Analysis of the Overlapped Electrochemical Signals of Hydrochlorothiazide and Pyridoxine on the Ethylenediamine-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode by Use of Chemometrics Methods

Development of a Versatile, Low-Cost Electrochemical System to Study Biofilm Redox Activity at the Micron Scale

Spatially resolving chemical landscapes surrounding microbial communities can provide insight into chemical interactions that dictate cellular physiology. Electrochemical techniques provide an attractive option for studying these interactions due to their robustness and high sensitivity. Unfortunately, commercial electrochemical platforms that are capable of measuring chemical activity on the micron scale are often expensive and do not easily perform multiple scanning techniques. Here, we report development of an inexpensive electrochemical system that features a combined micromanipulator and potentiostat component capable of scanning surfaces while measuring molecular concentrations or redox profiles. We validate this experimental platform for biological use with a two-species biofilm model composed of the oral bacterial pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii. We measure consumption of H₂O₂ by A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms temporally and spatially, providing new insights into how A. actinomycetemcomitans responds to this S. gordonii-produced metabolite. We advance our platform to spatially measure redox activity above biofilms. Our analysis supports that redox activity surrounding biofilms is species specific, and the region immediately above an S. gordonii biofilm is highly oxidized compared to that above an A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. This work provides description and validation of a versatile, quantitative framework for studying bacterial redox-mediated physiology in an integrated and easily adaptable experimental platform.

IMPORTANCE Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy methods can provide information of the chemical environment along a spatial surface with micron-scale resolution. These methods often require expensive instruments that perform optimized and highly sensitive niche techniques. Here, we describe a novel system that combines a micromanipulator that scans micron-sized electrodes across the surface of bacterial biofilms and a potentiostat, which performs various electrochemical techniques. This platform allows for spatial measurement of chemical gradients above live bacteria in real time, and as proof of concept, we utilize this setup to map H₂O₂ detoxification above an oral pathogen biofilm. We increased the versatility of this platform further by mapping redox potentials of biofilms in real time on the micron scale. Together, this system provides a technical framework for studying chemical interactions among microbes.