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Manring N, Strini M, Koifman G, Xavier J, Smeltz JL, Pathirathna P. Ultrafast Detection of Arsenic Using Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes and Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:733. [PMID: 38930703 PMCID: PMC11205817 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination poses a significant public health risk worldwide, with chronic exposure leading to various health issues. Detecting and monitoring arsenic exposure accurately remains challenging, necessitating the development of sensitive detection methods. In this study, we introduce a novel approach using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) coupled with carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) for the electrochemical detection of As3+. Through an in-depth pH study using tris buffer, we optimized the electrochemical parameters for both acidic and basic media. Our sensor demonstrated high selectivity, distinguishing the As3+ signal from those of As5+ and other potential interferents under ambient conditions. We achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μM (37.46 ppb) and a sensitivity of 2.292 nA/μM for bare CFMs. Microscopic data confirmed the sensor's stability at lower, physiologically relevant concentrations. Additionally, using our previously reported double-bore CFMs, we simultaneously detected As3+-Cu2+ and As3+-Cd2+ in tris buffer, enhancing the LOD of As3+ to 0.2 μM (14.98 ppb). To our knowledge, this is the first study to use CFMs for the rapid and selective detection of As3+ via FSCV. Our sensor's ability to distinguish As3+ from As5+ in a physiologically relevant pH environment showcases its potential for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA; (N.M.); (M.S.); (G.K.); (J.X.); (J.L.S.)
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2
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Kumar S, Singh P, Verma SK. Selection of Highly Specific DNA Aptamer for the Development of QCM-Based Arsenic Sensor. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300585. [PMID: 37792297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal arsenic is a water pollutant that affects millions of lives worldwide. A novel aptamer candidate for specific and sensitive arsenic detection was identified using Graphene Oxide-SELEX (GO-SELEX). Eleven rounds of GO-SELEX were performed to screen As(III) specific sequences. The selected aptamer sequences were evaluated for their binding affinity. The dissociation constant of the best aptamer candidate, As-06 was estimated by fluorescence recovery upon target addition, and it was found to be 8.15 nM. A QCM-based biosensing platform was designed based on the target-triggered release of aptamer from the QCM electrode. An rGO-SWCNT nanocomposite was adsorbed on the gold surface, and the single-stranded probe was stacked on the rGO-CNT layer. Upon addition of the target to the solution, a concentration-dependent release of the ssDNA probe was observed and recorded as the change in the electrode frequency. The developed QCM sensor showed a dynamic linear range from 10 nM to 100 nM and a low detection limit of 8.6 nM. The sensor exhibited excellent selectivity when challenged with common interfering anions and cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
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3
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Arik N, Elcin E, Tezcaner A, Oktem HA. Biosensing of arsenic by whole-cell bacterial bioreporter immobilized on polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fiber. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37965791 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metals derived from several anthropogenic sources have both direct and indirect detrimental effects on the health of the environment and living organisms. Whole-cell bioreporters (WCBs) that can be used to monitor the levels of heavy metals in drinking and natural spring waters are important. In this study, whole-cell arsenic bacterial bioreporters were immobilized using polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fibers as the support material. The aim is to determine the properties of this immobilized bioreporter system by evaluating its performance in arsenic detection. Within the scope of the study, different growth media and fiber immobilization times were tested to determine the parameters affecting the fluorescent signals emitted by the immobilized bioreporter system in the presence of two dominant forms of arsenic, namely arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)). In addition, the sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and shelf-life of the developed bioreporter system were evaluated. As far as the literature is concerned, this is the first study to investigate the potential of using PCL-electrospun fiber-immobilized fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for arsenic detection. This study will open new avenues in environmental arsenic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Arik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Evrim Elcin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Türkiye
| | - Aysen Tezcaner
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (METU BIOMATEN), Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Huseyin A Oktem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
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4
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Zhou H, Ling H, Li Y, Jiang X, Cheng S, Zubeir GM, Xia Y, Qin X, Zhang J, Zou Z, Chen C. Downregulation of beclin 1 restores arsenite-induced impaired autophagic flux by improving the lysosomal function in the brain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113066. [PMID: 34929507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite is a toxic metalloid that causes various adverse effects in the brain. However, the underlying mechanisms of arsenite-induced neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. In this study, both adult beclin 1+/+ and beclin 1+/- mice were employed to establish a model of chronic arsenite exposure by treating with arsenite via drinking water for 6 months. The results clearly demonstrated that exposure to arsenite profoundly caused damage to the cerebral cortex, induced autophagy and impaired autophagic flux in the cerebral cortex. Heterozygous disruption of beclin 1 in animals remarkably alleviated the neurotoxic effects of arsenite. To verify the results obtained in the animals, a permanent U251 cell line was used. After treating of cells with arsenite, similar phenomenon was also observed, showing the significant elevation in the expression levels of autophagy-related genes. Importantly, lysosomal dysfunction caused by arsenite was observed in vitro and in vivo. Either knockdown of beclin 1 in cells or heterozygous disruption of beclin 1 in animals remarkably alleviated the lysosomal dysfunction induced by arsenite. These findings indicate that downregulation of beclin 1 could restore arsenite-induced impaired autophagic flux possibly through improving lysosomal function, and correct that regulation of autophagy via beclin 1 would be an alternative approach for the treatment of arsenite neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yinyin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Abstract
Heavy metal pollution of water has become a global issue and is especially problematic in some developing countries. Heavy metals are toxic to living organisms, even at very low concentrations. Therefore, effective and reliable heavy metal detection in environmental water is very important. Current laboratory-based methods used for analysis of heavy metals in water require sophisticated instrumentation and highly trained technicians, making them unsuitable for routine heavy metal monitoring in the environment. Consequently, there is a growing demand for autonomous detection systems that could perform in situ or point-of-use measurements. Microfluidic detection systems, which are defined by their small size, have many characteristics that make them suitable for environmental analysis. Some of these advantages include portability, high sample throughput, reduced reagent consumption and waste generation, and reduced production cost. This review focusses on developments in the application of microfluidic detection systems to heavy metal detection in water. Microfluidic detection strategies based on optical techniques, electrochemical techniques, and quartz crystal microbalance are discussed.
