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Sadanala BD, Trivedi R. Ferrocenyl Azoles: Versatile N-Containing Heterocycles and their Anticancer Activities. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300347. [PMID: 38984727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene has gained its momentum after the discovery of biological activities of ferrocifen and ferroquine. These ferrocenyl drugs have been designed by replacing the aromatic moiety of the organic drugs, tamoxifen and chloroquine respectively, with a ferrocenyl unit. The promising biological activities of these ferrocenyl drugs have paved a path to explore the medicinal applications of several ferrocenyl conjugates. In these conjugates, the ferrocenyl moiety has played a vital role in enhancing or imparting the anticancer activity to the molecule. The ferrocenyl conjugates induce the cytotoxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and thereby damaging the DNA. In medicinal chemistry, the five membered nitrogen heterocycles (azoles) play a significant role due to their rigid ring structure and hydrogen bonding ability with the biomolecules. Several potent drug candidates with azole groups have been in use as chemotherapeutics. Considering the importance of ferrocenyl moiety and azole groups, several ferrocenyl azole conjugates have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Hence, in the view of a wide scope in the development of potent drugs based on ferrocenyl azole conjugates, herein we present the details of synthesis and the anticancer activities of ferrocenyl compounds bearing azole groups such as imidazole, triazoles, thiazole and isoxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Deepthi Sadanala
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC campus Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., 201 002, India
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Kowalski K. A brief survey on the application of metal-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions to the synthesis of ferrocenyl-x-1,2,3-triazolyl-R (x = none or a linker and R = organic entity) compounds with anticancer activity. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Buchowicz W. Ferrocene-triazole conjugates: do we know why they are biologically active? Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1501-1517. [PMID: 36651023 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioorganometallic chemistry of ferrocene has been gaining significance in recent years. This review presents ferrocene-triazole conjugates displaying significant biological properties. The conjugates have been synthesized via azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The data are summarized according to the type of activity (anticancer, antibacterial and/or antifungal, antiprotozoal, and other effects). The results of studies concerning the understanding of the role of the ferrocene core in their biological activity are highlighted. While generally the mode of action of these organometallic species remains unclear, the importance of redox properties of ferrocene has been postulated in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Koszytkowska-Stawińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Buchowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Targeting cancer through recently developed purine clubbed heterocyclic scaffolds: An overview. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Desiatkina O, Mösching M, Anghel N, Boubaker G, Amdouni Y, Hemphill A, Furrer J, Păunescu E. New Nucleic Base-Tethered Trithiolato-Bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene Compounds: Synthesis and Antiparasitic Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238173. [PMID: 36500266 PMCID: PMC9738179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aiming toward compounds with improved anti-Toxoplasma activity by exploiting the parasite auxotrophies, a library of nucleobase-tethered trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene conjugates was synthesized and evaluated. Structural features such as the type of nucleobase and linking unit were progressively modified. For comparison, diruthenium hybrids with other type of molecules were also synthesized and assessed. A total of 37 compounds (diruthenium conjugates and intermediates) were evaluated in a primary screening for in vitro activity against transgenic Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii β-gal) at 0.1 and 1 µM. In parallel, the cytotoxicity in non-infected host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, HFF) was determined by alamarBlue assay. Twenty compounds strongly impairing parasite proliferation with little effect on HFF viability were subjected to T. gondii β-gal half maximal inhibitory concentration determination (IC50) and their toxicity for HFF was assessed at 2.5 µM. Two promising compounds were identified: 14, ester conjugate with 9-(2-oxyethyl)adenine, and 36, a click conjugate bearing a 2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl substituent, with IC50 values of 0.059 and 0.111 µM respectively, significantly lower compared to pyrimethamine standard (IC50 = 0.326 µM). Both 14 and 36 exhibited low toxicity against HFF when applied at 2.5 µM and are candidates for potential treatment options in a suitable in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Desiatkina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Mösching
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Păunescu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Jakopec S, Pantalon Juraj N, Brozovic A, Jadreško D, Perić B, Kirin SI, Raić‐Malić S. Ferrocene conjugates linked by 1,2,3‐triazole and their Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and biological activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Jakopec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Natalija Pantalon Juraj
- Laboratory for Solid‐State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Division of Materials Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Dijana Jadreško
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Traces, Division for Marine and Environmental Research Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Berislav Perić
- Laboratory for Solid‐State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Division of Materials Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Srećko I. Kirin
- Laboratory for Solid‐State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Division of Materials Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić‐Malić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
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Bhensdadia KA, Lalavani NH, Baluja SH. Synthesis of New Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines Containing a 1,2,3-Triazole Ring and Their Therapeutic Response in NCI-60 Cell Line Panel. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802110016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluations of mono‐ and bis‐ferrocene uracil derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ismail MK, Khan Z, Rana M, Horswell SL, Male L, Nguyen HV, Perotti A, Romero-Canelón I, Wilkinson EA, Hodges NJ, Tucker JHR. Effect of Regiochemistry and Methylation on the Anticancer Activity of a Ferrocene-Containing Organometallic Nucleoside Analogue. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2487-2494. [PMID: 32255248 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Four new bis-substituted ferrocene derivatives containing either a hydroxyalkyl or methoxyalkyl group and either a thyminyl or methylthyminyl group have been synthesised and characterised by a range of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. They were included in a structure-activity-relationship (SAR) study probing anticancer activities in osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cell lines and were compared with a known lead compound, 1-(S,Rp ), a nucleoside analogue that is highly toxic to cancer cells. Biological studies using the MTT assay revealed that a regioisomer of ferronucleoside 1-(S,Rp ), which only differs from the lead compound in being substituted on two cyclopentadienyl rings rather than one, was over 20 times less cytotoxic. On the other hand, methylated derivatives of 1-(S,Rp ) showed comparable cytotoxicities to the lead compound. Overall these studies indicate that a mechanism of action for 1-(S,Rp ) cannot proceed through alcohol phosphorylation and that its geometry and size, rather than any particular functional group, are crucial factors in explaining its high anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Media K Ismail
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zahra Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marium Rana
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah L Horswell
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Huy V Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alessio Perotti
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Edward A Wilkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James H R Tucker
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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