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Wu T, Cheng H, Sima L, Wang Z, Ouyang W, Wang J, Hou Y, Zhao D, Liao W, Hu C. Identification of novel PD-1/PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors: virtual screening, synthesis and in vitro characterisation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2353711. [PMID: 38887057 PMCID: PMC11232653 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2353711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is considered as one of the most promising immune checkpoints in tumour immunotherapy. However, researchers are faced with the inherent limitations of antibodies, driving them to pursue PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors. Virtual screening followed by experimental validation is a proven approach to discover active compounds. In this study, we employed multistage virtual screening methods to screen multiple compound databases to predict new PD-1/PD-L1 ligands. 35 compounds were proposed by combined analysis of fitness scores, interaction pattern and MM-GBSA binding affinities. Enzymatic assay confirmed that 10 out of 35 ligands were potential PD-L1 inhibitors, with inhibitory rate higher than 50% at the concentration of 30 µM. Among them, ZDS20 was identified as the most effective inhibitor with low micromolar activity (IC50 = 3.27 μM). Altogether, ZDS20 carrying novel scaffold was identified and could serve as a lead for the development of new classes of PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital BiJie Hospital, Bijie, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lijie Sima
- Department of Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University and Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianta Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weike Liao
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chujiao Hu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Yadav R, Khatkar R, Yap KCH, Kang CYH, Lyu J, Singh RK, Mandal S, Mohanta A, Lam HY, Okina E, Kumar RR, Uttam V, Sharma U, Jain M, Prakash H, Tuli HS, Kumar AP, Jain A. The miRNA and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis: an arsenal of immunotherapeutic targets against lung cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:414. [PMID: 39343796 PMCID: PMC11439964 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a severe challenge to the health care system with intrinsic resistance to first and second-line chemo/radiotherapies. In view of the sterile environment of lung cancer, several immunotherapeutic drugs including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab are currently being used in clinics globally with the intention of releasing exhausted T-cells back against refractory tumor cells. Immunotherapies have a limited response rate and may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in some patients. Hence, a deeper understanding of regulating immune checkpoint interactions could significantly enhance lung cancer treatments. In this review, we explore the role of miRNAs in modulating immunogenic responses against tumors. We discuss various aspects of how manipulating these checkpoints can bias the immune system's response against lung cancer. Specifically, we examine how altering the miRNA profile can impact the activity of various immune checkpoint inhibitors, focusing on the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway within the complex landscape of lung cancer. We believe that a clear understanding of the host's miRNA profile can influence the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors and significantly contribute to existing immunotherapies for lung cancer patients. Additionally, we discuss ongoing clinical trials involving immunotherapeutic drugs, both as standalone treatments and in combination with other therapies, intending to advance the development of immunotherapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Yadav
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rinku Khatkar
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kenneth C-H Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chloe Yun-Hui Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juncheng Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahul Kumar Singh
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Surojit Mandal
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Adrija Mohanta
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajiv Ranjan Kumar
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Uttam
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Aklank Jain
- Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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3
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Tacchini M, Sacchetti G, Guerrini A, Paganetto G. Mycochemicals against Cancer Stem Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:360. [PMID: 37368660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, mushrooms have been considered valuable allies of human well-being both from a dietary and medicinal point of view. Their essential role in several traditional medicines is explained today by the discovery of the plethora of biomolecules that have shown proven efficacy for treating various diseases, including cancer. Numerous studies have already been conducted to explore the antitumoural properties of mushroom extracts against cancer. Still, very few have reported the anticancer properties of mushroom polysaccharides and mycochemicals against the specific population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this context, β-glucans are relevant in modulating immunological surveillance against this subpopulation of cancer cells within tumours. Small molecules, less studied despite their spread and assortment, could exhibit the same importance. In this review, we discuss several pieces of evidence of the association between β-glucans and small mycochemicals in modulating biological mechanisms which are proven to be involved with CSCs development. Experimental evidence and an in silico approach are evaluated with the hope of