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Truksa J, Kratochvíl M, Richtár J, Ivanová L, Weiter M, Krajčovič J, Lukeš V. Spectroscopic behavior differences between lumazine and alloxazine in the DMSO-water mixture. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:122998. [PMID: 37356394 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The absorption and emission spectra were investigated for lumazine, alloxazine and their cyanated or fluorinated derivatives, respectively. The spectroscopic properties were modulated by varying water concentration in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Some intriguing experimental results were found for the samples containing 65 % of water and 35% of DMSO. This finding is consistent with previously published molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirming the concept of the 'local bulk' model. In this case, a notable decrease in absorption and emission intensities was registered, even larger than the water quenching observed in other cases. The changes in midrange DMSO concentrations could be explained by the formation of local solvents structures as predicted by MD, specifically the formation of DMSO·2H2O dimers. Experimentally, the cyano-substituted lumazine has shown a remarkable sensitivity to DMSO concentration. The spectroscopic measurements were interpreted using the density functional theory where the implicit DMSO solvent model was combined with explicit water molecules. Together with its enhanced water solubility, the cyanated lumazine derivate could be used for non-destructive DMSO detection in vitro for applications such as drug uptake monitoring, since DMSO is often used in pharmaceutical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Truksa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Matouš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Richtár
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Ivanová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Krajčovič
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Kerschbaumer A, Wielend D, Leeb E, Schimanofsky C, Kleinbruckner N, Neugebauer H, Irimia-Vladu M, Sariciftci NS. How to use a rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) subtraction method to investigate the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction? Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:834-843. [PMID: 36760341 PMCID: PMC9900597 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01744j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When studying electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions in homogeneous media, special attention must be given to the significant background activity present with conventional electrode materials. The intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of different materials can be investigated using complementary methods, such as the rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) technique and chronoamperometric electrolysis with product quantification. This report presents a detailed investigation of the electrocatalytic ability of hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives and riboflavin towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production via a novel RRDE subtraction method together with chronoamperometric electrolysis. Qualitative trends linking the two methods were obtained, such as a higher excess current correlating with both higher productivity and selectivity. As such, a valuable tool is provided to increase the understanding of the electrocatalytic ability of homogeneous solutions toward improving the oxygen reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kerschbaumer
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Elisabeth Leeb
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Corina Schimanofsky
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Nadine Kleinbruckner
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Helmut Neugebauer
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Mihai Irimia-Vladu
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
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3
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Ciavardini A, Galdenzi F, Coreno M, Ninno GD, Grazioli C, de Simone M, Totani R, Piccirillo S, Plekan O, Ponzi A. Valence and core-level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of light-sensitive molecules: Lumazine and alloxazine. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Gazizov DA, Gorbunov EB, Zhilina EF, Slepukhin PA, Rusinov GL. Direct C–H/C–H Coupling of the Azoloannulated Pteridines with Electron Rich (Hetero)Aromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13011-13022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis A. Gazizov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Kovalevskoy St. 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
| | - Evgeny B. Gorbunov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Kovalevskoy St. 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
| | - Ekaterina F. Zhilina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Kovalevskoy St. 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Slepukhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Kovalevskoy St. 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Gennady L. Rusinov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Kovalevskoy St. 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Mira St. 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Functionalised Cofactor Mimics for Interactome Discovery and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201136. [PMID: 35286003 PMCID: PMC9401033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cofactors are required for almost half of all enzyme reactions, but their functions and binding partners are not fully understood even after decades of research. Functionalised cofactor mimics that bind in place of the unmodified cofactor can provide answers, as well as expand the scope of cofactor activity. Through chemical proteomics approaches such as activity-based protein profiling, the interactome and localisation of the native cofactor in its physiological environment can be deciphered and previously uncharacterised proteins annotated. Furthermore, cofactors that supply functional groups to substrate biomolecules can be hijacked by mimics to site-specifically label targets and unravel the complex biology of post-translational protein modification. The diverse activity of cofactors has inspired the design of mimics for use as inhibitors, antibiotic therapeutics, and chemo- and biosensors, and cofactor conjugates have enabled the generation of novel enzymes and artificial DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Funktionalisierte Cofaktor‐Analoga für die Erforschung von Interaktomen und darüber hinaus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
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Golczak A, Insińska-Rak M, Davoudpour A, Hama Saeed D, Ménová P, Mojr V, Cibulka R, Khmelinskii I, Mrówczyńska L, Sikorski M. Photophysical properties of alloxazine derivatives with extended aromaticity - Potential redox-sensitive fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 272:120985. [PMID: 35152097 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spectral and photophysical properties of two four-ring alloxazine derivatives, naphtho[2,3-g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (1a) and 1,3-dimethylnaphtho[2,3-g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, (1b) were studied. The propensity of 1a for excited-state proton transfer reactions in the presence of acetic acid as a catalyst was also studied, showing no signature of the reaction occurring. In addition, quenching of 1a fluorescence by acetic acid was investigated. Singlet and triplet states and spectral data for 1a and 1b were calculated using density functional theory TD-DFT at B3LYP/6-31G(d) and UB3LYP levels. Finally, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using 1a and 1b as fluorescence probes was applied to in vitro human red blood cells (RBCs) with and without tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TB) as an oxidising agent. To evaluate and compare the effects of 1a and 1b on the redox properties of RBCs, the fluorescence lifetime, amplitude and fractional intensities were calculated, and phasor plot analysis was performed. The results obtained show the appearance of a new proximal cluster in the phasor fingerprint of RBCs in the presence of 1b and a shorter fluorescence lifetime of RBCs in the presence of 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Insińska-Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Amirali Davoudpour