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6
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Sciuto EL, Petralia S, van der Meer JR, Conoci S. Miniaturized electrochemical biosensor based on whole-cell for heavy metal ions detection in water. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1456-1465. [PMID: 33289093 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals pollution represents one of the important issues in the environmental field since it is involved in many pathologies from cancer, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. We propose an innovative portable biosensor for the determination of traces of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) and bivalent mercury (Hg(II)) in water. The system implements a strategy combining two advanced sensing modules consisting in (a) a whole cell based on engineered Escherichia coli as selective sensing element towards the metals and (b) an electrochemical miniaturised silicon device with three microelectrodes and a portable reading system. The sensing mechanism relies on the selective recognition from the bacterium of given metals producing the 4-aminophenol redox active mediator detected through a cyclic voltammetry analysis. The miniaturized biosensor is able to operate a portable, robust, and high-sensitivity detection of As(III) with a sensitivity of 0.122 µA ppb-1 , LoD of 1.5 ppb, and a LoQ of 5 ppb. The LoD value is one order of magnitude below of the value indicated to WHO to be dangerous (10 μg/L). The system was proved to be fully versatile being effective in the detection of Hg(II) as well. A first study on Hg(II) showed sensitivity value of 2.11 µA/ppb a LOD value of 0.1 ppb and LoQ value of 0.34 ppb. Also in this case, the detected LOD was 10 times lower than that indicated by WHO (1 ppb). These results pave the way for advanced sensing strategies suitable for the environmental monitoring and the public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele L Sciuto
- Regional Reference Laboratory for enviromental and clinica surveillance and control of Legionellosis, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinici "G. Rodolico - San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,STMicroelectronics, Catania, Italy
| | - Jan R van der Meer
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- STMicroelectronics, Catania, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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7
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Thakkar S, Dumée LF, Gupta M, Singh BR, Yang W. Nano-Enabled sensors for detection of arsenic in water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116538. [PMID: 33125993 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The elevated cases of arsenic contamination reported across the globe have made its early detection and remediation an active area of research. Although, the World Health Organisation has set the maximum provisional value for arsenic in drinking water at 10 parts per billion, yet concentrations as high as 5000 parts per billion are still reported. In human beings, chronic arsenic exposure can culminate into lethal diseases such as cancer. Thus, there is a need for urgent emergence of efficient and reliable detection system. This paper offers an overview of the state-of-art knowledge on current arsenic detection mechanisms. The central agenda of this paper is to develop an understanding into the nano-enabled methods for arsenic detection with an emphasis on strategic fabrication of nanostructures and the modulation of nanomaterial chemistry in order to strengthen the knowledge into novel nano-enabled solutions for arsenic contamination. Towards the end prospects for arsenic detection in water are also prompted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakkar
- TERI-Deakin Nano biotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Gurgaon - Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana 122 001, India; Deakin University, Geelong, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Frontier Materials, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Manish Gupta
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram-Badli Road, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | - Braj Raj Singh
- TERI-Deakin Nano biotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Gurgaon - Faridabad Road, Gurugram, Haryana 122 001, India
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Deakin University, Geelong, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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8
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Michel C, Joulian C, Tris H, Charnois F, Battaglia-Brunet F. Rapid and simple As(III) quantification using a turbidimetric test for the monitoring of microbial arsenic bio-transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106026. [PMID: 32795641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A turbidimetric test for rapid quantification of As(III) (detection limit of 3 mg/L, quantification range of 10-100 mg/L) in liquid growth medium was developed for assessing and monitoring microbial As(III)-oxidizing and As(V)-reducing activities. This test is based on As(III) chelation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate followed by spectrometric measurement of absorbance, and was validated by comparison with AAS quantification of As after As(III)/As(V) separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Michel
- BRGM, DEPA (Direction de l'Eau, de l'Environnement, des Procédés et Analyses), GME (Unité Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environemental), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36000, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Catherine Joulian
- BRGM, DEPA (Direction de l'Eau, de l'Environnement, des Procédés et Analyses), GME (Unité Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environemental), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36000, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Hafida Tris
- BRGM, DEPA (Direction de l'Eau, de l'Environnement, des Procédés et Analyses), GME (Unité Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environemental), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36000, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Flavie Charnois
