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Song M, Bai H, Zhang P, Zhou X, Ying B. Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:2. [PMID: 36596771 PMCID: PMC9810734 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva testing is a vital method for clinical applications, for its noninvasive features, richness in substances, and the huge amount. Due to its direct anatomical connection with oral, digestive, and endocrine systems, clinical usage of saliva testing for these diseases is promising. Furthermore, for other diseases that seeming to have no correlations with saliva, such as neurodegenerative diseases and psychological diseases, researchers also reckon saliva informative. Tremendous papers are being produced in this field. Updated summaries of recent literature give newcomers a shortcut to have a grasp of this topic. Here, we focused on recent research about saliva biomarkers that are derived from humans, not from other organisms. The review mostly addresses the proceedings from 2016 to 2022, to shed light on the promising usage of saliva testing in clinical diagnostics. We recap the recent advances following the category of different types of biomarkers, such as intracellular DNA, RNA, proteins and intercellular exosomes, cell-free DNA, to give a comprehensive impression of saliva biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Song
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Bai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Carlton M, Voisey J, Jones L, Parker TJ, Punyadeera C, Cuttle L. An exploratory study demonstrating that salivary cytokine profiles are altered in children with small area thermal injury. J Burn Care Res 2021; 43:613-624. [PMID: 34323997 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum can be used to investigate changes in cytokine concentration following burn injury in children, however for children receiving treatment in an outpatient setting, blood is not routinely collected and therefore cannot be used for monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of saliva as a non-invasive tool for predicting burn outcomes by measuring the concentration of salivary cytokines in children with small area burns. A multiplex cytokine assay was used to measure 17 cytokines in the saliva of paediatric patients with burns (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20). After the removal of cytokines that had >30% of samples below the assay lower detection limit, six cytokines including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNFα were analysed for association with burns. IL-1β and IL-4 were found to be significantly elevated in the paediatric burn patients compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, IL-1β was also significantly elevated in scald burns, compared to contact burns. In addition, biologically meaningful differences in cytokine concentration were identified in patients with different burn characteristics, which warrant further investigation. This exploratory study provides evidence that cytokines can be detected in the saliva of children and that salivary cytokine profiles differ between healthy controls and children with burns. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of saliva for the investigation of cytokines and its potential application in paediatric diagnostics, specifically in situations where blood collection is not appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Carlton
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Children's Burn and Trauma Research, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Voisey
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology
| | - Lee Jones
- Research Methods Group & Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony J Parker
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Research Team, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leila Cuttle
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Children's Burn and Trauma Research, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kumar T, Kishore J, Kumari M, Rai A, Rai S, Jha A. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacities in end-stage renal disease patients versus control - A prospective comparative study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:2985-2989. [PMID: 32984160 PMCID: PMC7491790 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_242_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Saliva plays a major role in preserving the integrity of oral tissues. Chronic renal failure patient undergoes many oral and salivary changes for which they require special oral health care. The patient undergoing hemodialysis session has altered salivary composition. Many changes occur during hemodialysis that severely affect the flow rate and the biochemical composition of saliva. Methods: A total of 50 patients of end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis for renal insufficiency were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria set prior to the study. These patients were compared with the control group who had already undergone hemodialysis. A total of 30 patients were selected as a control group. In this study, unstimulated whole saliva was collected by the spitting method before and after the dialysis session. Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacities were measured. Results: Hemodialysis had a significant effect on the salivary flow rate. The mean pH of unstimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes before and after dialysis. The concentrations of urea, creatinine, chloride, and potassium in the whole saliva changed markedly before and after a hemodialysis session, whereas no significant difference was seen in the concentration of sodium and calcium. Conclusion: Through this study, we came into a conclusion that hemodialysis had a significant effect on salivary secretion and the biochemical composition of saliva. We conclude that the observed changes in salivary concentrations and the flow rate are mainly due to an increased watery secretion from the salivary glands and also saliva can be used as a tool for monitoring hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanoj Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Jay Kishore
- Dentist, Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bihar Government, Primary Health Centre, Sahdei Buzurg, Vaishali, Bihar, India
| | - Minti Kumari
- Public Health Dentistry, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anurag Rai
- Orthodontics, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shweta Rai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Kankarbagh, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhinav Jha
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sarjug Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
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