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Thuan NH, Huong QTT, Lam BD, Tam HT, Thu PT, Canh NX, Tatipamula VB. Advances in glycosyltransferase-mediated glycodiversification of small molecules. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:209. [PMID: 39184913 PMCID: PMC11343957 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, numerous glycosides have been synthesized and used in clinical applications, neutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food processing. Structurally, a glycoside is composed of aglycone attaching to one or several sugar moieties so-called glycone. It is found that biochemical or biopharmaceutical properties of glycoside are mainly determined by its sugar part and thereby alternation of this glycone resulting in novel structure and characteristics as well. The use of traditional production methods of glycosides such as direct extraction and purification from plants, animals, or microorganisms is very challenging (laborious, time-consuming, technique, high price, low yield, etc.). Alternatively, the use of enzymatic methods for the biosynthesis of glycosides has become a highly promising tool. Particularly, the diverse structure of glycosides can be obtained using the promiscuous catalytic activity of glycosyltransferases (GT) mined from bioresources (plants, fungi, microorganisms, etc.). In addition, the exploration of GT catalytic promiscuity toward diverse aglycones, and glycones has indeed been interesting and played a key role in the production of novel glycosides. This review described the recent advances in glycosyltransferase-mediated glycodiversification of small molecules (flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, etc.). Mostly, references were collected from 2014 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | | | - Bui Dinh Lam
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304 Taiwan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, 250000 Vietnam
| | - Ho Thanh Tam
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Biotechnology Department, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Pham The Thu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Hong LL, Liu YN, Kong JQ. Exploring 3-O-glycosylations of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides and the catalytic mechanism underlying the stereoselectivity with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127721. [PMID: 37913883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation at C3-OH is the favorable modification for pharmaceutical activities and diversity expansion of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides. The 3-O-glycosylation, exclusively occurring in 20(R)-PPD ginsenosides, has never been achieved in 20(R)-PPT ginsenosides. Herein, 3-O-glycosylation of 20(R)-PPT enabled by a glycosyltransferase (GT) OsSGT2 was achieved with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Firstly, we combined AlphaFold2 algorithm and molecular docking to predict interactions between 20(R)-PPT and candidate GTs. A catalytically favorable binding geometry was thus identified in the OsSGT2-20(R)-PPT complex, suggesting OsSGT2 might act on 20(R)-PPT. The enzymatic assays demonstrated that OsSGT2 reacted with varied sugar donors to form 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glycosides, exhibiting donor promiscuity. Additionally, OsSGT2 displayed acceptor promiscuity, catalyzing 3-O-glucosylation of 20(R/S)-PPT, 20(R/S)-PPD and 20(R/S)-Rh1, respectively. Protein engineering on OsSGT2 was thus performed to probe its catalytic mechanism underlying its stereoselectivity. The W207A mutant preferred 20(S)-dammarane aglycons, while F395Q/A396G(QG) displayed a conversion enhancement towards both 20(R/S)-dammarane aglycons. The QG mutant was then used to synthesize 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside, which displayed a moderate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 27.5 ± 4.7 μM, superior to that of its 20(S)-epimer, with the combined assistance of target fishing and reverse docking. The water solubility of 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside increased as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Hong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan-Ning Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China.
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A novel sterol glycosyltransferase catalyses steroidal sapogenin 3-O glucosylation from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2137-2146. [PMID: 36562935 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important medicinal plant, and the main active ingredient of the plant is polyphyllin, which is a steroid saponin with pharmacological activities. The central enzyme genes participating in the biosynthesis of polyphyllin are increasingly being uncovered; however, UGTs are rarely illustrated. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we cloned a new sterol glycosyltransferase from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and identified its catalytic function in vitro. PpUGT6 showed the ability to catalyse the C-3 glycosylation of pennogenin sapogenin of polyphyllin, and PpUGT6 showed catalytic promiscuity towards steroids at the C-17 position of testosterone and methyltestosterone and the triterpene at the C-3 position of glycyrrhetinic acid. Homology modelling of the PpUGT6 protein and virtual molecular docking of PpUGT6 with sugar acceptors and donors were performed, and we predicted the key residues interacting with ligands. CONCLUSIONS Here, PpUGT6, a novel sterol glycosyltransferase related to the biosynthesis of polyphyllin from P. polyphylla, was characterized. PpUGT6 catalysed C-3 glycosylation to pennogenin sapogenin of polyphyllin, which is the first glycosylation step of the biosynthetic pathway of polyphyllins. Interestingly, PpUGT6 demonstrated glycodiversification to testosterone and methyltestosterone at C-17 and triterpene of glycyrrhetinic acid at the C-3 position. The virtual molecular docking of PpUGT6 protein with ligands predicted the key residues interacting with them. This work characterized a novel SGT glycosylating pennogenin sapogenin at C-3 of polyphyllin from P. polyphylla and provided a reference for further elucidation of the phytosterol glycosyltransferases in catalytic promiscuity and key residues interacting with substrates.
