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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Energetic Aspects and Molecular Mechanism of 3-Nitro-substituted 2-Isoxazolines Formation via Nitrile N-Oxide [3+2] Cycloaddition: An MEDT Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:3042. [PMID: 38998997 PMCID: PMC11243562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselectivity and the molecular mechanism of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between nitro-substituted formonitrile N-oxide 1 and electron-rich alkenes were explored on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was established that the thermodynamic factors allow for the formation of stable cycloadducts along all considered models. The analysis of the kinetic parameters of the main processes show that all [3+2] cycloadditions should be realized with full regioselectivity. In all cases, the formation of 5-substituted 3-nitro-2-isoxazolidines is clearly preferred. It is interesting that regiodirection is not determined by the local electrophile/nucleophile interactions but by steric effects. From a mechanistic point of view, all considered reactions should be treated as polar, one-step reactions. All attempts to locate the hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates along the cycloaddition paths were, however, not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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2
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Tang J, Kong J, Xu H, Jiang ZJ, She Y, Bai J, Tang B, Chen J, Gao Z, Gao K. Multideuteration of Nitroaromatics by Silver-Catalyzed Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1560-1567. [PMID: 36634252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver-catalyzed deuteration of nitroaromatics has been achieved using D2O as the deuterium source. Distinct from the well-established directing group-guided hydrogen-isotope exchange, this protocol showed an interesting deuteration pattern, where considerable deuterium accumulation was observed around the aromatic rings. Controlling experiments suggested that the deuteration was initiated by a silver-promoted C-H activation. Therefore, a tentative two-stage deuteration mechanism involving aryl-silver species was proposed to explain the deuteration on meta- and para-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Kong
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jiang Jiang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yifan She
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Bai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Bencan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.,Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.,Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China.,Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Understanding the Regioselectivity and the Molecular Mechanism of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between Nitrous Oxide and Conjugated Nitroalkenes: A DFT Computational Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238441. [PMID: 36500530 PMCID: PMC9738823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regiochemical aspects and the molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition between nitrous oxide and conjugated nitroalkenes were evaluated on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311 + G(d) (PCM) computational study. It was found that, independently of the nature of the nitroalkene, all considered processes are realized via polar, single-step mechanisms. All attempts at the localization of hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates were unsuccessful. Additionally, the DFT computational study suggested that, in the course of the reaction, the formation of respective Δ2-4-nitro-4-R1-5-R2-1-oxa-2,3-diazolines was preferred from the kinetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Reza AI, Iwai K, Nishiwaki N. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Multiply Arylated/Alkylated Pyridines. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200099. [PMID: 35701177 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiply aryl/alkyl-substituted pyridines are some of the untapped synthetic targets because of the challenge in regioselectively introducing less polar aryl/alkyl groups at the desired positions in the pyridine framework. Interestingly, the importance of this family of compounds has increased annually, particularly in biological and materials engineering applications. The syntheses of such pyridines have been extensively reported, but there is a lack of comprehensive review articles. Hence, this review discusses recent advances by grouping reaction patterns that generally deliver tri-, tetra-, and penta-aryl/alkyl pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisa Indah Reza
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Kento Iwai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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5
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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6
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Sengupta S, Das P. C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes: current status and outlook. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8409-8424. [PMID: 34554174 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01455b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ring substitution reactions of nitroarenes remain an under-developed area of organic synthesis, confined to the narrow domains of SNAr and SNArH reactions. While searching for alternative methodologies, we took stock of the C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes which unearthed a variety of examples of nitro directed regioselective C-H functionalization reactions such as ortho-arylation, -benzylation/alkylation, and -allylation, oxidative Heck and C-H arylation reactions on (hetero)aromatic rings. A collective account of these reactions is presented in this review to showcase the existing landscape of C-H activation reactions of nitroarenes, to create interest in this field for further development and propagate this strategy as a superior alternative for ring substitution reactions of nitroarenes. The prospect of merging the C-H activation of nitroarenes with C-NO2 activation, thereby harnessing NO2 as a transformable multitasking directing group, is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
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Abstract
Nitroacetonitrile (NAN) serves as a cyano(nitro)methylating agent facilitating the construction of polyfunctionalized compounds; however, its explosive property is a significant drawback in terms of practical handling. Alkali metal salts of NAN are thermally stable, but their insolubility in organic solvents restricts their use as a synthetic reagents. On the contrary, dipyrrolidinium cyano-aci-nitroacetate is soluble in common organic solvents and thermally stable, allowing for its use as an alternative synthetic equivalent of nitroacetonitrile for the construction of polyfunctionalized frameworks via cyano(nitro)methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Iwai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Material Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.,Research Center for Material Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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8
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Wan S, Luo Z, Xu X, Yu H, Li J, Pan Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Cao R. Manganese(I)‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective C6‐Alkenylation of 2‐Pyridones Using Alkynes via C−H Activation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhong Wan
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenli Luo
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Chemistry of nitro groups and nitro compounds has long been intensively studied. Despite their long history, new reactions and methodologies are still being found today. This is due to the diverse reactivity of the nitro group. The importance of nitro chemistry will continue to increase in the future in terms of elaborate synthesis. In this article, we will take a walk through the recent advances in nitro chemistry that have been made in past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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10
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Mukaijo Y, Yokoyama S, Nishiwaki N. Comparison of Substituting Ability of Nitronate versus Enolate for Direct Substitution of a Nitro Group. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092048. [PMID: 32353998 PMCID: PMC7248694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Nitrocinnamate underwent the conjugate addition of an active methylene compound such as nitroacetate, 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, or α-nitroketone, and the following ring closure afforded functionalized heterocyclic frameworks. The reaction of cinnamate with nitroacetate occurs via nucleophilic substitution of a nitro group by the O-attack of the nitronate, which results in isoxazoline N-oxide. This protocol was applicable to 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to afford dihydrofuran derivatives, including those derived from direct substitution of a nitro group caused by O-attack of enolate. It was found the reactivity was lowered by an electron-withdrawing group on the carbonyl moiety. When α-nitroketone was employed as a substrate, three kinds of products were possibly formed; of these, only isoxazoline N-oxide was identified. This result indicates that the substituting ability of nitronate is higher than that of enolate for the direct SN2 substitution of a nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mukaijo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan; (Y.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Soichi Yokoyama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan; (Y.M.); (S.Y.)
- Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan; (Y.M.); (S.Y.)
- Research Center for Molecular Design, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-887-57-2517
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11
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Bertho S, Dondasse I, Retailleau P, Nicolas C, Gillaizeau I. β-C(sp2)–H alkylation of enamides using xanthate chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Access to the γ-amino-β,γ-unsaturated acyl scaffold was established by applying xanthate chemistry to enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bertho
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry
- ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS
- Université d’Orléans
- 45100 Orléans
- France
| | - Ismaël Dondasse
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry
- ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS
- Université d’Orléans
- 45100 Orléans
- France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS
- 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | - Cyril Nicolas
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry
- ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS
- Université d’Orléans
- 45100 Orléans
- France
| | - Isabelle Gillaizeau
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry
- ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS
- Université d’Orléans
- 45100 Orléans
- France
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