1
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Ahrari F, Mohammadi M. Combined cross-linking of Rhizomucor miehei lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B for the effective enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129362. [PMID: 38272408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of a non-specific lipase and a sn-1,3 specific one in a single immobilized system can be a promising approach for the exploitation of both lipases. A one-step immobilization platform mediated by an isocyanide-based multi-component reaction was applied to create co-cross-linked enzymes (co-CLEs) of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (sn-1,3 specific) and Candida antarctica (non-specific). Glutaraldehyde was found to be effective cross-linker by producing specific activity of 16.9 U/mg and immobilization yield of 99 %. High activity recovery of up to 404 % was obtained for immobilized derivatives. Leaking experiment showed covalent nature of the cross-linking processes. BSA had considerable effect on the immobilization process, providing 87-100 % immobilization yields and up to 10 times improvement in the specific activity of the immobilized derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy images showed flower-like and rod-like structures for the CLEs prepared by glutaraldehyde and undecanedicarboxylic acid, respectively. The prepared co-CLEs were examined in non-selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil, showing capability of releasing up to 100 % of both omega-3 fatty acids within 8 h of the reaction. The reusability of co-CLEs in five successive cycles presented retaining 63-72 % of their initial activities after the fifth reuse cycle in the hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ahrari
- Bioprocess Engineering Department, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Bioprocess Engineering Department, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Bouguerra OM, Wahab RA, Huyop F, Al-Fakih AM, Mahmood WMAW, Mahat NA, Sabullah MK. An Overview of Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates: Concept of Development and Trends of Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y. [PMID: 38180645 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes in industrial applications. However, their limited operational stability, catalytic efficiency, poor reusability, and high-cost hamper further industrial usage. Thus, crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) are developed as a better enzyme immobilization tool to extend the enzymes' operational stability. This immobilization method is appealing because it is simpler due to the absence of ballast and permits the collective use of crude enzyme cocktails. CLEAs, so far, have been successfully developed using a variety of enzymes, viz., hydrolases, proteases, amidases, lipases, esterases, and oxidoreductase. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel strategies for preparing better CLEAs, which include the combi- and multi-CLEAs, magnetics CLEAs, and porous CLEAs for various industrial applications, viz., laundry detergents, organic synthesis, food industries, pharmaceutical applications, oils, and biodiesel production. To better understand the different strategies for CLEAs' development, this review explores these strategies and highlights the relevant concerns in designing innovative CLEAs. This article also details the challenges faced during CLEAs preparation and solutions for overcoming them. Finally, the trending strategies to improve the preparation of CLEAs alongside their industrial application trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Maroua Bouguerra
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdo Mohammed Al-Fakih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Muhd Asyraf Wan Mahmood
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Dengkil Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, 43800, Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naji Arafat Mahat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khalizan Sabullah
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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3
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Costa IO, Morais JRF, de Medeiros Dantas JM, Gonçalves LRB, Dos Santos ES, Rios NS. Enzyme immobilization technology as a tool to innovate in the production of biofuels: A special review of the Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110300. [PMID: 37523882 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the crucial role of enzyme immobilization technology in advancing the production of two main biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, with a specific focus on the Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. This method of immobilization has gained attention due to its simplicity and affordability, as it does not initially require a solid support. CLEAs synthesis protocol includes two steps: enzyme precipitation and cross-linking of aggregates using bifunctional agents. We conducted a thorough search for papers detailing the synthesis of CLEAs utilizing amylases, cellulases, and hemicellulases. These key enzymes are involved in breaking down starch or lignocellulosic materials to produce ethanol, both in first and second-generation processes. CLEAs of lipases were included as these enzymes play a crucial role in the enzymatic process of biodiesel production. However, when dealing with large or diverse substrates such as lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production and oils/fats for biodiesel production, the use of individual enzymes may not be the most efficient method. Instead, a system that utilizes a blend of enzymes may prove to be more effective. To innovate in the production of biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel), enzyme co-immobilization using different enzyme species to produce Combi-CLEAs is a promising trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathália Saraiva Rios
