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Mirlohi MS, Pishbin E, Dezhkam R, Kiani MJ, Shamloo A, Salami S. Innovative PNA-LB mediated allele-specific LAMP for KRAS mutation profiling on a compact lab-on-a-disc device. Talanta 2024; 276:126224. [PMID: 38772176 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Tailored healthcare, an approach focused on individual patients, requires integrating emerging interdisciplinary technologies to develop accurate and user-friendly diagnostic tools. KRAS mutations, prevalent in various common cancers, are crucial determinants in selecting patients for novel KRAS inhibitor therapies. This study presents a novel state-of-the-art Lab-on-a-Disc system utilizing peptide nucleic acids-loop backward (PNA-LB) mediated allele-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detecting the frequent G12D KRAS mutation, signifying its superiority over alternative mutation detection approaches. The designed Lab-on-a-Disc system demonstrated exceptional preclinical and technical precision, accuracy, and versatility. By applying varying cutoff values to PNA- LB LAMP reactions, the assay's sensitivity and specificity were increased by 80 % and 90 %, respectively. The device's key advantages include a robust microfluidic Lab-on-a-Disc design, precise rotary control, and a cutting-edge induction heating module. These features enable multiplexing of LAMP reactions with high reproducibility and repeatability, with CV% values less than 3.5 % and 5.5 %, respectively. The device offers several methods for accurate endpoint result detection, including naked-eye observation, RGB image analysis using Python code, and time of fluorescence (Tf) values. Preclinical specificity and sensitivity, assessed using different cutoffs for Eva-Green fluorescence Tf values and pH-sensitive dyes, demonstrated comparable performance to the best standard methods. Overall, this study represents a significant step towards tailoring treatment strategies for cancer patients through precise and efficient mutation detection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sadat Mirlohi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Pishbin
- Bio-microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasool Dezhkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mohammad Javad Kiani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Kim BH, Kwon M, Lee D, Park SW, Shin E. K-ras mutation detected by peptide nucleic acid-clamping polymerase chain reaction, Ki-67, S100P, and SMAD4 expression can improve the diagnostic accuracy of inconclusive pancreatic EUS-FNB specimens. Pancreatology 2024; 24:584-591. [PMID: 38693041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of an immunohistochemical panel including calcium-binding protein P, p53, Ki-67, and SMAD family member 4 and K-ras mutation for diagnosing pancreatic solid lesion specimens obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy and to confirm their usefulness in histologically inconclusive cases. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and peptide nucleic acid-clamping polymerase chain reaction for K-ras mutation were performed on 96 endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy specimens. The diagnostic efficacy of each marker and the combination of markers was calculated. The diagnostic performances of these markers were evaluated in 27 endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy specimens with histologically inconclusive diagnoses. A classification tree was constructed. RESULTS K-ras mutation showed the highest accuracy and consistency. Positivity in more than two or three of the five markers showed high diagnostic accuracy (94.6 % and 93.6 %, respectively), and positivity for more than three markers showed the highest accuracy for inconclusive cases (92.0 %). A classification tree using K-ras mutation, Ki-67, S100P, and SMAD4 showed high diagnostic performance, with only two misclassifications in inconclusive cases. CONCLUSIONS K-ras mutation detection via peptide nucleic acid-clamping polymerase chain reaction is a stable and accurate method for distinguishing between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non-pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma lesions. A classification tree using K-ras mutation, Ki-67, S100P, and SMAD4 helps increase the diagnostic accuracy of cases that are histologically difficult to diagnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Minji Kwon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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Chen YL, Lin CC, Yu YT, Chen WL, Yang SC, Huang W, Su WC, Chow NH, Ho CL. Clinical implications of PNA‑sequencing as a complementary test for EGFR mutation analysis in human lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:539. [PMID: 38020305 PMCID: PMC10655035 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are the first-line regimen for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. However, false-negative results are occasionally observed, even with FDA-approved molecular tests. Such examples in have been reported in our pilot study showing a slightly upward-shifted amplification curve using commercial reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR. Verification using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) clamping-sequencing, which has a sensitivity of ~0.1%, may allow better prediction of which patients will benefit from EGFR-TKI therapy. To confirm this hypothesis, samples were prospectively collected from 1,783 lung cancer cases diagnosed in National Cheng Kung University Hospital between 2012-2018. An independent lung cancer cohort of 1,944 cases was also recruited from other hospitals. The clinical significance of mutant-enriched PCR with PNA-sequencing was analyzed and patient outcomes were followed. A total of 17 of 34 cases (50%) were found to harbor EGFR mutations by PNA-sequencing. A total of 22 cases were discovered in the independent lung cancer cohort, and 14 of these (63.6%) cases had EGFR mutations. TKIs were administered to 14 of the 17 mutation-positive patients, and a partial response was observed in 4 cases and stable disease in 10 cases. Patients with EGFR mutations receiving a TKI regimen had a longer overall survival (OS) (median: 40.0 vs. 10.0 months) compared with those without treatment. The difference in OS was not significant. Based on the results of the present study, combining RT-qPCR with PNA-sequencing may be a practical supplementary technology in a clinical molecular laboratory for a subset of lung cancer patients in selection of EGFR TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chen
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Yu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Li Chen
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Ching Yang
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wenya Huang
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The Institute of Molecular Medical, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The Institute of Molecular Medical, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Liu Z, Li X, Zhang R, Ji L, Gong L, Ji Y, Zhou F, Yin Y, Li K, Sun P, Pu Z, Wang Q, Zou J. Identification of DNA variants at ultra-low variant allele frequencies via Taq polymerase cleavage of wild-specific blockers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6537-6549. [PMID: 37702773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Detecting mutations related to tumors holds immense clinical significance for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the presence of highly redundant wild DNA poses a challenge for the advancement of low-copy mutant ctDNA genotyping in cancer cases. To address this, a Taqman qPCR strategy to identify rare mutations at low variant allele fractions (VAFs) has been developed. This strategy combines mutant-specific primers with wild-specific blockers. Diverging from other blocker-mediated PCRs, which rely on primer-induced strand displacement or the use of modified oligos resistant to Taq polymerase, our innovation is built upon the cleavage of specific blockers by Taq polymerase. Given its unique design, which does not hinge on strand displacement or base modification, we refer to this novel method as unmodified-blocker cleavage PCR (UBC-PCR). Multiple experiments consistently confirmed that variant distinction was improved significantly by introduction of 5' unmatched blockers into the reaction. Moreover, UBC-PCR successfully detected mutant DNA at VAFs as low as 0.01% across six different variant contexts. Multiplex UBC-PCR was also performed to identify a reference target and three mutations with a sensitivity of 0.01% VAFs in one single tube. In profiling the gene status from 12 lung cancer ctDNA samples and 22 thyroid cancer FNA DNA samples, UBC-PCR exhibited a 100% concordance rate with ddPCR and a commercial ARMS kit, respectively. Our work demonstrates that UBC-PCR can identify low-abundance variants with high sensitivity in multiplex reactions, independent of strand displacement and base modification. This strategy holds the potential to significantly impact clinical practice and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiushuai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingli Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengsheng Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Koukou Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhening Pu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China.
