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Głuszyńska A, Kosman J, Chuah SS, Hoffmann M, Haider S. Carbazole Derivatives Binding to Bcl-2 Promoter Sequence G-quadruplex. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:912. [PMID: 39065762 PMCID: PMC11279778 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) techniques, as well as molecular modeling, to probe the interactions between carbazole derivatives and the G-quadruplex structure formed in the promoter region of gene Bcl-2. This gene is a rational target for anticancer therapy due to its high expression in a variety of tumors as well as resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We employed a sequence with a specific dual G-to-T mutation that may form a mixed-type hybrid G-quadruplex structure in the Bcl-2 P1 promoter region. The three tested carbazole compounds differing in substitution on the nitrogen atom of carbazole interact with the Bcl-2 G-quadruplex by the same binding mode with the very comparable binding affinities in the order of 105 M-1. During absorption and fluorescence measurements, large changes in the ligand spectra were observed at higher G4 concentrations. The spectrophotometric titration results showed a two-step complex formation between the ligands and the G-quadruplex in the form of initial hypochromicity followed by hyperchromicity with a bathochromic shift. The strong fluorescence enhancement of ligands was observed after binding to the DNA. All of the used analytical techniques, as well as molecular modeling, suggested the π-π interaction between carbazole ligands and a guanine tetrad of the Bcl-2 G-quadruplex. Molecular modeling has shown differences in the interaction between each of the ligands and the tested G-quadruplex, which potentially had an impact on the binding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Głuszyńska
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kosman
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Laboratory of Molecular Assays and Imaging, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shang Shiuan Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (S.H.)
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Shozeb Haider
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (S.H.)
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2
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Kumar S, Biswas A, Sudhakar S, Kumari D, Pradeepkumar PI. Estrone-Based Derivatives Stabilize the c-MYC and c-KIT G-Quadruplex DNA Structures. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6616-6626. [PMID: 38371752 PMCID: PMC10870291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
G-rich sequences are present across the genome and can fold to form dynamic secondary structures, namely, G-quadruplexes (G4). These structures play a pivotal role in regulating numerous biological processes including replication, transcription, and translation. Therefore, targeting these structures using molecular scaffolds is an attractive approach to modulating their functions. Herein, we report the synthesis of three estrone-based derivatives (Est-1, Est-2, and Est-3) with a nonplanar core and a cationic alkyl side chain as G4 stabilizers. CD melting and polymerase stop assay results indicate that these ligands preferentially stabilize parallel c-MYC and c-KIT1 G4s over the other G4s and duplex DNAs. The ligand Est-3 shows cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and effectively downregulates the c-KIT gene in HepG2 cell lines. Molecular modeling and dynamics studies showed that the ligand prefers stacking over the 5'-quartet of c-MYC G4 using the aromatic ring of the ligand. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that even G4 ligands can accommodate nonplanar scaffolds, which opens up new avenues for ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Annyesha Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sruthi Sudhakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Divya Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Das A, Mohammed TP, Kumar R, Bhunia S, Sankaralingam M. Carbazole appended trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrin finds supremacy in DNA binding/photocleavage over a non-carbazolyl analogue. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12453-12466. [PMID: 35730410 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carbazolyl appended trans-pyridyl porphyrin (1) was synthesized and its dicationic form 2 was obtained by methylation of the pyridyl group. Copper and zinc complexes of porphyrin 2 (Cu(II), 3; Zn(II), 4) were isolated and characterized by various modern spectroscopic techniques. The DNA binding properties of 2, 3, and 4 have been explored against calf thymus-DNA (CT-DNA). DNA binding was quantized using the intrinsic binding constant (Kb) that was calculated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and the value Kb = 1.6 × 106 M-1 for compound 2 reveals a better interaction of 2 towards CT-DNA than those of 3 (3.1 × 105 M-1) and 4 (3.4 × 105 M-1), which follows the order 2 > 4 > 3. The fluorescence quenching efficiency and ethidium bromide quenching assay also indicated a good binding affinity of all the compounds towards CT-DNA. Furthermore, the spectroscopic data suggest that the possible mode of interaction is intercalation. The docking studies were in accordance with the experimental results. Notably, DNA cleavage studies reveal that 2 shows better damage than 3 and 4 which is in accordance with the binding affinity order 2 > 4 > 3. The observed quantum yield (2: 0.65, 3: 0.33, and 4: 0.97) and no change in DNA cleavage in the presence of NaN3 reveal the involvement of singlet oxygen. The singlet excited state lifetimes were in the range of 6.3-1.2 ns. Furthermore, these porphyrins can be investigated as interesting photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athulya Das
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Thasnim P Mohammed
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
| | - Sarmistha Bhunia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Muniyandi Sankaralingam
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode-673601, Kerala, India.
