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Tomich A, Chen J, Carta V, Guo J, Lavallo V. Electrolyte Engineering with Carboranes for Next-Generation Mg Batteries. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:264-271. [PMID: 38435510 PMCID: PMC10906036 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
To realize an energy storage transition beyond Li-ion competitive technologies, earth-abundant elements, such as Mg, are needed. Carborane anions are particularly well-suited to realizing magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs), as their inert and weakly coordinating properties beget excellent electrolyte performance. However, utilizing these materials in actual electrochemical cells has been hampered by the reliance on the Mg2+ salts of the commercially available [HCB11H11]- anion, which is not soluble in more weakly binding solvents apart from the higher glymes. Herein, we demonstrate it is possible to iteratively engineer the [HCB11H11]- anion surface synthetically to address previous solubility issues and yield a highly conductive (up to 7.33 mS cm-1) and electrochemically stable (up to +4.2 V vs Mg2+/0) magnesium electrolyte that surpasses the state of the art. This novel non-nucleophilic electrolyte exhibits highly dissociative behavior regardless of concentration and is tolerant of prolonged periods of cycling in symmetric cells at high current densities (up to 2.0 mA cm-2, 400 h). The hydrocarbon functionalized carborane electrolyte presented here demonstrates >96% Coulombic efficiency when paired with a Mo6S8 cathode. This approach realizes a needed candidate to discover next-generation cathode materials that can enable the design of practical and commercially viable Mg batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton
W. Tomich
- Department
of Chemistry University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department
of Chemistry University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Juchen Guo
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Vincent Lavallo
- Department
of Chemistry University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Berger A, Ibrahim A, Buckley CE, Paskevicius M. Divalent closo-monocarborane solvates for solid-state ionic conductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5758-5775. [PMID: 36744417 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries have held the dominant position in battery research for the last 30+ years. However, due to inadequate resources and the cost of necessary elements (e.g., lithium ore) in addition to safety issues concerning the components and construction, it has become more important to look at alternative technologies. Multivalent metal batteries with solid-state electrolytes are a potential option for future battery applications. The synthesis and characterisation of divalent hydrated closo-monocarborane salts - Mg[CB11H12]2·xH2O, Ca[CB11H12]2·xH2O, and Zn[CB11H12]2·xH2O - have shown potential as solid-state electrolytes. The coordination of a solvent (e.g. H2O) to the cation in these complexes shows a significant improvement in ionic conductivity, i.e. for Zn[CB11H12]2·xH2O dried at 100 °C (10-3 S cm-1 at 170 °C) and dried at 150 °C (10-5 S cm-1 at 170 °C). Solvent choice also proved important with the ionic conductivity of Mg[CB11H12]2·3en (en = ethylenediamine) being higher than that of Mg[CB11H12]2·3.1H2O (2.6 × 10-5 S cm-1 and 1.7 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 100 °C, respectively), however, the oxidative stability was lower (<1 V (Mg2+/Mg) and 1.9 V (Mg2+/Mg), respectively). Thermal characterisation of the divalent closo-monocarborane salts showed melting and desolvation, prior to high temperature decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Berger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Ainee Ibrahim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Craig E Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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3
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Souza DHP, D'Angelo AM, Humphries TD, Buckley CE, Paskevicius M. Na 2B 11H 13 and Na 11(B 11H 14) 3(B 11H 13) 4 as potential solid-state electrolytes for Na-ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13848-13857. [PMID: 36039870 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state sodium batteries have attracted great attention owing to their improved safety, high energy density, large abundance and low cost of sodium compared to the current Li-ion batteries. Sodium-boranes have been studied as potential solid-state electrolytes and the search for new materials is necessary for future battery applications. Here, a facile and cost-effective solution-based synthesis of Na2B11H13 and Na11(B11H14)3(B11H13)4 is demonstrated. Na2B11H13 presents an ionic conductivity in the order of 10-7 S cm-1 at 30 °C, but undergoes an order-disorder phase transition and reaches 10-3 S cm-1 at 100 °C, close to that of liquids and the solid-state electrolyte Na-β-Al2O3. The formation of a mixed-anion solid-solution, Na11(B11H14)3(B11H13)4, partially stabilises the high temperature structural polymorph observed for Na2B11H13 at room temperature and it exhibits Na+ conductivity higher than its constituents (4.7 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 30 °C). Na2B11H13 and Na11(B11H14)3(B11H13)4 exhibit an oxidative stability limit of 2.1 V vs. Na+/Na.