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Roy A, Datta SP, Barman M, Golui D, Bhattacharyya S, Meena MC, Chinnusamy V, Pushkar S, Pandey PS, Rahman MM. Co-Application of Silicate and Low-Arsenic-Accumulating Rice Cultivars Efficiently Reduces Human Exposure to Arsenic-A Case Study from West Bengal, India. TOXICS 2023; 11:64. [PMID: 36668790 PMCID: PMC9865337 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of practically realizable doses of silicate on arsenic (As) uptake by differential-As-accumulating rice cultivars grown on geogenically As-polluted soil. The possible health risk from the dietary ingestion of As through rice was also assessed. In addition, a solution culture experiment was conducted to examine the role of root-secreted weak acids in differential As acquisition by rice cultivars. When grown without silicate, Badshabhog accumulated a much smaller amount of As in grain (0.11 mg kg-1) when compared to the other three varieties. Satabdi, IR-36, and Khitish accumulated As in grain beyond the permissible limit (0.2 mg kg-1) for human consumption. The application of silicate effectively reduced the As content in the grain, husk, and straw of all of the cultivars. The grain As content fell to 17.2 and 27.6% with the addition of sodium metasilicate at the rates of 250 and 500 mg kg-1, respectively. In the case of Khitish, the grain As content was brought down within permissible limits by the applied silicate (500 mg kg-1). The integrated use of low-As-accumulating cultivars and silicate has great potential to reduce the public health risks associated with As. A positive correlation between root-secreted total weak acid and grain As content could explain the different rice cultivars' differential As acquisition capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprava Roy
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Siba Prasad Datta
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Mandira Barman
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Debasis Golui
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | | | - Mahesh Chand Meena
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Suchitra Pushkar
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Punyavrat S. Pandey
- Education Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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Abidli A, Huang Y, Ben Rejeb Z, Zaoui A, Park CB. Sustainable and efficient technologies for removal and recovery of toxic and valuable metals from wastewater: Recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133102. [PMID: 34914948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their numerous effects on human health and the natural environment, water contamination with heavy metals and metalloids, caused by their extensive use in various technologies and industrial applications, continues to be a huge ecological issue that needs to be urgently tackled. Additionally, within the circular economy management framework, the recovery and recycling of metals-based waste as high value-added products (VAPs) is of great interest, owing to their high cost and the continuous depletion of their reserves and natural sources. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technologies developed for the removal and recovery of metal pollutants from wastewater by providing an in-depth understanding of their remediation mechanisms, while analyzing and critically discussing the recent key advances regarding these treatment methods, their practical implementation and integration, as well as evaluating their advantages and remaining limitations. Herein, various treatment techniques are covered, including adsorption, reduction/oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation technologies, solvents extraction, chemical precipitation/co-precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, flotation, and bioremediation. A particular emphasis is placed on full recovery of the captured metal pollutants in various reusable forms as metal-based VAPs, mainly as solid precipitates, which is a powerful tool that offers substantial enhancement of the remediation processes' sustainability and cost-effectiveness. At the end, we have identified some prospective research directions for future work on this topic, while presenting some recommendations that can promote sustainability and economic feasibility of the existing treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser Abidli
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Yifeng Huang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zeineb Ben Rejeb
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aniss Zaoui
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
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Inam MA, Khan R, Lee KH, Akram M, Ahmed Z, Lee KG, Wie YM. Adsorption Capacities of Iron Hydroxide for Arsenate and Arsenite Removal from Water by Chemical Coagulation: Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:7046. [PMID: 34834136 PMCID: PMC8624347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As)-laden wastewater may pose a threat to biodiversity when released into soil and water bodies without treatment. The current study investigated the sorption properties of both As(III, V) oxyanions onto iron hydroxide (FHO) by chemical coagulation. The potential mechanisms were identified using the adsorption models, ζ-potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) analysis. The results indicate that the sorption kinetics of pentavalent and trivalent As species closely followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption rates of both toxicants were remarkably governed by pH as well as the quantity of FHO in suspension. Notably, the FHO formation was directly related to the amount of ferric chloride (FC) coagulant added in the solution. The sorption isotherm results show a better maximum sorption capacity for pentavalent As ions than trivalent species, with the same amount of FHO in the suspensions. The thermodynamic study suggests that the sorption process was spontaneously exothermic with increased randomness. The ζ-potential, FT-IR and XRD analyses confirm that a strong Fe-O bond with As(V) and the closeness of the surface potential of the bonded complex to the point of zero charge (pHzpc) resulted in the higher adsorption affinity of pentavalent As species than trivalent ions in most aquatic conditions. Moreover, the presence of sulfates, phosphates, and humic and salicylic acid significantly affected the As(III, V) sorption performance by altering the surface properties of Fe precipitates. The combined effect of charge neutralization, complexation, oxidation and multilayer chemisorption was identified as a major removal mechanism. These findings may provide some understanding regarding the fate, transport and adsorption properties onto FHO of As oxyanions in a complex water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan; (R.K.); (Z.A.)
| | - Kang Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Muhammad Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Zameer Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan; (R.K.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ki Gang Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea; (K.G.L.); (Y.M.W.)
| | - Young Min Wie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea; (K.G.L.); (Y.M.W.)