- BRGM, DEPA (Direction de l'Eau, de l'Environnement, des Procédés et Analyses), GME (Unité Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environemental), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36000, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet
- BRGM, DEPA (Direction de l'Eau, de l'Environnement, des Procédés et Analyses), GME (Unité Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environemental), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36000, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
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9
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Choodum A, Jirapattanasophon V, Boonkanon C, Taweekarn T, Wongniramaikul W. Difluoroboron-Curcumin Doped Starch Film and Digital Image Colorimetry for Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Arsenic. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:577-582. [PMID: 32201405 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19sbp09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel, simple, rapid, and cost effective method for semi-quantitative analysis of arsenic(III) in water sample. The method was based on the digital image colorimetry (DIC) of difluoroboron-curcumin doped starch film (BF2-cur-film) and arsenic ion in water. A red BF2-cur-film (9.4 μm) was fabricated by entrapped difluoroboron-curcumin (BF2-curcumin, particle size of 60 - 113 nm) in tapioca starch film. When the standard solution of arsenic (1 mL) was added into small plastic tube containing BF2-cur-film on its inner lid, blue solution (λmax at 610 nm) was observed instead of orange color in blank solution (λmax at 495 nm). When BF2-cur-film was used in conjunction with DIC, a wide linear range of 0 - 10 mg L-1 with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was obtained from green channel with low detection limit of 0.04 mg L-1. Moreover, good precision (0.9 - 1.2%RSD, n = 4 days) and accuracy (0.03% relative error) were also achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aree Choodum
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus
| | - Vanida Jirapattanasophon
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus
| | - Chanita Boonkanon
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus
| | - Tarawee Taweekarn
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus
| | - Worawit Wongniramaikul
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus.,Research Program: The Development of Management System for Reduction and Control of Water Contamination and Distribution in Songkhla Lake Basin and the Western Coastline of the South of Thailand, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM)
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10
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Babar NUA, Joya KS, Tayyab MA, Ashiq MN, Sohail M. Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Arsenic Using Electrogenerated Nanotextured Gold Assemblage. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13645-13657. [PMID: 31497682 PMCID: PMC6714603 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is considered as a toxic heavy metal which is highly detrimental to ecological systems, and long-term exposure to it is highly dangerous to life as it can cause serious health effects. Timely detection of traces of active arsenic (As3+) is very crucial, and the development of simple, cost-effective methods is imperative to address the presence of arsenic in water and food chain. Herein, we present an extensive study on chemical-free electrogenerated nanotextured gold assemblage for the detection of ultralow levels of As3+ in water up to 0.08 ppb concentration. The gold nanotextured electrode (Au/GNE) is developed on simple Au foil via electrochemical oxidation-reduction sweeps in a metal-ion-free electrolyte solution. The ultrafine nanoscale morphological attributes of Au/GNE substrate are studied by scanning electron microscopy. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) response for different concentrations of arsenites is determined and directly correlated with As3+ detection regarding the type of electrolyte solution, deposition potential, and deposition time. The average of three standard curves are linear from 0.1 ppb up to 9 ppb (n = 15) with a linear regression coefficient R 2 = 0.9932. Under optimized conditions, a superior sensitivity of 39.54 μA ppb-1 cm-2 is observed with a lower detection limit of 0.1 ppb (1.3 nM) (based on the visual analysis of calibration curve) and 0.08 ppb (1.06 nM) (based on the standard deviation of linear regression). Furthermore, the electrochemical Au/GNE is also applicable for arsenic detection in a complex system containing Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, and other ions for the selective and sensitive analysis. Au/GNE substrate also possesses remarkable reproducibility and high stability for arsenic detection during repeated analysis and thus can be employed for prolonged applications and reiterating analyses. This electrochemically generated nanotextured electrode is also applicable for As3+ detection and analysis in a real water sample under optimized conditions. Therefore, fabrication conditions and analytical and electroanalytical performances justify that because of its low cost, easy preparation method and assembly, high reproducibility, and robustness, nanosensor Au/GNE can be scaled up for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Ul-Ain Babar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Engineering
and Technology (UET), G.T Road, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Saleem Joya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Engineering
and Technology (UET), G.T Road, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
- E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Arsalan Tayyab
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Engineering
and Technology (UET), G.T Road, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ashiq
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya
University (BZU), Bosan Road, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Manzar Sohail
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
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