the polymeric materials was much less in the blends containing norfloxacin–tin complexes compared to the case where no additives were used. The use of the additives leads to a reduction in photodegradation (e.g., a reduction in the formation of short-chain polymeric fragments, weight loss, average molecular weight depletion, and roughness factor) of irradiated polyvinyl chloride. The norfloxacin–tin complexes contain aromatic moieties (aryl and heterocycle), heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine), and an acidic center (tin atom). Therefore, they act as efficient photostabilizers by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and scavenging hydrogen chloride, peroxides, and radical species, thereby slowing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride.

Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation

The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers' irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.

Substituted Organotin Complexes of 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid for Reduction of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation

Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.

FTIR, Weight, and Surface Morphology of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Tin Complexes Containing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Moieties

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important synthetic plastic that is produced in large quantities (millions of tons) annually. Additives to PVC are necessary to allow its use in many applications, particularly in harsh conditions. In regard to this, investigation of the synthesis of trimethoprim–tin complexes and their use as PVC additives is reported. Trimethoprim–tin complexes were obtained from the reaction of trimethoprim and tin chlorides using simple procedures. Trimethoprim–tin complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to PVC to produce homogenous mixtures and thin films were made. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the surface and properties of the PVC films was investigated. The level of both photodecomposition and photo-oxidation of PVC films containing trimethoprim–tin complexes was observed to be lower than for the blank film. The effectiveness of tin complexes as PVC photostabilizers reflects the aromaticity of the additives. The complex containing three phenyl groups attached to the tin cation showed the most stabilizing effect on PVC. The complex containing two phenyl groups was next, with the one containing butyl substituents resulting in the least stabilization of PVC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of the synthesized complexes in PVC photostabilization.

Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Polystyrene Containing Cephalexin Schiff Bases

The scale of production of polystyrene has escalated in the recent past in order to meet growing demand. As a result, a large quantity of polystyrene waste continues to be generated along with associated health and environmental problems. One way to tackle such problems is to lengthen the lifetime of polystyrene, especially for outdoor applications. Our approach is the synthesis and application of new ultraviolet photostabilizers for polystyrene and this research is focused on four cephalexin Schiff bases. The reaction of cephalexin and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-bromobanzaldehyde under acidic condition afforded the corresponding Schiff bases in high yields. The Schiff bases were characterized and their surfaces were examined. The Schiff bases were mixed with polystyrene to form homogenous blends and their effectiveness as photostabilizers was explored using different methods. The methods included monitoring the changes in the infrared spectra, weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface morphology on irradiation. In the presence of the Schiff bases, the formation of carbonyl group fragments, weight loss, and decrease in molecular weight of polystyrene were lower when compared with pure polystyrene. In addition, undesirable changes in the surface such as the appearance of dark spots, cracks, and roughness were minimal for irradiated polystyrene containing cephalexin Schiff bases. Mechanisms by which cephalexin Schiff bases stabilize polystyrene against photodegradation have also been suggested.

Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-oxidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.

Tin-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Complexes as Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)

Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations; therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%-95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.

Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Blended with Organotin Complexes of Mefenamic Acid for Outdoor Applications

This study develops a process for enhancing the photostabilization of PVC films blended with a low concentration of mefenamate–tin complex. One tri-substituted and three di-substituted organotin complexes containing mefenamate unit are synthesized, and their chemical structures are established. The reactions of mefenamic acid and a number of substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding tin complexes in 70–77% yields. Tin complexes were blended with PVC and thin films. The effect of the addition of additives against long-term irradiation (290–400 nm, 300 h) is also tested. Changes in the infrared spectra, weight, and surface of the PVC blends due to irradiation are examined and analyzed. Any damage to the PVC surface and its chemical degradation level are noticeably low in the presence of additives. Minimal photodegradation levels and surface changes of the irradiated PVC films are observed when the triphenyltin complex is used. Such a complex is highly aromatic and can act as an ultraviolet irradiation absorber and a scavenger for hydrogen chloride and radicals produced due to the photooxidation and photoirradiation of PVC films.

Synthesis of Carvedilol-Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.

A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.

Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.

Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.

Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light

Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.