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Song W, Zhang C, Wu J, Qi J, Hua X, Kang L, Yuan Q, Yuan J, Xue Z. Characterization of Three Paris polyphylla Glycosyltransferases from Different UGT Families for Steroid Functionalization. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1669-1680. [PMID: 35286065 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant steroid glycosides, such as phytosterol glycosides, steroidal saponins, and steroidal glycoalkaloids, are natural products with great pharmaceutical values. In this study, we characterized three UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in the glycosylation of steroidal sapogenin from Paris polyphylla. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that UGT73CR1 could glycosylate steroidal sapogenins and steroidal alkaloids, with the highest affinity for diosgenin. The residues His27 and Asp129 of UGT73CR1 are conserved in corresponding positions of plant glycosyltransferases, which are crucial for activating the C-3 OH of the receptor substrates. In comparison, UGT80A33 and UGT80A34 exhibited a higher affinity for cholesterol than other steroids. UGT80s have a larger active pocket, which allows them to accommodate the side chain of sterols. In summary, we assessed three P. polyphylla glycosyltransferases from two UGT families for the functionalization of steroidal molecules, which will provide a basis for the future biomanufacturing of diverse bioactive steroid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang 150040, China
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Liu YN, Hong LL, Liu M, Guo QC, Kong JQ. Glycodiversifying Testosterone with a Promiscuous Glycosyltransferase OsSGT2 from Ornithogalum saundersiae. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3583-3594. [PMID: 34846134 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diversity expansion of testosterone17-O-β-glycosides (TGs) will increase the probability of screening more active molecules from their acetylated derivatives with anticancer activities. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) responsible for the increased diversity of TGs, however, were seldom documented. Herein, a glycosyltransferase OsSGT2 with testosterone glycodiversification capacity was identified from Ornithogalum saundersiae through transcriptome-wide mining. Specifically, OsSGT2 was demonstrated to be reactive with testosterone and eight donors. OsSGT2 displayed both sugar-aglycon and sugar-sugar GT activities. OsSGT2-catalyzed testosterone glycodiversification could be achieved, generating testosterone monoglycosides and disglycosides with varied percentage conversions. Among the eight donors, the conversion of UDP-Glc was the highest, approaching 90%, while the percentage conversions of UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Gal, helicin, and UDP-Rha were less than 10%. Protein engineering toward F395 was thus performed to improve the conversion of UDP-GlcNAc. Eight variants displayed increased conversions and the mutant F395C got the highest conversion of 72.11 ± 7.82%, eight times more than that of the wild-type. This study provides a promising alternative for diversity expansion of TGs, also significant insights into the molecular basis for the conversion improvement of sugar donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ning Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Hong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Chun Guo
- Hebei Lansheng Biotech Co., Ltd., Mayu Village,
Jinzhou City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 052263, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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Wang XN, Hong LL, Kong JQ. Diacerein as a Promising Acyl Donor in Biosynthetic Acetyl-CoA and Glycosyl Esters Mediated by a Multifunctional Maltose O-Acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6623-6635. [PMID: 34080854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is an important donor for acetylation modifications of nutritional supplements. The existing enzymatic methods for acetyl-CoA synthesis suffer from cofactor dependence, donor inaccessibility, and biocatalyst instability, leading to its high cost. Hence, a promising alternative is highly desired. Herein, a maltose O-acetyltransferase (MAT) with cofactor independence had been identified as a stable acetyl-CoA-synthesizing biocatalyst in a screen of the Escherichia coli genome. Under the action of MAT, an anthraquinone medicine containing two acetyl groups, diacerein, was screened as an acetyl donor. Saturation mutagenesis at Glu125 was performed to increase the acetyl-CoA-synthesizing capacity of MAT, while decreasing the accompanying hydrolase