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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4
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Alonazi M, Al-Diahan SK, Alzahrani ZR, Ben Bacha A. Combined immobilized lipases for effective biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103772. [PMID: 37663395 PMCID: PMC10470282 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the enzymatic transesterification of the oil extracted from SCGs for synthesis of biodiesel as a promising alternative to diesel fuels based on petroleum. Biocatalysts from various sources were tested for biodiesel synthesis using coffee oil among which CaCO3- immobilized Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus stearothermophilus showed the highest conversion yields (61 ± 2.64% and 64.3 ± 1.53%, respectively) in 4 h. In further optimizing reaction parameters, methanol to oil molar ratio, biocatalyst quantity, water content, as well as incubation time and temperature markedly improved oil-to-biodiesel conversion up to 99.33 ± 0.57 % in a solvent free reaction after 12 h at 55 °C. A mixture of inexpensive CaCO3-immobilized bacterial lipases at a 1:1 ratio was the best environment-friendly catalyst for biofuel synthesis as well as the ideal trade-off between conversion and cost. Obtained coffee biodiesel remained stable beyond 40 days at ambient storage conditions and its chemical characteristics were comparable to those of other known biodiesels according to the European requirements (EN14214). Collectively, SCGs, after oil extraction, could be an ideal substrate for the production of an environment-friendly biodiesel by using appropriate mixture of CaCO3-immobilized lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 22455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sooad K. Al-Diahan
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 22455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaenab R.A. Alzahrani
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 22455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 22455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Biodiesel Production by Single and Mixed Immobilized Lipases Using Waste Cooking Oil. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248736. [PMID: 36557867 PMCID: PMC9782179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the important biofuels as an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuels. In the current study, enzymatic transesterification reaction was carried out for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and experimental conditions were optimized, in order to reach maximum biodiesel yield. Bacillus stearothermophilus and Staphylococcus aureus lipase enzymes were individually immobilized on CaCO3 to be used as environmentally friendly catalysts for biodiesel production. The immobilized lipases exhibited better stability than free ones and were almost fully active after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. A significant biodiesel yield of 97.66 ± 0.57% was achieved without any pre-treatment and at 1:6 oil/methanol molar ratio, 1% of the enzyme mixture (a 1:1 ratio mixture of both lipase), 1% water content, after 24 h at 55 °C reaction temperature. The biocatalysts retained 93% of their initial activities after six cycles. The fuel and chemical properties such as the cloud point, viscosity at 40 °C and density at 15 °C of the produced biodiesel complied with international specifications (EN 14214) and, therefore, were comparable to those of other diesels/biodiesels. Interestingly, the resulting biodiesel revealed a linolenic methyl ester content of 0.55 ± 0.02% and an ester content of 97.7 ± 0.21% which is in good agreement with EN14214 requirements. Overall, using mixed CaCO3-immobilized lipases to obtain an environmentally friendly biodiesel from WCO is a promising and effective alternative for biodiesel production catalysis.
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6
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Co-Enzymes with Dissimilar Stabilities: A Discussion of the Likely Biocatalyst Performance Problems and Some Potential Solutions. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have several excellent catalytic features, and the last few years have seen a revolution in biocatalysis, which has grown from using one enzyme to using multiple enzymes in cascade reactions, where the product of one enzyme reaction is the substrate for the subsequent one. However, enzyme stability remains an issue despite the many benefits of using enzymes in a catalytic system. When enzymes are exposed to harsh process conditions, deactivation occurs, which changes the activity of the enzyme, leading to an increase in reaction time to achieve a given conversion. Immobilization is a well-known strategy to improve many enzyme properties, if the immobilization is properly designed and controlled. Enzyme co-immobilization is a further step in the complexity of preparing a biocatalyst, whereby two or more enzymes are immobilized on the same particle or support. One crucial problem when designing and using co-immobilized enzymes is the possibility of using enzymes with very different stabilities. This paper discusses different scenarios using two co-immobilized enzymes of the same or differing stability. The effect on operational performance is shown via simple simulations using Michaelis–Menten equations to describe kinetics integrated with a deactivation term. Finally, some strategies for overcoming some of these problems are discussed.
