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Kappenberg YG, Nogara PA, Stefanello FS, Delgado CP, Rocha JBT, Zanatta N, Martins MAP, Bonacorso HG. 1,2,3-Triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines: Design, synthesis, structure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, and molecular docking of novel modified tacrines. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106704. [PMID: 37453239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient [4 + 2] cyclization protocol to synthesize a series of twelve examples of 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines (5) as novel structurally modified tacrines was obtained by reacting readily accessible precursors (i.e., 3-alky(aryl)-5-amino-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonitriles (3)) and selected cycloalkanones (4) of five-, six-, and seven-membered rings. We evaluated the AChE and BChE inhibitory activity of the novel modified tacrines 5, and the compound derivatives from cyclohexanone (4b) showed the best AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. Specifically, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines 5bb obtained from 3-methyl-carbonitrile (3b) showed the highest AChE (IC50 = 12.01 μM), while 5ib from 3-sulfonamido-carbonitrile (3i) was the most significant inhibitor for BChE (IC50 = 1.78 μM). In general, the inhibitory potency of compound 5 was weaker than the pure tacrine reference, and our findings may help to design and develop novel anticholinesterase drugs based on modified tacrines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Kappenberg
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sul-Rio-Grandense (IFSul), 96418-400- Bagé, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Stefanello
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia P Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A P Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Helio G Bonacorso
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Chen T, Liang W, Zhang X, Lu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in milk based on mass defect filtering using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1822-1831. [PMID: 34894354 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of nontargeted screening strategy for veterinary drugs and their metabolites is very important for food safety. In this study, a nontargeted screening strategy was developed to find the potentially hazardous substances based on mass defect filtering (MDF) using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. First, the drug metabolites of 112 veterinary drugs from seven classes of antimicrobials were predicted. Second, three MDF models were established, including the traditional rectangular MDF, the enhanced parallelogram MDF, and the polygonal MDF. Finally, the strategy was applied to nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs in 36 milk samples. The polygonal MDF model based on the distribution area of parent drugs and their metabolites showed a better filtering effect. After removing food components and performing MDF, about 10% of the substances remained, and four veterinary drugs and six drug metabolites were discovered and identified, showing the effectiveness of this strategy. The nontargeted screening strategy can rapidly remove interfering substances and find the suspected compounds. It can also be used for nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in other food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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3
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Przybyłowska M, Dzierzbicka K, Kowalski S, Chmielewska K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Derivatives of Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1323-1344. [PMID: 33342413 PMCID: PMC8719290 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666201218103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review tacrine analogues from the last three years, which were not included in the latest review work, donepezil and galantamine hybrids from 2015 and rivastigmine derivatives from 2014. In this account, we summarize the efforts toward the development and characterization of non-toxic inhibitors of cholinesterases based on mentioned drugs with various interesting additional properties such as antioxidant, decreasing β-amyloid plaque aggregation, nitric oxide production, pro-inflammatory cytokines release, monoamine oxidase-B activity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in vitro and in animal model that classify these hybrids as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, herein, we have described the cholinergic hypothesis, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and current pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the restoration of cholinergic function through blocking enzymes that break down acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chmielewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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4
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Bautista‐Aguilera ÓM, Ismaili L, Iriepa I, Diez‐Iriepa D, Chabchoub F, Marco‐Contelles J, Pérez M. Tacrines as Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. V. Recent Developments. CHEM REC 2020; 21:162-174. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar M. Bautista‐Aguilera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Química Inorgánica. Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Universidad de Alcalá Km. 33, 6 28871 Madrid Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481 Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé 19, rue Ambroise Paré F-25000 Besançon France
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Química Inorgánica. Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Universidad de Alcalá Km. 33, 6 28871 Madrid Spain
- Institute of Chemical Research Andrés M. del Río Alcalá University, 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Diez‐Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Química Inorgánica. Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Universidad de Alcalá Km. 33, 6 28871 Madrid Spain
| | - Fakher Chabchoub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée: Hétérocycles Corps Gras et Polymères Faculté des Sciences de Sfax Université de Sfax. B. P 802. 3000 Sfax Tunisie
| | - José Marco‐Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 28006- Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Public Health Department Faculty of Medicine and Nursing University of the Basque Country. Leioa Spain
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5
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Vitamin B3-Based Biologically Active Compounds as Inhibitors of Human Cholinesterases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218088. [PMID: 33138280 PMCID: PMC7663184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of nine vitamin B3 scaffold-based derivatives as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors, as a starting point for the development of novel drugs for treating disorders with cholinergic neurotransmission-linked pathology. As the results indicate, all compounds reversibly inhibited both enzymes in the micromolar range pointing to the preference of AChE over BChE for binding the tested derivatives. Molecular docking studies revealed the importance of interactions with AChE active site residues Tyr337 and Tyr124, which dictated most of the observed differences. The most potent inhibitor of both enzymes with Ki of 4 μM for AChE and 8 μM for BChE was the nicotinamide derivative 1-(4′-phenylphenacyl)-3-carbamoylpyridinium bromide. Such a result places it within the range of several currently studied novel cholinesterase inhibitors. Cytotoxicity profiling did not classify this compound as highly toxic, but the induced effects on cells should not be neglected in any future detailed studies and when considering this scaffold for drug development.
