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Day DM, Farmer TJ, Granelli J, Lofthouse JH, Lynch J, McElroy CR, Sherwood J, Shimizu S, Clark JH. Reaction Optimization for Greener Chemistry with a Comprehensive Spreadsheet Tool. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238427. [PMID: 36500523 PMCID: PMC9738638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry places an emphasis on safer chemicals, waste reduction, and efficiency. Processes should be optimized with green chemistry at the forefront of decision making, embedded into research at the earliest stage. To assist in this endeavor, we present a spreadsheet that can be used to interpret reaction kinetics via Variable Time Normalization Analysis (VTNA), understand solvent effects with linear solvation energy relationships (LSER), and calculate solvent greenness. With this information, new reaction conditions can be explored in silico, calculating product conversions and green chemistry metrics prior to experiments. The application of this tool was validated with literature case studies. Reaction performance was predicted and then confirmed experimentally for examples of aza-Michael addition, Michael addition, and an amidation. The combined analytical package presented herein permits a thorough examination of chemical reactions, so that the variables that control reaction chemistry can be understood, optimized, and made greener for research and education purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Day
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Thomas J. Farmer
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joe Granelli
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Janice H. Lofthouse
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Julie Lynch
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Con R. McElroy
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.H.C.)
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2
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Baco S, Klinksiek M, Ismail Bedawi Zakaria R, Antonia Garcia-Hernandez E, Mignot M, Legros J, Held C, Casson Moreno V, Leveneur S. Solvent effect investigation on the acid-catalyzed esterification of levulinic acid by ethanol aided by a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Rapid removal of detergent in glycolipids using ionic liquids. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1115-1121. [PMID: 35718829 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Detergent removal in glycolipid after sample preparation, such as enzymatic reaction or isolation of detergent-resistant membrane microdomain, is indispensable for further structural characterization. We previously established the rapid and effective method of detergent removal in glycolipid samples from glass test tube using 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) washing. However, the use of DCE has several drawbacks, such as environmental risks, harmful effects (potentially carcinogenic), and high vaporability and flammability. To solve the issue, we used ionic liquids to remove detergents from glycolipid samples, and found 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide was a suitable alternative for DCE.
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4
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Neto BAD, Eberlin MN, Sherwood J. Solvent Screening Is Not Solvent Effect: A Review on the Most Neglected Aspect of Multicomponent Reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenno A D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry University of Brasília Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília Distrito Federal 70904-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- School of Material Engineering and Nanotechnology MackMass Laboratory Mackenzie Presbyterian University São Paulo SP 01302-907 Brazil
| | - James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington North Yorkshire YO10 5DD UK
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5
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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6
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Neto BAD, Rocha RO, Rodrigues MO. Catalytic Approaches to Multicomponent Reactions: A Critical Review and Perspectives on the Roles of Catalysis. Molecules 2021; 27:132. [PMID: 35011363 PMCID: PMC8746711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we comprehensively describe catalyzed multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and the multiple roles of catalysis combined with key parameters to perform these transformations. Besides improving yields and shortening reaction times, catalysis is vital to achieving greener protocols and to furthering the MCR field of research. Considering that MCRs typically have two or more possible reaction pathways to explain the transformation, catalysis is essential for selecting a reaction route and avoiding byproduct formation. Key parameters, such as temperature, catalyst amounts and reagent quantities, were analyzed. Solvent effects, which are likely the most neglected topic in MCRs, as well as their combined roles with catalysis, are critically discussed. Stereocontrolled MCRs, rarely observed without the presence of a catalytic system, are also presented and discussed in this review. Perspectives on the use of catalytic systems for improved and greener MCRs are finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
| | - Rafael O. Rocha
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
| | - Marcelo O. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG72RD, UK
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Krishnamurthy D, Lazouski N, Gala ML, Manthiram K, Viswanathan V. Closed-Loop Electrolyte Design for Lithium-Mediated Ammonia Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2073-2082. [PMID: 34963899 PMCID: PMC8704027 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel methods for producing ammonia, a large-scale industrial chemical, are necessary for reducing the environmental impact of its production. Lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction is one attractive alternative method for producing ammonia. In this work, we experimentally tested several classes of proton donors for activity in the lithium-mediated approach. From these data, an interpretable data-driven classification model is constructed to distinguish between active and inactive proton donors; solvatochromic Kamlet-Taft parameters emerged to be the key descriptors for predicting nitrogen reduction activity. A deep learning model is trained to predict these parameters using experimental data from the literature. The combination of the classification and deep learning models provides a predictive mapping from proton donor structure to activity for nitrogen reduction. We demonstrate that the two-model approach is superior to a purely mechanistic or a data-driven approach in accuracy and experimental data efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Krishnamurthy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nikifar Lazouski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michal L. Gala
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Jin S, Byrne FP, Clark JH, McElroy CR, Quinn A, Sherwood J, Hunt AJ. 3-Methoxybutan-2-one as a sustainable bio-based alternative to chlorinated solvents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39412-39419. [PMID: 35492443 PMCID: PMC9044657 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of acetoin with dimethyl carbonate was performed in a sustainable one-step process, with improved process mass intensity (PMI) and atom economy. 3-Methoxybutan-2-one is a sustainable bio-based alternative to chlorinated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Jin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fergal P. Byrne
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Con Robert McElroy
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alex Quinn
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J. Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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9
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Jordan A, Stoy P, Sneddon HF. Chlorinated Solvents: Their Advantages, Disadvantages, and Alternatives in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1582-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Patrick Stoy
- Drug Design and Selection, Platform and Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Helen F. Sneddon
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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10
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Prediction of solvatochromic parameters of electronic transition energy for characterizing dipolarity/polarizability and hydrogen bonding donor interactions in binary solvent systems of liquid nonpolar-polar mixtures, CO2-expanded liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide with cosolvent. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Sherwood J. Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling is not an informative reaction to demonstrate the performance of new solvents. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1001-1005. [PMID: 32509031 PMCID: PMC7237806 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and study of new solvents has become important due to a proliferation of regulations preventing or limiting the use of many conventional solvents. In this work, the suitability of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction to demonstrate the usefulness of new solvents was evaluated, including Cyrene™, dimethyl isosorbide, ethyl lactate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), propylene carbonate, and γ-valerolactone (GVL). It was found that the cross coupling is often unaffected by the choice of solvent, and therefore the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction provides limited information regarding the usefulness of any particular solvent for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
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12
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Duereh A, Guo H, Sato Y, Smith RL, Inomata H. Predictive Framework for Estimating Dipolarity/Polarizability of Binary Nonpolar–Polar Mixtures with Relative Normalized Absorption Wavelength and Gas-Phase Dipole Moment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alif Duereh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Haixin Guo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sato
- Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama, Kasumicho, Taihakuku, Sendai 982-8577 Japan
| | - Richard Lee Smith
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inomata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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