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Jiang W, Aman R, Ali Z, Rao GS, Mahfouz M. PNA-Pdx: Versatile Peptide Nucleic Acid-Based Detection of Nucleic Acids and SNPs. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14209-14218. [PMID: 37696750 PMCID: PMC10535012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring diseases caused by pathogens or by mutations in DNA sequences requires accurate, rapid, and sensitive tools to detect specific nucleic acid sequences. Here, we describe a new peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based nucleic acid detection toolkit, termed PNA-powered diagnostics (PNA-Pdx). PNA-Pdx employs PNA probes that bind specifically to a target and are then detected in lateral flow assays. This can precisely detect a specific pathogen or genotype genomic sequence. PNA probes can also be designed to invade double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) to produce single-stranded DNAs for precise CRISPR-Cas12b-based detection of genomic SNPs without requiring the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), as Cas12b requires PAM sequences only for dsDNA targets. PNA-Pdx identified target nucleic acid sequences at concentrations as low as 2 copies/μL and precisely detected the SARS-CoV-2 genome in clinical samples in 40 min. Furthermore, the specific dsDNA invasion by the PNA coupled with CRISPR-Cas12b precisely detected genomic SNPs without PAM restriction. Overall, PNA-Pdx provides a novel toolkit for nucleic acid and SNP detection as well as highlights the benefits of engineering PNA probes for detecting nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jiang
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and
Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and
Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and
Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gundra S. Rao
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and
Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and
Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Prout J, Tian M, Palladino A, Wright J, Thompson JF. LNA blockers for improved amplification selectivity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4858. [PMID: 36964235 PMCID: PMC10038989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
LNA-containing oligonucleotides bind DNA more tightly than standard DNA, so they can interact with targeted sequences and affect multiple processes. When a desired DNA is present at low concentrations relative to nearly identical undesired DNAs, LNAs can block amplification of unwanted DNAs. Using a short rAAV and synthetic DNA sequence as a model, we studied the length, number, and positioning of LNA bases to improve blocker effectiveness. Oligonucleotides 18-24 bases long with LNAs at every other position were most effective. Highly degenerate targets were used to characterize the impact of mismatches on blocking. Mismatches at LNA ends had little impact on blocking activity. Single and double mismatches were tolerated with longer blockers, especially if the mismatches were near LNA ends. Shorter LNAs were more selective, with > 1 mismatch preventing effective blocking. Neither the strand to which a blocker bound nor the distance between the blocker and priming sites greatly impacted blocking efficiency. We used these findings to design blockers of wild-type DNA versus the single-base A1AT PiZ allele. Blockers are most specific when the mismatch is located away from the LNA 5' end. Pairs of partially overlapping blockers on opposite strands with a centrally-located mismatch have maximal activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Prout
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Michael Tian
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Alicia Palladino
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Jason Wright
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - John F Thompson
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, Homology Medicines, Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.
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7
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Fujita T, Nagata S, Fujii H. Oligoribonucleotide-Mediated Blockade of DNA Extension by Taq DNA Polymerases Increases Specificity and Sensitivity for Detecting Single-Nucleotide Differences. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3442-3451. [PMID: 36738294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Blocking PCR is a method that inhibits amplification of DNA possessing a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of a blocker; the method can be used to suppress amplification of target wild-type DNA while amplifying mutated DNA. Previously, we demonstrated that an oligoribonucleotide (ORN) functions as a cost-effective and sequence-specific blocker. This blocking PCR system, named ORN interference-PCR (ORNi-PCR), is compatible with DNA polymerases lacking 5'-3' exonuclease activity but not with those possessing the activity (e.g., Taq DNA polymerase), which can remove a hybridized ORN during DNA extension. Here, we demonstrate that under specific experimental conditions, an intact or phosphorothioated ORN strongly suppresses extension of target DNA by Taq DNA polymerases. This method was applied successfully to real-time ORNi-PCR and one-step real-time reverse transcription-ORNi-PCR using a dual-labeled fluorescent probe to detect a single-nucleotide mutation in DNA and RNA in a sequence-specific manner. The results reaffirm the utility of blocking PCR and provide technical hints for its improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitsugu Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