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7
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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9
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da Silva ARC, Calazans Soares LR, Lima ÁS, Soares CMF, Lucena de Souza R. Strategies to reuse of biocatalysts in the hydrolysis and esterification reactions from licuri (Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.) oil. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. C. da Silva
- Tiradentes University: Universidade Tiradentes Engenharia de Processos BRAZIL
| | | | - Álvaro S. Lima
- Tiradentes University: Universidade Tiradentes Engenharia de Processos BRAZIL
| | - Cleide M. F. Soares
- Tiradentes University: Universidade Tiradentes Engenharia de Processos BRAZIL
| | - Ranyere Lucena de Souza
- Tiradentes University: Universidade Tiradentes Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos Av. Murilo Dantas, N 300 49032490 Aracaju BRAZIL
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10
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Demir V, Akgün M. New Catalysts for Biodiesel Production under Supercritical Conditions of Alcohols: A Comprehensive Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Velid Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler Istanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Mesut Akgün
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler Istanbul 34220 Turkey
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11
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Carballares D, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Chemical amination of immobilized enzymes for enzyme coimmobilization: Reuse of the most stable immobilized and modified enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:688-697. [PMID: 35358572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Lecitase and the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) could be coimmobilized on octyl-agarose, the stability of Lecitase was lower than that of TLL causing the user to discard active immobilized TLL when Lecitase was inactivated. Here, we propose the chemical amination of immobilized TLL to ionically exchange Lecitase on immobilized TLL, which should be released to the medium after its inactivation by incubation at high ionic strength. Using conditions where Lecitase was only adsorbed on immobilized TLL after its amination, the combibiocatalyst was produced. Unfortunately, the release of Lecitase was not possible using just high ionic strength solutions, and if detergent was added, TLL was also released from the support. This occurred when using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate, Lecitase did not immobilize on aminated TLL. That makes the use octyl-vinylsulfone supports necessary to irreversibly immobilize TLL, and after blocking with ethylendiamine, the immobilized TLL was aminated. Lecitase immobilized and released from this biocatalyst using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate and 0.1% Triton X-100. That way, a coimmobilized TLL and Lecitase biocatalyst could be produced, and after Lecitase inactivation, it could be released and the immobilized, aminated, and fully active TLL could be utilized to build a new combibiocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Yan H, Shi B, Ding J, Zhu H, Li X, Qian J. Preparation and characterization of a nontoxic cross‐linked lipase aggregate by using sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Bobo Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jing Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Hanxiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xinchen Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Junqing Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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13
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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The combination of covalent and ionic exchange immobilizations enables the coimmobilization on vinyl sulfone activated supports and the reuse of the most stable immobilized enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:51-60. [PMID: 34973984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coimmobilization of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and Candida antarctica (CALB) has been intended using agarose beads activated with divinyl sulfone. CALB could be immobilized on this support, while RML was not. However, RML was ionically exchanged on this support blocked with ethylendiamine. Therefore, both enzymes could be coimmobilized on the same particle, CALB covalently using the vinyl sulfone groups, and RML via anionic exchange on the aminated blocked support. However, immobilized RML was far less stable than immobilized CALB. To avoid the discarding of CALB (that maintained 90% of the initial activity after RML inactivation), a strategy was developed. Inactivated RML was desorbed from the support using ammonium sulfate and 1% Triton X-100 at pH 7.0. That way, 5 cycles of RML thermal inactivation, discharge of the inactivated enzyme and re-immobilization of a fresh sample of RML could be performed. In the last cycle, immobilized CALB activity was still over 90% of the initial one. Thus, the strategy permits that enzymes can be coimmobilized on vinyl sulfone supports even if one of them cannot be immobilized on it, and also permits the reuse of the most stable enzyme (if it is irreversibly attached to the support).
