1
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Sun Y, Giacomello G, Girreser U, Steff J, Bureik M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK. Characterization and quantitation of a sulfoconjugated metabolite for detection of methyltestosterone misuse and direct identification by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106527. [PMID: 38710312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10 mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR). Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to facilitate further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jakob Steff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Lu, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome 00197, Italy,; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany,.
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2
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Petrou M, Angelis YS. Simultaneous quantitation and identification of intact Nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites based on derivatization and inject LC-MS/(HRMS) methodology. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38581282 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Α sensitive and selective derivatization and inject method for the quantification of intact nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites was developed and validated using liquid chromatography - (tandem high resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/(HRMS)). For the derivatization, Girard's reagent T (GRT) was used directly in natural urine samples and the analysis of the metabolites of interest was performed by direct injection into LC-MS/(HRMS) system operating in positive ionization mode. Derivatization enabled the efficient detection of nandrolone oxo-metabolites, while at the same time producing intense product ions under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions that are related to metabolites of the steroid backbone and not to the conjugated moieties. Glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of nandrolone were chromatographically resolved and quantified in the same run in the range of 1-100 ng mL-1, while at the same time structure identification could be performed for each metabolite. Full validation of the method was performed according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International Standard for Laboratories (ISL). Nandrolone oxo-metabolites were quantified in two sets of urine samples, the first set consisted of real urine samples previously detected as negative and the second set consisted of urine samples collected from two excretion studies after nandrolone decanoate administration. The results for 19-norandrosterone glucuronide (19-NAG) and 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide (19-NEG) were compared with those obtained by traditional gas chromatography - (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/[MS]) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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3
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Khallouki F, Ksila M, Ghzaiel I, Essadek S, Joutey MT, Maaloul S, Zennouhi W, Benbacer L, Bourhia M, Hajji L, Zarrouk A, Rezig L, Rup-Jacques S, Abdellaoui R, Ghrairi T, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Nasser B, Andreoletti P, Mustapha-Cherkaoui-Malki, Samadi M, Vejux A, Lizard G. Chemical and Biochemical Features of Spinasterol and Schottenol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:45-55. [PMID: 38036874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols, which are produced in plants, are structurally similar to cholesterol. Their basic structures consist of a cyclo pentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus composed of 3 hexane rings and of a pentane ring with an alkyl side chain. There are around more than 250 phytosterols and related compounds that have been identified in natural resources. Among them, spinasterol and schottenol, its dihydro analog, are often found in seeds, and consequently in seed oils, and in other botanical parts of some plant families such as Sapotaceae, Cactaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Spinasterol and/or schottenol has been identified in dietary and cosmetic argan oil, milk thistle seed oil, nigella seed oil, and pumkin seed oil. These phytosterols that have several bioactive properties make them potentially attractive molecules in pharmacology. Their chemical and biochemical features are summarized and the analytical methods used to characterize and analyze these compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khallouki
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ksila
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soukaina Essadek
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Tahri Joutey
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Samah Maaloul
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Zennouhi
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Laila Benbacer
- Unité de Biologie et Recherches Moléculaires, Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bourhia
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES26, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industries, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Rup-Jacques
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Raoudha Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | | | - Mohammad Samadi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France.
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Detection time comparison of non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites of metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone analysed by four different mass spectrometric techniques. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:853-864. [PMID: 37055939 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) indicates their popularity among rule-breaking athletes. The so called long-term metabolites play a crucial role in their detection, and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites have gained renewed interest, as research has demonstrated their extended detection time compared to the more conventional markers (e.g., for metenolone and mesterolone). Their potential has been investigated using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC- and GC-MS). However, due to their complementary nature, chances are that the most promising metabolite on one technique does not necessarily exhibit the same behaviour on the other and vice versa. Therefore, a comparison was carried out where as a trial model, metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone were selected and the most likely long-term sulphated metabolites identified on four mass spectrometric instruments. Additionally, using a modified sample preparation procedure, comparison between conventional and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites between different GC-MS instruments was also included. When focusing on each individual marker, no cases were observed where a single metabolite provided a superior detection time on all instruments. Furthermore, for each AAS, there were incidences where a metabolite provided the best detection time on one instrument but could only be detected for a shorter period or not at all on other instruments. This demonstrates that metabolite detection windows and hence their added-value as target substance are unique and dependent on the analytical technique and not only on their pharmacokinetic behaviour. Consequently, in each case, a metabolite versus instrument evaluation is needed to maximise the probabilities of detecting doping offences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Aubert C, Rontani JF. Use of Trifluoro-Acetate Derivatives for GC-MS and GC-MS/MS Quantification of Trace Amounts of Stera-3β,5α,6β-Triols (Tracers of Δ 5-Sterol Autoxidation) in Environmental Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041547. [PMID: 36838534 PMCID: PMC9967974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stera-3β,5α,6β-triols make useful tracers of the autoxidation of Δ5-sterols. These compounds are generally analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after silylation. Unfortunately, the 5α hydroxyl groups of these compounds, which are not derivatized by conventional silylation reagents, substantially alter the chromatographic properties of these derivatives, thus ruling out firm quantification of trace amounts. In this work, we developed a derivatization method (trifluoroacetylation) that enables derivatization of the three hydroxyl groups of 3β,5α,6β-steratriols. The derivatives thus formed present several advantages over silyl ethers: (i) better stability, (ii) shorter retention times, (iii) better chromatographic properties and (iv) mass spectra featuring specific ions or transitions that enable very low limits of detection in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. This method, validated with cholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol, was applied to several environmental samples (desert dusts, marine sediments and particulate matter) and was able to quantify trace amounts of 3β,5α,6β-steratriols corresponding to several sterols: not only classical monounsaturated sterols (e.g., cholesterol, campesterol and sitosterol) but also, and for the first time, di-unsaturated sterols (e.g., stigmasterol, dehydrocholesterol and brassicasterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Aubert
