1
|
Dutra Barroso Gomes N, Paula Magalhães E, Rodrigues Ribeiro L, Cavalcante JW, Morais Gomes Maia M, Cunha da Silva FR, Ali A, Machado Marinho M, Silva Marinho E, Silva Dos Santos H, Costa Martins AM, Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes R. Trypanocidal potential of synthetic p-aminochalcones: In silico and in vitro evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106931. [PMID: 37879182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease of worldwide health concern, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), endemic in Latin America and present in North America and Europe. The WHO recommended drug for CD, benznidazole has low safety profile and several limitations. Therefore, an entity with better therapeutic potential to treat CD is required. Chalcones are an important class of compounds, which have shown antichagasic potential. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of synthetic p-aminochalcones against T. cruzi. Chalcones 1 and 2 were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and characterized by both spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Initially, they were submitted to molecular docking simulations using cruzain and trypanothione reductase (TR) enzymes. It was expected to observe the possible interactions of chalcones with the catalytic site and other important regions of these main pharmacological targets of T. cruzi. Their cytotoxicity within host cells were assessed by MTT reduction assay using LLC-MK2 cells, with CC50 = 85.6 ± 9.2 µM and 1115 ± 381.7 µM for chalcones 1 and 2, respectively. These molecules were also tested against epimastigote and trypomastigote life forms of T. cruzi, causing reduction in the number of viable parasites. For the evaluation of the effect on intracellular amastigotes, infected LLC-MK2 cells were incubated with the chalcones for 24 h, causing reduction in the percentage of infected cells and the number of amastigotes/100 cells. Finally, flow cytometry assays were performed for analyzing cell death mechanisms (7-AAD/AxPE labelling), cytoplasmic ROS accumulation (DCFH-DA assay) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption (Rho123 assay). Both chalcones (1 and 2) caused membrane damage, ROS accumulation and mitochondrial depolarization. In conclusion, the synthetic p-aminochalcones presented trypanocidal effect, causing membrane damage and oxidative stress. Their mechanism of action may be related to cruzain and TR inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lyanna Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Arif Ali
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Theoretical and Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil; State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical and Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kayamba F, Malimabe T, Ademola IK, Pooe OJ, Kushwaha ND, Mahlalela M, van Zyl RL, Gordon M, Mudau PT, Zininga T, Shonhai A, Nyamori VO, Karpoormath R. Design and synthesis of quinoline-pyrimidine inspired hybrids as potential plasmodial inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113330. [PMID: 33744688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Presently, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the first-line therapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. With the emergence of malaria parasites that are resistant to ACT, alternative antimalarial therapies are urgently needed. In line with this, we designed and synthesised a series of novel N-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N'-(4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl)alkanediamine hybrids (6a-7c) and evaluated their inhibitory activity against the NF54 chloroquine-susceptible strain as a promising class of antimalarial compounds. The antiplasmodial screening revealed that seven analogues showed promising to good activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.32 μM-4.30 μM. Compound 7a with 1,4-diamine butyl linker and 4-hydroxyl phenyl on fourth and sixth position of pyrimidine core showed the most prominent activity with an IC50 value of 0.32 ± 0.06 μM, with a favourable safety profile of 9.79 to human kidney epithelial (HEK293) cells. The remaining six analogues showed moderate activity with IC50 values ranging from 7.50 μM to 83.01 μM. We further investigated the binding affinities of the molecules to two essential cytosolic P. falciparum heat shock protein 70 homologues; PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp70-z. Compound 7a exhibited the highest binding affinity for both PfHsp70s with KD in a lower nanomolar range (4.4-11.4 nM). Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that compounds 6, 6k, 7b and 7a exhibited better fitness in PfHsp70-1 with compound 7a showing the highest and lowest binding scores of -9.8 kcal/mol. Therefore, we speculate that PfHsp70-1 is one of the targets of these inhibitors. The bioisoteric replacement of the groups at phenyl ring at the fourth and sixth position of the pyrimidine core had a constructive association with antiplasmodial activity. The promising antiplasmodial activity of the synthesised analogues illustrates how crucial molecular hybridisation is as a strategy in the development of quinoline-pyrimidine hybrids as prospective antiprotozoal agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kayamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Teboho Malimabe
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Idowu Kehinde Ademola
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ofentse Jacob Pooe
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mavela Mahlalela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Michelle Gordon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Pertunia T Mudau
- Department of Biochemistry University of Venda, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry University of Venda, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Vincent O Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reeta, Vinoth R, Rangarajan T, Ayushee, Singh RP, Singh M. Synthesis of novel chalcones through palladium-catalyzed C O cross-coupling reaction of bromo-chalcones with ethyl acetohydroxamate and their antiplasmodial evaluation against Plasmodium falcipuram in vitro. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:631-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|