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15
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Soni S. Trends in lipase engineering for enhanced biocatalysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:265-272. [PMID: 33438779 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipases, also known as triacylglycerol hydrolases (E.C.No. 3.1.1.3), are considered as leading biocatalysts in the lipid modification business. With properties like ease of availability, capability to work in heterogeneous media, stability in organic solvents, property of catalyzing at the lipid-water interface and even in nonaqueous conditions, have made them a versatile choice for applications in the food, flavor, detergent, pharmaceutical, leather, textile, cosmetic, and paper industries [1]. The increasing alertness toward sustainable technologies, lesser waste generation and solvent usage and minimization of energy input has brought light toward the production and usage of recombinant/improved lipases. For example, Novozym 435, a broadly used recombinant lipase isolated from Candida antarctica, dominates the lipase industry and has even created a supplier bias in the market. This shows that there is a desperate need for novel, low-cost lipases with better properties. For this, mining of existing extremophilic genomes seems more rewarding. But considering the diversity of industrial requirements such as types of solvents used or carrier systems employed for enzyme immobilization, tailor-designed enzymes are an unrealized pressing priority. Therefore, protein engineering strategies in collaboration with the discovery of new lipases can serve as a vital tool to obtain tailor-made enzymes with specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Soni
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
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17
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Filipe HAL, Almeida MCF, Teixeira RR, Esteves MIM, Henriques CA, Antunes FE. Dancing with oils - the interaction of lipases with different oil/water interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7086-7098. [PMID: 34155497 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes as biocatalysts in industrial applications has received much attention during the last few years. Lipases are widely employed in the food and cosmetic industry, for the synthesis of novel biomaterials and as a greener solution for the treatment of waste cooking oils (WCO). The latter topic has been widely explored with the use of enzymes from several origins and types, for the treatment of different used and non-used cooking oils. The experimental conditions of such works are also quite broad, hampering the detailed understanding of the process. In this work we present a detailed characterization of the interaction of several commonly used lipases with different types of vegetal oils and food fats through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. First, the molecular details of the oil/water (O/W) mixtures, namely at the O/W interface, are described. The O/W interface was found to be enriched in triglyceride molecules with higher polarity. Then, the interaction of lipases with oil mixtures is characterized from different perspectives, including the identification of the most important protein residues for this process. The lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL), Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and Candida antarctica (CALB) were found to bind to the O/W interface in a manner that makes the protein binding site more available for the oil molecules. These enzymes were also found to efficiently bind to the O/W interface of all oil mixtures, which in addition to reactivity factors, may explain the efficient applicability of these enzymes to a large variety of edible oils and WCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A L Filipe
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maëva C F Almeida
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rafaela R Teixeira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Margarida I M Esteves
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - César A Henriques
- EcoXperience, HIESE, Quinta Vale do Espinhal, 3230-343, Penela, Portugal
| | - Filipe E Antunes
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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18
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Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.
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19
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Han N, Tang M, Wan S, Jiang Z, Yue Y, Zhao X, Yang J, Huang Z. Surface charge engineering of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase improves enzymatic activity and biodiesel synthesis. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1403-1411. [PMID: 33834350 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed at engineering charged residues on the surface of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) to obtain TLL variant with elevated performance for industrial applications. RESULTS Site-directed mutagenesis of eight charged amino acids on the TLL surface were conducted and substitutions on the negatively charged residues D111, D158, D165, and E239 were identified with elevated specific activities and biodiesel yields. Synergistic effect was not discovered in the double mutants, D111E/D165E and D165E/E239R, when compared with the corresponding single mutants. One TLL mutant, D165E, was identified with increased specific activity (456.60 U/mg), catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km: 44.14 s-1 mM-1), the highest biodiesel conversion yield (93.56%), and comparable thermostability with that of the TLL. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the importance of surface charge engineering in improving TLL activity and biodiesel production, and the resulting TLL mutant, D165E, is a promising candidate for biodiesel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Minyuan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Sidi Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanbao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangui Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinrun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.
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20
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Muley AB, Awasthi S, Bhalerao PP, Jadhav NL, Singhal RS. Preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of lipase from Aspergillus niger: process optimization, characterization, stability, and application for epoxidation of lemongrass oil. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1383-1404. [PMID: 33660099 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of lipase were prepared after fractional precipitation with 40-50% ammonium sulfate and then cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The process variables for the preparation of lipase-CLEAs such as glutaraldehyde concentration, cross-linking period, and initial pH of medium were optimized. The optimized conditions for the preparation of lipase-CLEAs were 25 mM/80 min/pH 7.0, and 31.62 mM/90 min/pH 6.0 with one factor at a time approach and numerical optimization with central composite design, respectively. Lipase-CLEAs were characterized by particle size analysis, SEM, and FTIR. Cross-linking not only shifted the optimal pH and temperature from 7.0 to 7.5 and 40-45 to 45-50 °C, but also altered the secondary structure. Lipase-CLEAs showed an increase in Km by 7.70%, and a decrease in Vmax by 16.63%. Lipase-CLEAs presented better thermostability than free lipase as evident from thermal inactivation constants (t1/2, D and Ed value), and thermodynamic parameters (Ed, ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS°) in the range of 50-70 °C. Lipase-CLEAs retained more than 65% activity up to four cycles and showed good storage stability for 12 days when stored at 4 ± 2 °C. They were successfully utilized for the epoxidation of lemongrass oil which was confirmed by changes in iodine value, epoxide value, and FTIR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Bhimrao Muley