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicocinétique (Equipe Associée 3286), Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Rontani
- CNRS/IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, Aix-Marseille University, Université de Toulon, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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Analysis of Organophosphorus-Based Nerve Agent Degradation Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Current Derivatization Reactions in the Analytical Chemist's Toolbox. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154631. [PMID: 34361784 PMCID: PMC8348239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the analysis of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), specifically those involving the organophosphorus-based nerve agents (OPNAs), is a continually evolving and dynamic area of research. The ever-present interest in this field within analytical chemistry is driven by the constant threat posed by these lethal CWAs, highlighted by their use during the Tokyo subway attack in 1995, their deliberate use on civilians in Syria in 2013, and their use in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Great Britain in 2018 and Alexei Navalny in 2020. These events coupled with their potential for mass destruction only serve to stress the importance of developing methods for their rapid and unambiguous detection. Although the direct detection of OPNAs is possible by GC-MS, in most instances, the analytical chemist must rely on the detection of the products arising from their degradation. To this end, derivatization reactions mainly in the form of silylations and alkylations employing a vast array of reagents have played a pivotal role in the efficient detection of these products that can be used retrospectively to identify the original OPNA.
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8
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Junker J, Kamp F, Winkler E, Steiner H, Bracher F, Müller C. Effective sample preparation procedure for the analysis of free neutral steroids, free steroid acids and sterol sulfates in different tissues by GC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105880. [PMID: 33757894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroids play an important role in cell regulation and homeostasis. Many diseases like Alzheimer's disease or Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are known to be associated with deviations in the steroid profile. Most published methods only allow the analysis of small subgroups of steroids and cannot give an overview of the total steroid profile. We developed and validated a method that allows the analysis of free neutral steroids, including intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis, free oxysterols, C19 and C21 steroids, free steroid acids, including bile acids, and sterol sulfates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed in scan mode for screening purposes and in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode for highly sensitive quantitative analysis. The method was validated for mouse brain and liver tissue and consists of sample homogenization, lipid extraction, steroid group separation, deconjugation, derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We applied the method on brain and liver samples of mice (10 months and 3 weeks old) and cultured N2a cells and report the endogenous concentrations of 29 physiological steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Junker
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Edith Winkler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Direct quantification of anorethidrani disuccinate and determination of sterol metabolites by chemical derivatization combined with LC-MS/MS: Application to a Phase I pharmacokinetic study in humans. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122290. [PMID: 32891947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anorethidrani disuccinate (ACP) is a domestically designed A-decarbonized steroid that is currently being investigated in Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. Only the parent drug exhibited antitumor activity; its sterol metabolite M2 showed obvious antiestrogenic effects. We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the direct quantification of ACP and a chemical derivatization method that can be used to quantify M2 derivatized with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMA). A simple protein precipitation procedure was performed to quantify ACP. Injections were obtained within 3.5 min on an Eclipse Plus Phenyl-Hexyl column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 μm) with gradient elution; the calibration curve was linear over the range of 2.00-8000 ng/mL. For quantification of M2 in plasma, analytes were extracted by protein precipitation and converted to their GTMA derivatives at 60 °C for 2 h at pH 12; the analytes and coelutants were separated on a Luna C8(2) column (50 mm × 2.0 mm i.d., 5.0 μm). The precision (RSD) and accuracy (RE) of the intra- and interday determinations were within 10%. The derivatization procedure is a novel method for sterol determination by LC-MS/MS. The results confirmed the usefulness of this method for characterizing the pharmacokinetic profiles of ACP and its major metabolite M2 in a Phase I pharmacokinetic study.
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Nakakuni M, Yamasaki Y, Yoshitake N, Takehara K, Yamamoto S. Methyl Ether-Derivatized Sterols and Coprostanol Produced via Thermochemolysis Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224040. [PMID: 31703423 PMCID: PMC6928973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are widely distributed in nature from lipids in organisms to sediments. As a conventional method, extraction and derivatization with TMS have been applied for sterol analysis, requiring a long preparation time for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, for sterol analysis, thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was applied. This method performs hydrolysis and methylation simultaneously; thus, free and ether-bonding sterols can be analyzed as sterol methyl ethers in a relatively short time period. A sediment sample from a tideland (the Yatsu tideland, Japan) was analyzed using the TMAH method, and we detected more than 10 sterols, which include cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol), 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (sitosterol), 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-3β-ol (brassicasterol), 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)Z-dien-3β-ol (isofucosterol), 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α(H)-cholest-22E-en-3β- ol (dinosterol), and 5β(H)-cholestan-3β-ol (coprostanol). The detection of the various sterols can be attributed to multiple natural and artificial sources around the Yatsu tideland. In this paper, the mass spectra of these sterols are provided together with an interpretation of their fragmentation patterns. Additionally, the fecal pollution in the Yatsu tideland is discussed in the context of the detection of coprostanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakakuni
- Department of Science and Technology, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yoshimi Yamasaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Nonoka Yoshitake
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Keiko Takehara
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
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