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Chang Z, Zheng YY, Mathivanan J, Valsangkar VA, Du J, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Hassan AEA, Sheng J. Fluorescence-Based Binding Characterization of Small Molecule Ligands Targeting CUG RNA Repeats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063321. [PMID: 35328743 PMCID: PMC8955525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic CUG and CCUG RNA repeats have been associated with myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2), respectively. Identifying small molecules that can bind these RNA repeats is of great significance to develop potential therapeutics to treat these neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies have shown that aminoglycosides and their derivatives could work as potential lead compounds targeting these RNA repeats. In this work, sisomicin, previously known to bind HIV-1 TAR, is investigated as a possible ligand for CUG RNA repeats. We designed a novel fluorescence-labeled RNA sequence of r(CUG)10 to mimic cellular RNA repeats and improve the detecting sensitivity. The interaction of sisomicin with CUG RNA repeats is characterized by the change of fluorescent signal, which is initially minimized by covalently incorporating the fluorescein into the RNA bases and later increased upon ligand binding. The results show that sisomicin can bind and stabilize the folded RNA structure. We demonstrate that this new fluorescence-based binding characterization assay is consistent with the classic UV Tm technique, indicating its feasibility for high-throughput screening of ligand-RNA binding interactions and wide applications to measure the thermodynamic parameters in addition to binding constants and kinetics when probing such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Chang
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Ya Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Johnsi Mathivanan
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Vibhav A. Valsangkar
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Jinxi Du
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
| | - Reham A. I. Abou-Elkhair
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44523, Egypt;
| | - Abdalla E. A. Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44523, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (A.E.A.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (Z.C.); (Y.Y.Z.); (J.M.); (V.A.V.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.A.H.); (J.S.)
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Wang G, Sun S, Guo H. Current status of carbazole hybrids as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:113999. [PMID: 34838335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drug resistance and low specificity of current available chemotherapeutics to cancer cells are the main reasons responsible for the failure of cancer chemotherapy and remain dramatic challenges for cancer therapy, creating an urgent need to develop novel anticancer agents. Carbazole nucleus, widely distributed in nature, is a predominant feature of a vast array of biologically active compounds. Carbazole derivatives exhibited potential antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines by diverse mechanisms, inclusive of arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis, and several anticancer agents are carbazole-based compounds. Thus, carbazole derivatives represent a fertile source for discovery of novel anticancer therapeutic agents. Over the past several years, a variety of carbazole hybrids have been developed as potential anticancer agents. The present review focuses on the recent progress, from 2016 until now, in knowledge on anticancer properties, structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of carbazole hybrids to provide a basis for development of relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Hua Guo
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, 114005, Liaoning, PR China
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Santos T, Salgado GF, Cabrita EJ, Cruz C. G-Quadruplexes and Their Ligands: Biophysical Methods to Unravel G-Quadruplex/Ligand Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:769. [PMID: 34451866 PMCID: PMC8401999 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the design of G-quadruplex (G4) binding ligands relies on the availability of approaches that assess the binding mode and nature of the interactions between G4 forming sequences and their putative ligands. The experimental approaches used to characterize G4/ligand interactions can be categorized into structure-based methods (circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography), affinity and apparent affinity-based methods (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and mass spectrometry (MS)), and high-throughput methods (fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-melting, G4-fluorescent intercalator displacement assay (G4-FID), affinity chromatography and microarrays. Each method has unique advantages and drawbacks, which makes it essential to select the ideal strategies for the biological question being addressed. The structural- and affinity and apparent affinity-based methods are in several cases complex and/or time-consuming and can be combined with fast and cheap high-throughput approaches to improve the design and development of new potential G4 ligands. In recent years, the joint use of these techniques permitted the discovery of a huge number of G4 ligands investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Overall, this review article highlights in detail the most commonly used approaches to characterize the G4/ligand interactions, as well as the applications and types of information that can be obtained from the use of each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Gilmar F. Salgado
- ARNA Laboratory, Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Eurico J. Cabrita
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
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7