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Inam MA, Khan R, Lee KH, Wie YM. Removal of Arsenic Oxyanions from Water by Ferric Chloride-Optimization of Process Conditions and Implications for Improving Coagulation Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189812. [PMID: 34574737 PMCID: PMC8465526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic ingestion of arsenic (As) contaminated water has raised significant health concerns worldwide. Iron-based coagulants have been widely used to remove As oxyanions from drinking water sources. In addition, the system’s ability to lower As within the maximum acceptable contamination level (MCL) is critical for protecting human health from its detrimental effects. Accordingly, the current study comprehensively investigates the performance of As removal under various influencing factors including pH, contact time, temperature, As (III, V) concentration, ferric chloride (FC) dose, and interfering ions. The optimum pH for As (V) removal with FC was found to be pH 6–7, and it gradually decreased as the pH increased. In contrast, As (III) removal increased with an increase in pH with an optimum pH range of 7–10. The adsorption of As on precipitated iron hydroxide (FHO) was better fitted with pseudo-second order and modified Langmuir–Freundlich models. The antagonistic effect of temperature on As removal with FC was observed, with optimum temperature of 15–25 °C. After critically evaluating the optimum operating conditions, the uptake indices of both As species were developed to select appropriate an FC dose for achieving the MCL level. The results show that the relationship between residual concentration, FC dose, and adsorption affinity of the system was well represented by uptake indices. The higher FC dose was required for suspensions containing greater concentration of As species to achieve MCL level. The As (V) species with a greater adsorption affinity towards FHO require a relatively smaller FC dose than As (III) ions. Moreover, the significant influence of interfering species on As removal was observed in simulated natural water. The author hopes that this study may help researchers and the drinking water industry to develop uptake indices of other targeted pollutants in achieving MCL level during water treatment operations in order to ensure public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), H-12 Campus, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan;
| | - Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Young-Min Wie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea;
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Schmidt B, Kowalczyk K, Zielinska B. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Flocculants Based on Potato Starch Copolymers with Hollow Carbon Spheres. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061498. [PMID: 33803841 PMCID: PMC8003131 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel carbon nanofiller-based starch-g-polyacrylamide hybrid flocculation materials (St-PAM-CS) were in situ prepared using potato starch (St), acrylamide (AM), and hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (CSs; diameters of 300–400 nm). Structures of different St-PAM-CS systems were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser scanning microscopy (LSM), and particle size analysis. The flocculation tests were evaluated by removing high turbidity kaolin suspension—initial absorbance 1.84. The effect of the St to AM molar ratio, doses, and content of CSs in hybrids on flocculation efficiency were examined. Satisfactory flocculation efficiency was obtained for all hybrids with 1 wt.% of the CS component. The highest reduction of the kaolin suspension absorbance (to 0.06) was observed for a 3 mL dose of the starch hybrid with the highest AM content. Additionally, St-PAM-CS showed a reduction in the sludge volume in time. The hybrids reached better flocculation efficiency in relation to the reference systems without CSs. The proposed flocculation mechanism (considering bridging, patching, and formation of hydrogen bonds) has been confirmed by the recorded results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91449-4749
| | - Krzysztof Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Beata Zielinska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland;
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Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coprecipitation-adsorption plays a significant role during coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) of antimony (Sb) in water. This work uses a Box–Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of major operating variables such as initial Sb(III, V) concentration (100–1000 µg/L), ferric chloride (FC) dose (5–50 mg/L), and pH (4–10) on redox Sb species. Experimental data of Sb(III, V) removal were used to determine response function coefficients. The model response value (Sb removal) showed good agreement with the experimental results. FC showed promising coagulation behavior of both Sb species under optimum pH (6.5–7.5) due to its high affinity towards Sb species and low residual Fe concentration. However, a high dose of 50 mg/L of FC is required for the maximum (88–93%) removal of Sb(V), but also for the highest (92–98%) removal of low initial concentrations of Sb(III). Furthermore, BBD and RSM were found to be reliable and feasible for determining the optimum conditions for Sb removal from environmental water samples by a C/F/S process. This work may contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the C/F/S behavior of Sb(III, V) species in aqueous environments, to reduce potential risks to humans.