| | - Shoko Nagata
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
| | - Hodaka Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
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8
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Sano R, Yokobori T, Harimoto N, Saeki H, Kominato Y, Shirabe K, Yazawa S. A novel genotyping method for rapid identification of the Le gene to select patients for diagnosis with CA19-9. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 538:181-188. [PMID: 36403666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antigenic determinant of CA19-9 is synthesized by the α1,3/4fucosyltransferase encoded by the Le gene in the Lewis blood group system. Accordingly, a diagnosis with CA19-9 is not appropriate forLe-negative patients who possess the Le gene-mutated le alleles homozygously. METHODS A Le gene-specific PCR was undertaken to determine c59T>G by using a set of tag-sense and biotin-labeled anti-sense primers and a peptide nucleic acid-le-clamp which bound to G59 in the le alleles. Following mixing with streptavidin-coatedbluelatex beads, the PCR products were developed on a strip on which the complementary tag oligonucleotide to theLe gene-specific amplicon was immobilized. RESULTS When the PCR products were developed on the strip, a clear line was rapidly observed in Le-positive but not in Le-negative individuals. In contrast, a significant number of cancer patients with Lewis-negative phenotype were found to possess CA19-9, while they were specifically genotyped asLe/-. No contradictory results were observed in cancer patients (n = 315) with respect to their Lewis genotypes and CA19-9 levels. CONCLUSIONS c59T>G occurred commonly in the le alleles could be specifically and rapidly identified by the present method. This method appeared to be relevant forselecting cancer patientsto bediagnosed with CA19-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Sano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Norifumi Harimoto
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kominato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shin Yazawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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Assessment of the Real-Time PCR Method Claiming to be Specific for Detection and Quantification of the First Commercialised Genome-Edited Plant. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A real-time PCR method was recently published with a claim to be specific for the detection and identification of some genome-edited oilseed rape (OSR) lines commercialised in North America. The method was designed to detect a single base mutation in the AHAS1C gene, which confers herbicide tolerance. The authors claim that the method is event-specific for the genome-edited OSR line 5715 and fulfils all requirements for GMO analytical methods according to EU regulations. We have thoroughly assessed the method in relation to the minimum performance requirements (MPR) established by the European Network of GMO Laboratories (ENGL). The method was found to be sufficiently sensitive and robust when tested with pure genomic DNA of the OSR line 40 K. However, our results show that the method is not event-specific and detects also OSR lines carrying the same point mutation caused by somaclonal variation. Moreover, impaired robustness was observed using non-modified genomic DNA at the amount specified in the original protocol. Significant non-specific PCR amplifications with PCR products as non-target template DNA and with genomic DNA from numerous OSR varieties as well as from wild radish were found by three ISO/IEC 17025 accredited reference laboratories in tests using different master mixes and PCR cycler models. The assessment shows that the method does not meet the MPR for qualitative PCR methods and therefore is not fit-for-purpose for official controls of genetically modified products in the EU. Suggestions are provided for conditions under which analytical methods for genome-edited organisms should be validated.
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10