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Singu PS, Chilakamarthi U, Mahadik NS, Keerti B, Valipenta N, Mokale SN, Nagesh N, Kumbhare RM. Benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrid molecules: synthesis and study of their interaction with G-quadruplex DNA. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:416-429. [PMID: 34046624 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrid derivatives have been synthesized via 'click' reaction and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity as well as DNA binding affinity. MTT assay showed that all the six compounds are cytotoxic to PC3 and B16-F10 cancer cell lines. Though all the compounds showed moderate interaction with G4, c-Myc promoter DNA and dsDNA, 4f exhibited selective interaction with G-quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA as demonstrated by spectroscopic experiments like UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, thermal melting and fluorescence lifetime experiments. They also confirm the G-quadruplex DNA stabilizing potential of 4f. Viscosity measurements also confirm that 4f exhibits high G-quadruplex DNA selectivity over duplex DNA. Docking studies supported the spectroscopic observations. Cell cycle analysis showed that 4f induces G2/M phase arrest and induces apoptosis. Hence, from these experimental results it is evident that compound 4f may be a G-quadruplex DNA groove binding molecule with anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma S Singu
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Ushasri Chilakamarthi
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Namita S Mahadik
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Bhamidipati Keerti
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Narasimhulu Valipenta
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Santosh N Mokale
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Aurangabad-431001 India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- Medical Biotechnology Complex, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ANNEXE II, Uppal Road Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Ravindra M Kumbhare
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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8
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Kumar N, Lal N, Nemaysh V, Luthra PM. Design, synthesis, DNA binding studies and evaluation of anticancer potential of novel substituted biscarbazole derivatives against human glioma U87 MG cell line. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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G-Quadruplex Binders Induce Immunogenic Cell Death Markers in Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111797. [PMID: 31731707 PMCID: PMC6895816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures represent potential anti-cancer targets. In this study, we compared the effect of two G4-targeting compounds, C066-3108 and the gold standard BRACO-19. Methods: In breast and prostate cancer cells, cytotoxicity induced by both molecules was measured by a sulforhodamine B assay. In breast cancer cells, cycle, apoptosis, the formation of G4 structures, calreticulin and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), as well as T cell activation, were analyzed by flow cytometry and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by luminescence. Results: Both ligands inhibited cell survival and induced DNA damage. In MCF-7 cells, G4 ligands increased the subG0/G1 phase of the cell cycle inducing apoptosis and reduced intracellular ATP. In untreated MCF-7 cells, we observed a slight presence of G4 structures associated with the G2/M phase. In MDA-MB231 cells, G4 ligands decreased the G1 and enhanced the G2/M phase. We observed a decrease of intracellular ATP, calreticulin cell surface exposure and an increase of HMGB1, accompanied by T cell activation. Both compounds induced G4 structure formation in the subG0/G1 phase. Conclusions: Our data report similar effects for both compounds and the first evidence that G4 ligands induce the release of danger signals associated with immunogenic cell death and induction of T cell activation.
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Wu G, Chen L, Liu W, Yang D. Molecular Recognition of the Hybrid-Type G-Quadruplexes in Human Telomeres. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081578. [PMID: 31013622 PMCID: PMC6514847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) DNA secondary structures formed in human telomeres have been shown to inhibit cancer-specific telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) pathways. Thus, human telomeric G-quadruplexes are considered attractive targets for anticancer drugs. Human telomeric G-quadruplexes are structurally polymorphic and predominantly form two hybrid-type G-quadruplexes, namely hybrid-1 and hybrid-2, under physiologically relevant solution conditions. To date, only a handful solution structures are available for drug complexes of human telomeric G-quadruplexes. In this review, we will describe two recent solution structural studies from our labs. We use NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the solution structure of a 1:1 complex between a small molecule epiberberine and the hybrid-2 telomeric G-quadruplex, and the structures of 1:1 and 4:2 complexes between a small molecule Pt-tripod and the hybrid-1 telomeric G-quadruplex. Structural information of small molecule complexes can provide important information for understanding small molecule recognition of human telomeric G-quadruplexes and for structure-based rational drug design targeting human telomeric G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhui Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Luying Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Danzhou Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, 201 S University St, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Practical Microwave Synthesis of Carbazole Aldehydes for the Development of DNA-Binding Ligands. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050965. [PMID: 30857275 PMCID: PMC6429063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave formylation of carbazole derivatives was investigated and 3-monoaldehydes were obtained in high yield. A potential DNA-binding ligand, 3-[(3-ethyl)-2-vinylbenzothiazolium]-9-N-ethyl carbazole iodide, was synthesized and characterized including spectral properties (UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra). The binding selectivity and affinity of three carbazole ligands for double-stranded and G-quadruplex DNA structures were studied using a competitive dialysis method in sodium- and potassium-containing buffer solutions.
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