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Wimalawansa SJ. Does fluoride cause the mysterious chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin? ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3035-3057. [PMID: 31997043 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin (CKDmfo), also known as CKD of unknown origin, started to manifest during the past four decades in certain economically poor, peri-equatorial agricultural countries. CKDmfo is an environmentally induced, occupationally-mediated, chronic tubulointerstitial disease. Prolonged exposure to environmental nephrotoxic agents and extenuating conditions are prerequisites for its manifestation. More than 30 causative factors have been postulated, but none one has been properly scientifically tested, to be able to include or exclude. In recent years, fluoride has come to be considered a key contender as a causative agent of CKDmfo. Therefore, this review examines the pros and cons of that theory and the potential plausibility that fluoride causes CKDmfo. It also examines the potential interactions and additive or synergistic effects of certain geogenic factors, especially, the plausibility of CaPO4-3 apatite and fluorapatite crystals and nanotube formation in concentrated tubular filtrate and within tubular cells, in renal tubules. The information presented is based on published work and data collected over the past two decades in Sri Lanka. However, the evidence and concepts are applicable to all CKDmfo-affected countries. Thus, the presented content might facilitate scientists to narrowed down causative factors to just a few and government departments to implement effective programs for preventing this disease. The findings suggest that in addition to the geogenic components, disease manifestation requires (A) prolonged exposure to environmental nephrotoxins and factors, (B) interactions among elements (Ca2+, PO4-3 , F-, and Mg2+), and (C) vulnerability of the person, such as chronic dehydration, and antioxidant and micronutrient deficiencies. In vivo precipitation of nanominerals in renal tubular tissues that arising over several years causes tubulointerstitial disease-CKDmfo. Inherent vulnerabilities and conditions, together with nanomineral precipitation, trigger renal tubular cell oxidative stresses, inflammation, and fibrosis, and eventually causing tubulointerstitial chronic renal failure-CKDmfo.
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Li W, Qin D. The in situ technique of aqueous binding concentration and diffusion for measurements of arsenate concentrations in lake waters. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1106:139-147. [PMID: 32145842 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contaminations in waters are concerned worldwide. This research was to examine an in situ method of aqueous binding concentration and diffusion (ABCD) technique with an aqueous solution of metal immobilized polycationic polymer (MIP) as a binding phase and a dialysis membrane as a diffusive layer to pre-concentrate trace arsenate in lake waters. Although the maximum binding capacity of arsenate to MIP was influenced by the presence of anions in water, the binding phase was capable of pre-concentrating arsenate in lake water. This in situ pre-concentration technique was combined with light emitting diodes (LED) for semi-on line detection of trace arsenate in waters. The system was eventually validated in lake waters in lab and in natural lake waters in China. In this work, new colorimetric method for detection of arsenate in the binding phase has been developed to minimize the potential spectra interferences of silicates, phosphates and other oxyanions. Potassium iodide was used to reduce arsenate to arsenite before the solution was mixed with the colour generation reagent of RhodamineB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Environment Analysis and Pollution Control of West Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Dengpan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Environment Analysis and Pollution Control of West Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, China
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Inam MA, Khan R, Akram M, Khan S, Yeom IT. Effect of Water Chemistry on Antimony Removal by Chemical Coagulation: Implications of ζ-Potential and Size of Precipitates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122945. [PMID: 31212890 PMCID: PMC6627716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of coagulation and precipitation affect the fate and mobility of antimony (Sb) species in drinking water. Moreover, the solubility and physico-chemical properties of the precipitates may be affected by the media chemistry. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the removal of Sb(III, V) species by ferric chloride coagulation under various water chemistry influences with a particular focus on the role of the properties of the precipitates. The results indicated that the amount of Sb(III) removed increased with increasing solution pH, showing the insignificant effects of the hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) and ζ-potential of the precipitates. However, no Sb(V) removal occurred at alkaline pH values, while a highly negative ζ-potential and the complete dissolution of precipitates were observed in the aqueous solution. The solution pH was also useful in determining the dominant coagulation mechanisms, such as co-precipitation and adsorption. The Fe solubility substantially affects the Sb removal at a certain pH range, while the HDD of the precipitates plays an insignificant role in Sb removal. The presence of divalent cations brings the ζ-potential of the precipitates close to point of zero charge (pzc), thus enhancing the Sb(V) removal at alkaline pH conditions. Pronounced adverse effects of humic acid were observed on Sb removal, ζ-potential and HDD of the precipitates. In general, this study may provide critical information to a wide group of researchers dealing with environmental protection from heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ick Tae Yeom
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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