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Daban Hama Saeed
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Petra Ménová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Mojr
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Khmelinskii
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology and Centre for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Telecommunications, University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Lucyna Mrówczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Leeb E, Wielend D, Schimanofsky C, Sariciftci NS. Substrate and pH‐dependent homogeneous electrocatalysis using riboflavin for oxygen reduction. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Leeb
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Dominik Wielend
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Corina Schimanofsky
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria
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9
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Makita Y, Kawaguchi SI, Fujiwara SI. Characterization and Antitumor Activity of Furazano[3,4-g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Kar RK, Chasen S, Mroginski MA, Miller AF. Tuning the Quantum Chemical Properties of Flavins via Modification at C8. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12654-12669. [PMID: 34784473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavins are central to countless enzymes but display different reactivities depending on their environments. This is understood to reflect modulation of the flavin electronic structure. To understand changes in orbital natures, energies, and correlation over the ring system, we begin by comparing seven flavin variants differing at C8, exploiting their different electronic spectra to validate quantum chemical calculations. Ground state calculations replicate a Hammett trend and reveal the significance of the flavin π-system. Comparison of higher-level theories establishes CC2 and ACD(2) as methods of choice for characterization of electronic transitions. Charge transfer character and electron correlation prove responsive to the identity of the substituent at C8. Indeed, bond length alternation analysis demonstrates extensive conjugation and delocalization from the C8 position throughout the ring system. Moreover, we succeed in replicating a particularly challenging UV/Vis spectrum by implementing hybrid QM/MM in explicit solvents. Our calculations reveal that the presence of nonbonding lone pairs correlates with the change in the UV/Vis spectrum observed when the 8-methyl is replaced by NH2, OH, or SH. Thus, our computations offer routes to understanding the spectra of flavins with different modifications. This is a first step toward understanding how the same is accomplished by different binding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv K Kar
- Faculty II-Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sam Chasen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Maria-Andrea Mroginski
- Faculty II-Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- Faculty II-Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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11
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Cigánek M, Richtár J, Weiter M, Krajčovič J. Organic π‐Conjugated Molecules: From Nature to Artificial Applications. Where are the Boundaries? Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cigánek
- Brno University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Richtár
- Brno University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiter
- Brno University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Krajčovič
- Brno University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
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12
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Răsădean DM, Machida T, Sada K, Pudney CR, Pantoș GD. Flavin mimetics: Synthesis and photophysical properties. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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van Galen C, Barnard DT, Stanley RJ. Stark Spectroscopy of Lumichrome: A Possible Candidate for Stand-Off Detection of Bacterial Quorum Sensing. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11835-11842. [PMID: 33325706 PMCID: PMC8714027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine, LC) is a natural photodegradation product and catabolite of flavin coenzymes. Although not a coenzyme itself, LC is used for biosignaling in plants and single-celled organisms, including quorum sensing in the formation of biofilms. The noninvasive detection of in vivo lumichrome would be useful for monitoring this signaling event. For molecules that undergo significant charge redistribution upon light excitation (e.g., intramolecular charge transfer), there are optical detection methods (e.g., second-harmonic generation) that would be well suited to this task. Here, we have used Stark spectroscopy to measure the extent and direction of charge redistribution in photoexcited LC. Stark and low-temperature absorption spectra were obtained at 77 K on LC in ethanol glasses and analyzed using the Liptay analysis to obtain the difference dipole moments and polarizabilities. These data were complemented by a computational analysis of the excited states using density functional theory (DFT) at the TD-B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius van Galen
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - David T Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 250B Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Tunable Properties of Nature-Inspired N, N'-Alkylated Riboflavin Semiconductors. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010027. [PMID: 33374613 PMCID: PMC7793104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel soluble nature-inspired flavin derivatives substituted with short butyl and bulky ethyl-adamantyl alkyl groups was prepared via simple and straightforward synthetic approach with moderate to good yields. The comprehensive characterization of the materials, to assess their application potential, has demonstrated that the modification of the conjugated flavin core enables delicate tuning of the absorption and emission properties, optical bandgap, frontier molecular orbital energies, melting points, and thermal stability. Moreover, the thin films prepared thereof exhibit smooth and homogeneous morphology with generally high stability over time.
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Youn UJ, Lee JH, Han SJ. Diketopiperazine and alloxazine alkaloids from the antarctic bacteria, Pseudorhodobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Plater MJ, Harrison WTA, Killah R. Potential photoacid generators based on oxime sulfonates. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819831829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bis-oxime of acenaphthenequinone and the mono-oxime of benzil have been sulfonated by reaction with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride and propylsulfonyl chloride. The four sulfonated oximes were characterised by X-ray single-crystal structure determinations. Some photochemical decompositions were studied using a 6-W 254-nm immersion well lamp in dichloromethane. The 4-methylbenzenesulfonate bis-oxime of acenaphthenequinone and the 4-methylbenzenesulfonate mono-oxime of benzil both give 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid upon irradiation but not 4-methylbenzenesulfinic acid. Fragmentation pathways are discussed. The possible use of these compounds as photoacid generators in polymer resists and the role of secondary reactions to liberate acid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M John Plater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Ross Killah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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