contributing to future strategies aimed at the direct study of the action of these mycochemicals on this subpopulation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Tacchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Guerrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Zheng Y, Wu S, Huang X, Luo L. Ferroptosis-Related lncRNAs Act as Novel Prognostic Biomarkers in the Gastric Adenocarcinoma Microenvironment, Immunotherapy, and Chemotherapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9598783. [PMID: 37251440 PMCID: PMC10219779 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9598783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death akin to necrosis, is managed by iron and is distinguished by lipid peroxidation. Gastric cancer is a highly aggressive form of cancer, responsible for the third highest number of cancer-related deaths globally. Despite this, the potential of ferroptosis to predict the occurrence of this cancer is yet to be determined. In this research, a comprehensive examination was conducted to explore the link between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and ferroptosis, in order to uncover an lncRNA signature that can predict drug susceptibility and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in gastric adenocarcinoma. We conducted an in-depth analysis of the GC immune microenvironment and immunotherapy, with a particular focus on ferroptosis-related lncRNA prognostic biomarkers, and further explored the correlation between these factors and prognosis, immune infiltration, single nucleotide variation (SNV), and drug sensitivity for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Through our investigations, we have discovered five lncRNA signatures related to ferroptosis that can accurately forecast the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma patients and also regulate the proliferation, migration, and occurrence of ferroptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, this lncRNA signature associated with ferroptosis may be employed as a prognostic indicator for gastric adenocarcinoma, thus presenting a potential solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Zheng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Xueshan Huang
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
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5
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Approaching the Dimerization Mechanism of Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting PD-L1 with Molecular Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021280. [PMID: 36674800 PMCID: PMC9866166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint demonstrate impressive anti-tumor immunity, and small molecule inhibitors disclosed by the Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) company have become a hot topic. In this work, by modifying the carbonyl group of BMS-202 into a hydroxyl group to achieve two enantiomers (MS and MR) with a chiral center, we found that this is an effective way to regulate its hydrophobicity and thus to reduce the negative effect of polar solvation free energy, which enhances the stability of PD-L1 dimer/inhibitor complexes. Moreover, we studied the binding modes of BMS-200 and BMS-202-related small molecule inhibitors by molecular dynamics simulation to explore their inhibitory mechanism targeting PD-L1 dimerization. The results showed that the size exclusion effect of the inhibitors triggered the rearrangement of the residue ATyr56, leading to the formation of an axisymmetric tunnel-shaped pocket, which is an important structural basis for improving the binding affinity of symmetric inhibitors with PD-L1. Furthermore, after inhibitor dissociation, the conformation of ATyr123 and BMet115 rearranged, which blocked the entrance of the binding pocket, while the reverse rearrangements of the same residues occurred when the PD-L1 monomer was complexed with the inhibitors, preparing PD-L1 for dimerization. Overall, this study casts a new light on the inhibitory mechanism of BMS inhibitors targeting PD-L1 dimerization and provides an idea for designing novel small molecule inhibitors for future cancer immunotherapy.
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Jouini N, Cardinale J, Mindt TL. Evaluation of a Radiolabelled Macrocyclic Peptide as Potential PET Imaging Probe for PD-L1. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200091. [PMID: 35388635 PMCID: PMC9320808 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the immune checkpoint PD‐1 and PD−L1 promotes T‐cell deactivation and cancer proliferation. Therefore, immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, which relies on prior assessment of the target, has been widely used for many cancers. As a non‐invasive molecular imaging tool, radiotracers bring novel information on the in vivo expression of biomarkers (e. g., PD−L1), enabling a personalized treatment of patients. Our work aimed at the development of a PD−L1‐specific, peptide‐based PET radiotracer. We synthesized and evaluated a radiolabeled macrocyclic peptide adapted from a patent by Bristol Myers Squibb. Synthesis of [68Ga]Ga‐NJMP1 yielded a product with a radiochemical purity>95 % that was evaluated in vitro. However, experiments on CHO−K1 hPD−L1 cells showed very low cell binding and internalization rates of [68Ga]Ga‐NJMP1 in comparison to a control radiopeptide (WL12). Non‐radioactive cellular assays using time‐resolved fluorescence energy transfer confirmed the low affinity of the reported parent peptide and the DOTA‐derivatives towards PD−L1. The results of our studies indicate that the macrocyclic peptide scaffold reported in the patent literature is not suitable for radiotracer development due to insufficient affinity towards PD−L1 and that C‐terminal modifications of the macrocyclic peptide interfere with important ligand/receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedra Jouini
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Imaging Biomarkers, AUSTRIA
| | - Jens Cardinale
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Imaging Biomarker, AUSTRIA