Porous Aromatic Melamine Schiff Bases as Highly Efficient Media for Carbon Dioxide Storage

High energy demand has led to excessive fuel consumption and high-concentration CO2 production. CO2 release causes serious environmental problems such as the rise in the Earth’s temperature, leading to global warming. Thus, chemical industries are under severe pressure to provide a solution to the problems associated with fuel consumption and to reduce CO2 emission at the source. To this effect, herein, four highly porous aromatic Schiff bases derived from melamine were investigated as potential media for CO2 capture. Since these Schiff bases are highly aromatic, porous, and have a high content of heteroatoms (nitrogen and oxygen), they can serve as CO2 storage media. The surface morphology of the Schiff bases was investigated through field emission scanning electron microscopy, and their physical properties were determined by gas adsorption experiments. The Schiff bases had a pore volume of 0.005–0.036 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of 1.69–3.363 nm, and a small Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (5.2–11.6 m2/g). The Schiff bases showed remarkable CO2 uptake (up to 2.33 mmol/g; 10.0 wt%) at 323 K and 40 bars. The Schiff base containing the 4-nitrophenyl substituent was the most efficient medium for CO2 adsorption and, therefore, can be used as a gas sorbent.

Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) by Organotin(IV) Compounds against Photodegradation

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds were tested as photostabilizers against photodegradation. PVC films (40-µm thickness) containing these compounds (0.5 wt%) were irradiated with ultraviolet light at room temperature for up to 300 h. Changes in various polymeric parameters, including the growth of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene functional groups, weight loss, reduction in molecular weight, and appearance of surface irregularities, were investigated to test the efficiency of the photostabilizers. The changes were more noticeable in the blank PVC film than in the films containing the telmisartan organotin(IV) compounds. These results reflect that these compounds effectively inhibit the photodegradation of PVC, possibly by acting as hydrogen chloride and radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, and primary photostabilizers. The synthesized organotin(IV) complexes could be used as PVC additives to enhance photostability.

Long-Term Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Containing Naproxen Diorganotin(IV) Complexes

As poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegrades with long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, it is desirable to develop methods that enhance the photostability of PVC. In this study, new aromatic-rich diorganotin(IV) complexes were tested as photostabilizers in PVC films. The diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in 79-86% yields by reacting excess naproxen with tin(IV) chlorides. PVC films containing 0.5 wt % diorganotin(IV) complexes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for up to 300 h, and changes within the films were monitored using the weight loss and the formation of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and polyene). In addition, changes in the surface morphologies of the films were investigated. The diorganotin(IV) complexes enhanced the photostability of PVC, as the weight loss and surface roughness were much lower in the films with additives than in the blank film. Notably, the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient photostabilizer. The polymeric film containing this complex exhibited a morphology of regularly distributed hexagonal pores, with a honeycomb-like structure-possibly due to cross-linking and interactions between the additive and the polymeric chains. Various mechanisms, including direct absorption of ultraviolet irradiation, radical or hydrogen chloride scavenging, and polymer chain coordination, could explain how the diorganotin(IV) complexes stabilize PVC against photodegradation.

The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light

Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.

Fabrication of Novel Ball-Like Polystyrene Films Containing Schiff Base Microspheres as Photostabilizers

Polystyrene films containing a low concentration of three highly aromatic Schiff bases were prepared using the casting method. The polystyrene films were irradiated with ultraviolet light (300 h). The polystyrene infrared spectra, weight loss, molecular weight reduction and the surface morphology were examined upon irradiation. The Schiff bases acted as photostabilizers and reduced the photodegradation of polystyrene films to a significant level in comparison to the blank film. The images recorded of the surface of the miscible polystyrene/Schiff base blends showed novel ball-like microspheres with a diameter of 3.4⁻4.3 µm. The Schiff bases were able to endow excellent protection to polystyrene against ultraviolet irradiation.

Fabrication of ordered honeycomb porous poly(vinyl chloride) thin film doped with a Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride

A modified poly(vinyl chloride) honeycomb thin film containing a low concentration of a thiadiazole Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride was successfully fabricated using the casting process. The surface morphology of the synthesized thin film was investigated using the scanning electronic microscopy. The synthesized poly(vinyl chloride) thin film was found to have a homogeneous surface morphology with a high crystalline nature. The addition of nickel(II) chloride was discovered to be vital for the formation of the honeycomb like structure.