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6
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Kanhed AM, Patel DV, Patel NR, Sinha A, Thakor PS, Patel KB, Prajapati NK, Patel KV, Yadav MR. Indoloquinoxaline derivatives as promising multi-functional anti-Alzheimer agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2498-2515. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1840441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish M. Kanhed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel - School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
| | - Dushyant V. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Nirav R. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Anshuman Sinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Priyanka S. Thakor
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Kishan B. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Navnit K. Prajapati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Kirti V. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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7
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Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015-Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175965. [PMID: 32825138 PMCID: PMC7504404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer's disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This review highlights tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors published in the literature since 2015 with a specific focus on merged compounds (i.e., compounds where tacrine and a second pharmacophore show significant overlap in structure). The synthesis of these compounds from readily available starting materials is discussed, along with acetylcholinesterase inhibition data, relative to tacrine, and structure activity relationships. Where applicable, molecular modeling, to elucidate key enzyme-inhibitor interactions, and secondary biological activity is highlighted. Of the numerous compounds identified, there is a subset with promising preliminary screening results, which should inspire further development and future research in this field.
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8
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Jabir NR, Shakil S, Tabrez S, Khan MS, Rehman MT, Ahmed BA. In silico screening of glycogen synthase kinase-3β targeted ligands against acetylcholinesterase and its probable relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5083-5092. [PMID: 32588759 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1784796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing global health concern that affects 10% of the population aged above 65 years. A growing body of evidence indicates that multi-targeted drugs might be useful therapeutic options owing to the heterogeneity of AD pathology. The current study exploited advanced computational biology tools to identify ligands that might display effective binding to two protein targets in the context of AD. The present study used in silico virtual screening of small molecules library to identify effectiveness against two AD targets viz. acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). PyRX-Python prescription with AutodockVina was used to generate binding energy profiles. Further screening was accomplished using SwissADME and molecular interaction studies. The present study obtained 48 ligands (absolute binding energy >8 kcal/mol), by virtual screening of 100 ligands. Among those, 13 ligands (BRW, 6VK, 6Z5, SMH, X37, 55E, 65 A, IQ6, 6VL, 6VM, F1B, 6Z2 and GVP) were selected based on blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, acceptable ADME properties as well as their molecular interaction profiles with the aforementioned AD-targets. The present study has predicted certain molecules that appear worthy to be tested for effectiveness against two AD targets, namely AChE and GSK-3β. However, the results warrant further wet laboratory validation, as computational studies are merely predictive in nature. This approach might be useful for future treatment of AD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Bautista‐Aguilera ÓM, Ismaili L, Chioua M, Iriepa I, Ángeles Martinez‐Grau M, Beadle CD, Vetman T, López‐Muñoz F, Marco‐Contelles J. Automated Synthesis of New Quinoxalinetacrines. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar M. Bautista‐Aguilera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic ChemistryAlcalá University 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Institute of Chemical Research Andrés M. del RíoAlcalá University 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et ThérapeutiqueNeurosciences intégratives et cliniques EA 481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Santé 19, rue Ambroise Paré F-25000 Besançon France
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC) C/ Juan de la Cierva 3 28006- Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic ChemistryAlcalá University 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Institute of Chemical Research Andrés M. del RíoAlcalá University 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | | | - Christopher D. Beadle
- Lilly Research CentreEli Lilly & Company, Erl Wood Manor Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH UK
| | - Tatiana Vetman
- Lilly Research LaboratoriesEli Lilly & Company Indianapolis IN 46285 USA
| | - Francisco López‐Muñoz
- Faculty of HealthCamilo José Cela University of Madrid (UCJC) Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, “Hospital 12 de Octubre”Research Institute Madrid Spain
| | - José Marco‐Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (IQOG, CSIC) C/ Juan de la Cierva 3 28006- Madrid Spain
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10
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Demir Y. Naphthoquinones, benzoquinones, and anthraquinones: Molecular docking,
ADME
and inhibition studies on human serum paraoxonase‐1 associated with cardiovascular diseases. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:628-636. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High SchoolArdahan University Ardahan Turkey
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11
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Baumann K, Kordić L, Močibob M, Šinko G, Tomić S. Synthesis and In Vitro Screening of Novel Heterocyclic β-d-Gluco- and β-d-Galactoconjugates as Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152833. [PMID: 31382668 PMCID: PMC6695897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors may improve the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by increasing lower synaptic levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase, as well as by overexpressed BChE. An increase in the synaptic levels of acetylcholine leads to normal cholinergic neurotransmission and improved cognitive functions. A series of 14 novel heterocyclic β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactoconjugates were designed and screened for inhibitory activity against BChE. In the kinetic studies, 4 out of 14 compounds showed an inhibitory effect towards BChE, with benzimidazolium and 1-benzylbenzimidazolium substituted β-d-gluco- and β-d-galacto-derivatives in a 10–50 micromolar range. The analysis performed by molecular modelling indicated key residues of the BChE active site, which contributed to a higher affinity toward the selected compounds. Sugar moiety in the inhibitor should enable better blood–brain barrier permeability, and thus increase bioavailability in the central nervous system of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lorena Kordić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Močibob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Srđanka Tomić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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