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H P Souza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | | | - Terry D Humphries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Craig E Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Wehmschulte RJ, Bayliss B, Reed S, Wesenberg C, Morgante P, Peverati R, Neal S, Chouinard CD, Tolosa D, Powell DR. Zinc Ammonio-dodecaborates: Synthesis, Lewis Acid Strength, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7032-7042. [PMID: 35471017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two series of zinc salts, [EtZn][A] and Zn[A]2, with weakly coordinating anions [A]- as counterions have been prepared, and their activities as catalysts for hydrosilylation reactions of 1-hexene, benzophenone, and acetophenone have been investigated. The counterions and per- and partially chlorinated 1-ammonio-closo-dodecaborate anions [Me3NB12Cl11]- [1]-, [Pr3NB12H5Cl6]- [2]-, [Bu3NB12H4Cl7]- [3]-, and [Hex3NB12H5Cl6]- [4]- were chosen as potential and more readily available alternatives to carborate anions such as [CHB11Cl11]- and [HexCB11Cl11]-. The basicity of anion [4]- was determined as being close to that of the triflimide anion [N(SO2CF3)2]-, and the fluoride ion affinities (FIAs) of compounds [EtZn][2] and Zn[2]2 are lower than those of the Lewis acids B(C6F5)3 and Zn[HexCB11Cl11]2. The higher anion basicity and the resulting lower Lewis acidity of the zinc centers result in low activity in 1-hexene hydrosilylation catalysis and only moderate activity in the hydrosilylation catalysis of benzophenone and acetophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Wehmschulte
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Brittany Bayliss
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Sydney Reed
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Corey Wesenberg
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Pierpaolo Morgante
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Shon Neal
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Christopher D Chouinard
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Daniela Tolosa
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Douglas R Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States
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Berger A, Buckley CE, Paskevicius M. Synthesis of closo-CB 11H 12- Salts Using Common Laboratory Reagents. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14744-14751. [PMID: 34514784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium and sodium salts of the closo-carbadodecaborate anion [CB11H12]- have been shown to form stable solid-state electrolytes with excellent ionic conductivity for all-solid-state batteries (ASSB). However, potential commercial application is currently hindered by the difficult, low-yielding, and expensive synthetic pathways. We report a novel and cost-effective method to synthesize the [CB11H12]- anion in a 40% yield from [B11H14]-, which can be synthesized using common laboratory reagents. The method avoids the use of expensive and dangerous reagents such as NaH, decaborane, and CF3SiMe3 and shows excellent reproducibility in product yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Berger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Craig E Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Mark Paskevicius
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Le TP, Rončević I, Dračínský M, Císařová I, Šolínová V, Kašička V, Kaleta J. Polyhalogenated Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10303-10319. [PMID: 34269057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the highly selective radical chlorination of 2,2-difluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. Together with radical hydrodechlorination by TMS3SiH, four new bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane cages carrying two fluorine and one to three chlorine atoms in bridge positions have been obtained. The exact positions of all halogen atoms have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The acidity constants (pKa) for all new derivatives have been determined by capillary electrophoresis, and these experimental values show excellent agreement with pKas predicted by DFT methods. Extensive DFT calculations have been used to rationalize the selective formation of four out of nine possible F2Cl1-4 isomers of bridge-halogenated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and to obtain relative strain energies for all possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong Le
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Rončević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Rončević I, Bastien G, Cvačka J, Kaleta J, Michl J. CB11H10– and Related Carborenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12453-12460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rončević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Bastien
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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