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Imaging Biomarker, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH, c/o Sekretariat Nuklearmedizin, 1090, Vienna, AUSTRIA
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7
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Kawashita S, Aoyagi K, Fukushima K, Hantani R, Naruoka S, Tanimoto A, Hori Y, Toyonaga Y, Yamanaka H, Miyazaki S, Hantani Y. SAR study of small molecule inhibitors of the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 interaction. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:914-929. [PMID: 34495575 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of small molecule inhibitors of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has drawn research interest for the treatment of cancer. Recently, we reported the discovery of a novel dimeric core small molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. In an effort to discover more potent inhibitors, we further explored the dimeric core scaffold. Our investigations of the structure-activity-relationship revealed that introduction of lipophilic substituents onto one of the di-alkoxylated phenyl rings improved binding affinities to PD-L1, and inhibitory activities of PD-1/PD-L1 in cellular assays. Furthermore, conversion of the ether linker part to an olefin linker not only improved binding affinity but also led to slow dissociation binding kinetics. We also explored more potent, as well as downsized, scaffolds. Compounds bearing a linear chain in place of one of the di-alkoxylated phenyl rings exhibited good binding affinity with improved ligand efficiency (LE). Representative compounds demonstrated potent inhibitory activities of PD-1/PD-L1 in the submicromolar range in cellular assays as well as cellular function in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay with efficacy comparable to anti-PD-1 antibody. Our results provide applicable information for the design of more potent inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kawashita
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Aoyagi
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukushima
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rie Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiori Naruoka
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Tanimoto
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Hori
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Toyonaga
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamanaka
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyazaki
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Shan W, Li X, Yao H, Lin K. Convolutional Neural Network-based Virtual Screening. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2033-2047. [PMID: 32452320 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200526142958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening is an important means for lead compound discovery. The scoring function is the key to selecting hit compounds. Many scoring functions are currently available; however, there are no all-purpose scoring functions because different scoring functions tend to have conflicting results. Recently, neural networks, especially convolutional neural networks, have constantly been penetrating drug design and most CNN-based virtual screening methods are superior to traditional docking methods, such as Dock and AutoDock. CNNbased virtual screening is expected to improve the previous model of overreliance on computational chemical screening. Utilizing the powerful learning ability of neural networks provides us with a new method for evaluating compounds. We review the latest progress of CNN-based virtual screening and propose prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Shan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hequan Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kejiang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Sasikumar PG, Ramachandra M. Peptide and peptide-inspired checkpoint inhibitors: Protein fragments to cancer immunotherapy. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Protein homodimer sequestration with small molecules: Focus on PD-L1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Padmanabhan R, Kheraldine HS, Meskin N, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. Crosstalk between HER2 and PD-1/PD-L1 in Breast Cancer: From Clinical Applications to Mathematical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E636. [PMID: 32164163 PMCID: PMC7139939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in women worldwide. The most aggressive breast cancer subtypes are human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative breast cancers. Therapies targeting HER2 receptors have significantly improved HER2+ breast cancer patient outcomes. However, several recent studies have pointed out the deficiency of existing treatment protocols in combatting disease relapse and improving response rates to treatment. Overriding the inherent actions of the immune system to detect and annihilate cancer via the immune checkpoint pathways is one of the important hallmarks of cancer. Thus, restoration of these pathways by various means of immunomodulation has shown beneficial effects in the management of various types of cancers, including breast. We herein review the recent progress in the management of HER2+ breast cancer via HER2-targeted therapies, and its association with the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis. In order to link research in the areas of medicine and mathematics and point out specific opportunities for providing efficient theoretical analysis related to HER2+ breast cancer management, we also review mathematical models pertaining to the dynamics of HER2+ breast cancer and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Padmanabhan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Hadeel Shafeeq Kheraldine
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Meskin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
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