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Sneha Awasthi
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prasanna Prakash Bhalerao
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Nilesh Lakshaman Jadhav
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Rekha Satishchandra Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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21
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Composites of Crosslinked Aggregates of Eversa® Transform and Magnetic Nanoparticles. Performance in the Ethanolysis of Soybean Oil. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eversa® Transform 2.0 has been launched to be used in free form, but its immobilization may improve its performance. This work aimed to optimize the immobilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 by the crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) technique, using almost all the available tools to improve its performance. Several variables in the CLEA preparation were optimized to improve the recovered activity, such as precipitant nature and crosslinker concentration. Moreover, some feeders were co-precipitated to improve the crosslinking step, such as bovine serum albumin, soy protein, or polyethyleneimine. Starch (later enzymatically degraded) was utilized as a porogenic agent to decrease the substrate diffusion limitations. Silica magnetic nanoparticles were also utilized to simplify the CLEA handling, but it was found that a large percentage of the Eversa activity could be immobilized on these nanoparticles before aggregation. The best CLEA protocol gave a 98.9% immobilization yield and 30.1% recovered activity, exhibited a porous structure, and an excellent performance in the transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol: 89.8 wt% of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) yield after 12 h of reaction, while the free enzyme required a 48 h reaction to give the same yield. A caustic polishing step of the product yielded a biodiesel containing 98.9 wt% of FAEEs and a free fatty acids content lower than 0.25%, thus the final product met the international standards for biodiesel. The immobilized biocatalyst could be reused for at least five 12 h-batches maintaining 89.6% of the first-batch yield, showing the efficient catalyst recovery by applying an external magnetic field.
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22
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One Pot Use of Combilipases for Full Modification of Oils and Fats: Multifunctional and Heterogeneous Substrates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are among the most utilized enzymes in biocatalysis. In many instances, the main reason for their use is their high specificity or selectivity. However, when full modification of a multifunctional and heterogeneous substrate is pursued, enzyme selectivity and specificity become a problem. This is the case of hydrolysis of oils and fats to produce free fatty acids or their alcoholysis to produce biodiesel, which can be considered cascade reactions. In these cases, to the original heterogeneity of the substrate, the presence of intermediate products, such as diglycerides or monoglycerides, can be an additional drawback. Using these heterogeneous substrates, enzyme specificity can promote that some substrates (initial substrates or intermediate products) may not be recognized as such (in the worst case scenario they may be acting as inhibitors) by the enzyme, causing yields and reaction rates to drop. To solve this situation, a mixture of lipases with different specificity, selectivity and differently affected by the reaction conditions can offer much better results than the use of a single lipase exhibiting a very high initial activity or even the best global reaction course. This mixture of lipases from different sources has been called “combilipases” and is becoming increasingly popular. They include the use of liquid lipase formulations or immobilized lipases. In some instances, the lipases have been coimmobilized. Some discussion is offered regarding the problems that this coimmobilization may give rise to, and some strategies to solve some of these problems are proposed. The use of combilipases in the future may be extended to other processes and enzymes.
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23
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O'Hagan MP, Peñalver P, Gibson RSL, Morales JC, Galan MC. Stiff-Stilbene Ligands Target G-Quadruplex DNA and Exhibit Selective Anticancer and Antiparasitic Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:6224-6233. [PMID: 32030823 PMCID: PMC7318697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex nucleic acid structures have long been studied as anticancer targets whilst their potential in antiparasitic therapy has only recently been recognized and barely explored. Herein, we report the synthesis, biophysical characterization, and in vitro screening of a series of stiff-stilbene G4 binding ligands featuring different electronics, side-chain chemistries, and molecular geometries. The ligands display selectivity for G4 DNA over duplex DNA and exhibit nanomolar toxicity against Trypasanoma brucei and HeLa cancer cells whilst remaining up to two orders of magnitude less toxic to non-tumoral mammalian cell line MRC-5. Our study demonstrates that stiff-stilbenes show exciting potential as the basis of selective anticancer and antiparasitic therapies. To achieve the most efficient G4 recognition the scaffold must possess the optimal electronics, substitution pattern and correct molecular configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Peñalver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PTS Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento 1718016Armilla, GranadaSpain
| | | | - Juan C. Morales
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PTS Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento 1718016Armilla, GranadaSpain
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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24
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Editorial for Special Issue: Enzyme Immobilization and Its Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244619. [PMID: 31861120 PMCID: PMC6943568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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