activities. A mutant MAT-E125F was thus generated and could convert diacerein and CoA into the highest yield of 3892.70 mg/L acetyl-CoA. Moreover, MAT could synthesize puerarin 6″-O-acetate and other glycosyl esters through acetyl-CoA-dependent acetylation or diacerein-based transesterification reaction. To most of the tested glycosides, the transesterification efficiency was higher than that of acetylation. The mutant MAT-E125V acquired the highest conversion of 94.0% to puerarin 6″-O-acetate through transesterification, while MAT-E125N yielded the highest conversion of 68.5% through acetylation. Taking together, the multifunctional MAT displayed a potent acetyl-CoA- and glycosyl ester-synthesizing capacity using diacerein as an acetyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Li Hong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
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Ali MY, Chang Q, Yan Q, Qian Z, Guo X, Thow K, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Glucosides by Coupling of Microbial Glycosyltransferase to Plant Sucrose Synthase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:645079. [PMID: 34169062 PMCID: PMC8218813 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.645079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a principal bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have been widely used to catalyze glycosylation of diverse nature products for the development of potential therapeutic compounds. In this study, we have characterized a UGT109A3 from Bacillus subtilis, which can glycosylate both the free C3 hydroxyl and C30 carboxyl groups of GA to yield a unique 3, 30-O-β-D-diglucoside-GA. By coupling the microbial UGT109A3 to plant sucrose synthase (SUS), GA-diglucoside could be biosynthesized in an efficient and economical way. With a fed-batch glycosylation, a large scale of GA-diglucoside (6.26 mM, 4.98 g/L in 8 h) could be enzymatically transformed from GA. The obtained GA-diglucoside showed a significant water solubility improvement of around 3.4 × 103 fold compared with that of the parent GA (29 μM). Moreover, it also exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line according to MTT assay, having an IC50 at 160 μM. This study not only establishes efficient platform for producing GA-glucosides, but is also valuable for developing further the biosynthesis of other complex glycosylated natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yassin Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quande Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kieran Thow
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Hong LL, Kong JQ. Altering the Regioselectivity of Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variant M13 toward Genistein through Protein Engineering and Variation of Reaction Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32059-32066. [PMID: 33344860 PMCID: PMC7745415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalysts responsible for the enzymatic synthesis of hydroxygenisteins, derivatives of genistein with multiple activities, usually show regioselective promiscuity, hydroxylating genistein to form a mixture of multiple products, which, in turn, results in a cumbersome separation and purification. Hence, it is highly desired to explore the underlying mechanism regulating the regioselectivity of hydroxylases. M13 is a variant of cytochrome P450 BM3 with oxidant activity toward genistein. Herein, genistein was demonstrated to be hydroxylated by M13 to form a mixture of 3'-hydroxygenistein (3'-OHG) and 8-hydroxygenistein (8-OHG), each giving 4% conversion with a ratio of 1:1. Protein engineering toward M13 was thus performed to improve its regioselectivity. When isoleucine at position 86 was mutated into cysteine, the resultant variant M13I86C displayed improved regioselectivity toward 3'-OHG with an increased conversion of 8.5%. The double mutation M13I86CP18W further boosted the conversion of 3'-OHG to 9.6%, and the ratio of 3'-OHG to 8-OHG increased to 12:1. Conversely, both CoCl2 and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) could lead to more 8-OHG. When Co2+ reached 37.5 mM, M13I86CP18W could give an 8-OHG conversion of 22.4%. The maximal ratio of 8-OHG to 3'-OHG reached 130 when 62.5 mM Co2+ was included in the reaction mixture. With the increase of G6P from 10 to 40 mM, the conversion of M13I86CP18W to 8-OHG gradually increased to 22.6%, while the conversion to 3'-OHG decreased to 6%. Thus, both intrinsic residues and external reaction conditions can affect the regiospecificity of M13, which laid the foundation for the selection of suitable biocatalysts for the hydroxylation of genistein.
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