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Tachibana A, Fujimura N, Takeuchi M, Watanabe K, Teruuchi Y, Uchiki T. Cationic copolymers that enhance wild-type-specific suppression in BNA-clamp PCR and preferentially increase the Tm of fully matched complementary DNA and BNA strands. BIOLOGY METHODS AND PROTOCOLS 2022; 7:bpac009. [PMID: 35664806 PMCID: PMC9154250 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutation detection is of major interest in molecular diagnostics, especially in the field of oncology. However, detection can be challenging as mutant alleles often coexists with excess copies of wild-type alleles. Bridged nucleic acid (BNA)-clamp PCR circumvents this challenge by preferentially suppressing the amplification of wild-type alleles and enriching rare mutant alleles. In this study, we screened cationic copolymers containing nonionic and anionic repeat units for their ability to 1) increase the Tm of double-stranded DNA, 2) avoid PCR inhibition, and 3) enhance the suppression of wild-type amplification in BNA-clamp PCR to detect the KRAS G13D mutation. The selected copolymers that met these criteria consisted of four types of amines and anionic and/or nonionic units. In BNA-clamp PCR, these copolymers increased the threshold cycle (Ct) of the wild-type allele only and enabled mutation detection from templates with a 0.01% mutant-to-wild-type ratio. Melting curve analysis with 11-mer DNA-DNA or BNA-DNA complementary strands showed that these copolymers preferentially increased the Tm of perfectly matched strands over strands containing 1-bp mismatches. These results suggested that these copolymers preferentially stabilize perfectly matched DNA and BNA strands and thereby enhance rare mutant detection in BNA-clamp PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Tachibana
- Nitto Boseki Co. Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | | | | | - Koji Watanabe
- Nittobo Medical Co. Ltd., Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8061, Japan
| | - Yoko Teruuchi
- Nittobo Medical Co. Ltd., Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8061, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Uchiki
- Nitto Boseki Co. Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
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11
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Periyalagan A, Hong IS. A novel synthetic method of peptide nucleic acid (
PNA
) oligomers using Boc/
Cbz‐protected PNA
trimer blocks in the solution phase. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alagarsamy Periyalagan
- Department of Chemistry College of Natural Science, Kongju National University Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - In Seok Hong
- Department of Chemistry College of Natural Science, Kongju National University Chungnam Republic of Korea
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12
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Petiti J, Itri F, Signorino E, Frolli A, Fava C, Armenio M, Marini S, Giugliano E, Lo Iacono M, Saglio G, Cilloni D. Detection of SF3B1 p.Lys700Glu Mutation by PNA-PCR Clamping in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051267. [PMID: 35268357 PMCID: PMC8911290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SF3B1 are found in 20% of myelodysplastic syndromes and 5–10% of myeloproliferative neoplasms, where they are considered important for diagnosis and therapy decisions. Sanger sequencing and NGS are the currently available methods to identify SF3B1 mutations, but both are time-consuming and expensive techniques that are not practicable in most small-/medium-sized laboratories. To identify the most frequent SF3B1 mutation, p.Lys700Glu, we developed a novel fast and cheap assay based on PNA-PCR clamping. After setting the optimal PCR conditions, the limit of detection of PNA-PCR clamping was evaluated, and the method allowed up to 0.1% of mutated SF3B1 to be identified. Successively, PNA-PCR clamping and Sanger sequencing were used to blind test 90 DNA from patients affected by myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms for the SF3B1 p.Lys700Glu mutation. PNA-PCR clamping and Sanger sequencing congruently identified 75 negative and 13 positive patients. Two patients identified as positive by PNA-PCR clamping were missed by Sanger analysis. The discordant samples were analyzed by NGS, which confirmed the PNA-PCR clamping result, indicating that these samples contained the SF3B1 p.Lys700Glu mutation. This approach could easily increase the characterization of myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms in small-/medium-sized laboratories, and guide patients towards more appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.L.I.); Tel.: +39-011-670-5480 (J.P.); +39-011-670-5489 (M.L.I.)
| | - Federico Itri
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Signorino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Antonio Frolli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco Armenio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Silvia Marini
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hematology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Emilia Giugliano
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hematology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.L.I.); Tel.: +39-011-670-5480 (J.P.); +39-011-670-5489 (M.L.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (F.I.); (E.S.); (A.F.); (C.F.); (G.S.); (D.C.)
