1
|
Utecht-Jarzyńska G, Kowalczyk A, Jasiński M. Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated 1,4-Diarylpyrazoles via MnO 2-Mediated Mechanochemical Deacylative Oxidation of 5-Acylpyrazolines. Molecules 2022; 27:8446. [PMID: 36500541 PMCID: PMC9736116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent-free two-step synthesis of polyfunctionalized pyrazoles under ball-milling mechanochemical conditions was developed. The protocol comprises (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile imines and chalcones, followed by oxidation of the initially formed 5-acylpyrazolines with activated MnO2. The second step proceeds via an exclusive deacylative pathway, to give a series of 1,4-diarylpyrazoles functionalized with a fluorinated (CF3) or non-fluorinated (Ph, COOEt, Ac) substituent at C(3) of the heterocyclic ring. In contrast, MnO2-mediated oxidation of a model isomeric 4-acylpyrazoline proceeded with low chemoselectivity, leading to fully substituted pyrazole as a major product formed via dehydrogenative aromatization. The presented approach extends the scope of the known methods carried out in organic solvents and enables the preparation of polyfunctionalized pyrazoles, which are of general interest in medicine and material sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kowalczyk
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva VLM, Silva AMS. Revisiting the Chemistry of Vinylpyrazoles: Properties, Synthesis, and Reactivity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113493. [PMID: 35684432 PMCID: PMC9182008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinylpyrazoles, also known as pyrazolyl olefins, are interesting motifs in organic chemistry but have been overlooked. This review describes the properties and synthetic routes of vinylpyrazoles and highlights their versatility as building blocks for the construction of more complex organic molecules. Concerning the reactivity of vinylpyrazoles, the topics surveyed herein include their use in cycloaddition reactions, free-radical polymerizations, halogenation and hydrohalogenation reactions, and more recently in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, among other transformations. The current state of the art about vinylpyrazoles is presented with an eye to future developments regarding the chemistry of these interesting compounds. Styrylpyrazoles were not considered in this review, as they were the subject of a previous review article published in 2020.
Collapse
|
3
|
Devi L, Sharma G, Kant R, Shukla SK, Rastogi N. Regioselective synthesis of functionalized pyrazole-chalcones via a base mediated reaction of diazo compounds with pyrylium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4132-4136. [PMID: 33870359 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A base-mediated reaction of triaryl/alkyl pyrylium tetrafluoroborate salts with α-diazo-phosphonates, sulfones and trifluoromethyl compounds affords the corresponding functionalized pyrazole-chalcones as 5-P-5 and 3-P-3 tautomeric mixture. The reaction proceeds through an initial nucleophilic addition of diazo substrates to pyrylium salts followed by a base-mediated pyrylium ring-opening and intramolecular 1,5-cyclization to afford formal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition products. The products underwent a Nazarov-type cyclization upon hydride reduction followed by acidic-workup, furnishing the corresponding indenyl-pyrazoles in high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Devi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Sanjeev K Shukla
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pyrazole Scaffold Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Treatment (2011-2020). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051202. [PMID: 33668128 PMCID: PMC7956461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable prevalence of pyrazole scaffolds in a versatile array of bioactive molecules ranging from apixaban, an anticoagulant used to treat and prevent blood clots and stroke, to bixafen, a pyrazole-carboxamide fungicide used to control diseases of rapeseed and cereal plants, has encouraged both medicinal and organic chemists to explore new methods in developing pyrazole-containing compounds for different applications. Although numerous synthetic strategies have been developed in the last 10 years, there has not been a comprehensive overview of synthesis and the implication of recent advances for treating neurodegenerative disease. This review first presents the advances in pyrazole scaffold synthesis and their functionalization that have been published during the last decade (2011-2020). We then narrow the focus to the application of these strategies in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
Collapse
|
5
|
Shafi A, Berry AJ, Sumnall H, Wood DM, Tracy DK. New psychoactive substances: a review and updates. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320967197. [PMID: 33414905 PMCID: PMC7750892 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320967197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a heterogeneous group of substances. They are associated with a number of health and social harms on an individual and societal level. NPS toxicity and dependence syndromes are recognised in primary care, emergency departments, psychiatric inpatient and community care settings. One pragmatic classification system is to divide NPS into one of four groups: synthetic stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic hallucinogens and synthetic depressants (which include synthetic opioids and benzodiazepines). We review these four classes of NPS, including their chemical structures, mechanism of action, modes of use, intended intoxicant effects, and their associated physical and mental health harms. The current challenges faced by laboratory testing for NPS are also explored, in the context of the diverse range of NPS currently available, rate of production and emergence of new substances, the different formulations, and methods of acquisition and distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Shafi
- East London Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex J. Berry
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | | | - David M. Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Derek K. Tracy
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, DeCrespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gomes PMO, Ouro PMS, Silva AMS, Silva VLM. Styrylpyrazoles: Properties, Synthesis and Transformations. Molecules 2020; 25:E5886. [PMID: 33322752 PMCID: PMC7764498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrazole nucleus and its reduced forms, pyrazolines and pyrazolidine, are privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological activities. A huge number of pyrazole derivatives have been studied and reported over time. This review article gives an overview of pyrazole derivatives that contain a styryl (2-arylvinyl) group linked in different positions of the pyrazole backbone. Although there are studies on the synthesis of styrylpyrazoles dating back to the 1970s and even earlier, this type of compound has rarely been studied. This timely review intends to summarize the properties, biological activity, methods of synthesis and transformation of styrylpyrazoles; thus, highlighting the interest and huge potential for application of this kind of compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.M.O.G.); (P.M.S.O.)
| | - Vera L. M. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.M.O.G.); (P.M.S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cyclodextrin-Based Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235576. [PMID: 33261035 PMCID: PMC7730728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of multiple glucose subunits. CDs are widely used in host–guest chemistry and biochemistry due to their structural advantages, biocompatibility, and ability to form inclusion complexes. Recently, CDs have become of high interest in the field of medical imaging as a potential scaffold for the development of a large variety of the contrast agents suitable for magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and computed tomography. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the achievements in the field of cyclodextrin-based contrast agents for medical imaging.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yeo SK, Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Albert MS. Molecular Imaging of Fluorinated Probes for Tau Protein and Amyloid-β Detection. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153413. [PMID: 32731418 PMCID: PMC7435578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and results in progressive neurodegeneration. The incidence rate of AD is increasing, creating a major public health issue. AD is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ). Currently, a definitive diagnosis of AD is accomplished post-mortem. Thus, the use of molecular probes that are able to selectively bind to NFTs or Aβ can be valuable tools for the accurate and early diagnosis of AD. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight fluorinated molecular probes that can be used for molecular imaging to detect either NFTs or Aβ. Specifically, fluorinated molecular probes used in conjunction with 19F MRI, PET, and fluorescence imaging will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Yeo
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (Y.S.); (V.G.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (Y.S.); (V.G.)
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-807-355-9191
| |
Collapse
|