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13
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Brodyagin N, Katkevics M, Kotikam V, Ryan CA, Rozners E. Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1641-1688. [PMID: 34367346 PMCID: PMC8313981 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is arguably one of the most successful DNA mimics, despite a most dramatic departure from the native structure of DNA. The present review summarizes 30 years of research on PNA's chemistry, optimization of structure and function, applications as probes and diagnostics, and attempts to develop new PNA therapeutics. The discussion starts with a brief review of PNA's binding modes and structural features, followed by the most impactful chemical modifications, PNA enabled assays and diagnostics, and discussion of the current state of development of PNA therapeutics. While many modifications have improved on PNA's binding affinity and specificity, solubility and other biophysical properties, the original PNA is still most frequently used in diagnostic and other in vitro applications. Development of therapeutics and other in vivo applications of PNA has notably lagged behind and is still limited by insufficient bioavailability and difficulties with tissue specific delivery. Relatively high doses are required to overcome poor cellular uptake and endosomal entrapment, which increases the risk of toxicity. These limitations remain unsolved problems waiting for innovative chemistry and biology to unlock the full potential of PNA in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Brodyagin
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Martins Katkevics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Venubabu Kotikam
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christopher A Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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14
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Su J, Yu Q, Yang J, Zheng N, Zhong J, Ji L, Li J, Chen X. The association of polymorphisms in related circadian rhythm genes and clopidogrel resistance susceptibility. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:196-209. [PMID: 34117726 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that a dynamic change in circadian rhythm will affect platelet activity, resulting in clopidogrel resistance (CR). We attempted to evaluate whether polymorphisms of related circadian rhythm genes are involved in CR in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. A sum of 204 SCAD patients met our requirements and were recruited, and 96 patients were considered to have CR. After clinical data collection and platelet function evaluation, genomic DNA was isolated from human peripheral blood, and 23 tagSNPs from related circadian rhythm genes were genotyped by GenomeLab SNPstream Genotyping System. After RNA isolation, relative expression of related gene mRNAs (CLOCK, CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG) was measured by real-time PCR. The results showed that polymorphisms in CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG changed the response to clopidogrel. And then, the rs1801260 polymorphism might lead to higher mRNA expression in CLOCK and potentially induce the occurrence of CR. Additionally, the TC genotype of rs3745406 might lower mRNA expression of PRKCG, resulting in CR. These findings support the hypothesized role of circadian rhythm genes in CR and indicate probable biomarkers for CR susceptibility, providing new insight into individualized medicine for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinglin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lindan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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15
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Liang X, Liu M, Komiyama M. Recognition of Target Site in Various Forms of DNA and RNA by Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA): From Fundamentals to Practical Applications. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Mengqin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Makoto Komiyama
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
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16
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Shaikh AY, Björkling F, Nielsen PE, Franzyk H. Optimized Synthesis of Fmoc/Boc‐Protected PNA Monomers and their Assembly into PNA Oligomers. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Y. Shaikh
- Center for Peptide-based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Heath and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 162 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Center for Peptide-based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Heath and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 162 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter E. Nielsen
- Center for Peptide-based Antibiotics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Heath and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Center for Peptide-based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Heath and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 162 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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17
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Zheng H, Botos I, Clausse V, Nikolayevskiy H, Rastede E, Fouz M, Mazur S, Appella D. Conformational constraints of cyclopentane peptide nucleic acids facilitate tunable binding to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:713-725. [PMID: 33406227 PMCID: PMC7826248 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a series of synthetic, nucleic acid mimics with highly customizable thermodynamic binding to DNA. Incorporation of helix-promoting cyclopentanes into peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) increases the melting temperatures (Tm) of PNA+DNA duplexes by approximately +5°C per cyclopentane. Sequential addition of cyclopentanes allows the Tm of PNA + DNA duplexes to be systematically fine-tuned from +5 to +50°C compared with the unmodified PNA. Containing only nine nucleobases and an equal number of cyclopentanes, cpPNA-9 binds to complementary DNA with a Tm around 90°C. Additional experiments reveal that the cpPNA-9 sequence specifically binds to DNA duplexes containing its complementary sequence and functions as a PCR clamp. An X-ray crystal structure of the cpPNA-9-DNA duplex revealed that cyclopentanes likely induce a right-handed helix in the PNA with conformations that promote DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zheng
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Istvan Botos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Clausse
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Rastede
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Munira F Fouz
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharlyn J Mazur
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Peptide Nucleic Acids: Applications in Biomedical Sciences. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153317. [PMID: 32707859 PMCID: PMC7435668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mimic, PNA (peptide nucleic acid), has been with us now for almost 3 decades [...].
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