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Lim J, Kim H, Kim GHJ, Kim T, Kang CG, Kim SW, Kim D. Enzymatic upcycling of wild-simulated ginseng leaves for enhancing biological activities and compound K. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:207. [PMID: 38353757 PMCID: PMC10866779 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a ginsenoside with high bioavailability, is present at low levels in wild-simulated ginseng leaves (WSGL). WSGL contains the CK precursors, Rd and F2, in amounts up to 26.4 ± 0.4 and 24.1 ± 1.9 mg/g extract, respectively. In this study, CK production in WGSL reached 25.9 ± 1.0 mg/g extract following treatment with Viscozyme, Celluclast 1.5 L, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, and their combination. The antioxidant activities indicated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and ABTS- and DPPH radical scavenging activity of enzyme-treated WSGL were enhanced 1.69-, 2.51-, 2.88-, and 1.80-fold, respectively, compared to non-treated WSGL. Furthermore, the CK-enriched WSGL demonstrated a 1.94-fold decrease in SA-β-galactosidase expression in human dermal fibroblasts and a 3.8-fold enhancement of inhibition of nitric oxide release in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells relative to non-treated WSGL. Consequently, WSGL subjected to enzymatic upcycling has potential as a functional material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Kim
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gha-Hyun J Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in Biological Sciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Gil Kang
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14060, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14060, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Fervere Campus Corporation, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yu J, Zheng Y, Song C, Chen S. New insights into the roles of fungi and bacteria in the development of medicinal plant. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00394-6. [PMID: 38092299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between microorganisms and medicinal plants is a popular topic. Previous studies consistently reported that microorganisms were mainly considered pathogens or contaminants. However, with the development of microbial detection technology, it has been demonstrated that fungi and bacteria affect beneficially the medicinal plant production chain. AIM OF REVIEW Microorganisms greatly affect medicinal plants, with microbial biosynthesis a high regarded topic in medicinal plant-microbial interactions. However, it lacks a systematic review discussing this relationship. Current microbial detection technologies also have certain advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to compare the characteristics of various technologies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review first illustrates the role of fungi and bacteria in various medicinal plant production procedures, discusses the development of microbial detection and identification technologies in recent years, and concludes with microbial biosynthesis of natural products. The relationship between fungi, bacteria, and medicinal plants is discussed comprehensively. We also propose a future research model and direction for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Chi Song
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137 China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700 China.
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3
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Kwak SH, Kim H, Jeon JH, Pal K, Kang DH, Kim D. Phytochemical and functional characterization of fermented Yerba mate using Rhizopus oligosporus. AMB Express 2023; 13:94. [PMID: 37689820 PMCID: PMC10492770 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was used to enhance the bioactive compounds and biological properties of food materials, such as buckwheat, turmeric, and ginseng. This study was investigated the effects of SSF for up to 10 days using Rhizopus oligosporus on Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire). The total phenolic content of Yerba mate rose to 20% after 1 day fermentation. The saponin contents of Yerba mate rose to 38% after 7 day fermentation. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and caffeine levels were increased up to 27.74% by fermentation, as determined by UPLC-MS analysis. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that the antioxidant activities of Yerba mate were enhanced 1.9- and 1.14-fold after 1 day fermentation. In addition, its inhibitory activities against yeast α-glucosidase and nitric oxide release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were higher than in the unfermented Yerba mate. Moreover, taste sensory analysis using an electronic tongue sensory system showed that the flavor of Yerba mate after 1 day fermentation was similar to that of the unfermented Yerba mate. These results suggested that solid fermentation using R. oligosporus is conducive to producing Yerba mate with enhanced biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyung Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Kim
- The Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Jeon
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Center for Food and Bioconversionce, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doman Kim
- The Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Center for Food and Bioconversionce, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Fervere Campus Corporation, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Che L, Zhu C, Huang L, Xu H, Ma X, Luo X, He H, Zhang T, Wang N. Ginsenoside Rg2 Promotes the Proliferation and Stemness Maintenance of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Autophagy Induction. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051075. [PMID: 36900592 PMCID: PMC10000966 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as a cell source for cultivated meat production due to their adipose differentiation potential, but MSCs lose their stemness and undergo replicative senescence during expansion in vitro. Autophagy is an important mechanism for senescent cells to remove toxic substances. However, the role of autophagy in the replicative senescence of MSCs is controversial. Here, we evaluated the changes in autophagy in porcine MSCs (pMSCs) during long-term culture in vitro and identified a natural phytochemical, ginsenoside Rg2, that could stimulate pMSC proliferation. First, some typical senescence characteristics were observed in aged pMSCs, including decreased EdU-positive cells, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, declined stemness-associated marker OCT4 expression, and enhanced P53 expression. Importantly, autophagic flux was impaired in aged pMSCs, suggesting deficient substrate clearance in aged pMSCs. Rg2 was found to promote the proliferation of pMSCs using MTT assay and EdU staining. In addition, Rg2 inhibited D-galactose-induced senescence and oxidative stress in pMSCs. Rg2 increased autophagic activity via the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, long-term culture with Rg2 promoted the proliferation, inhibited the replicative senescence, and maintained the stemness of pMSCs. These results provide a potential strategy for porcine MSC expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Che
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinmiao Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongpeng He
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2260-6020-99; Fax: +86-2260-6022-98
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5
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Rousta N, Aslan M, Yesilcimen Akbas M, Ozcan F, Sar T, Taherzadeh MJ. Effects of fungal based bioactive compounds on human health: Review paper. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7004-7027. [PMID: 36794421 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2178379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the first years of history, microbial fermentation products such as bread, wine, yogurt and vinegar have always been noteworthy regarding their nutritional and health effects. Similarly, mushrooms have been a valuable food product in point of both nutrition and medicine due to their rich chemical components. Alternatively, filamentous fungi, which can be easier to produce, play an active role in the synthesis of some bioactive compounds, which are also important for health, as well as being rich in protein content. Therefore, this review presents some important bioactive compounds (bioactive peptides, chitin/chitosan, β-glucan, gamma-aminobutyric acid, L-carnitine, ergosterol and fructooligosaccharides) synthesized by fungal strains and their health benefits. In addition, potential probiotic- and prebiotic fungi were researched to determine their effects on gut microbiota. The current uses of fungal based bioactive compounds for cancer treatment were also discussed. The use of fungal strains in the food industry, especially to develop innovative food production, has been seen as promising microorganisms in obtaining healthy and nutritious food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rousta
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Melissa Aslan
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferruh Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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Awasthi MK, Kumar V, Hellwig C, Wikandari R, Harirchi S, Sar T, Wainaina S, Sindhu R, Binod P, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. Filamentous fungi for sustainable vegan food production systems within a circular economy: Present status and future prospects. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112318. [PMID: 36737911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi serve as potential candidates in the production of different value-added products. In the context of food, there are several advantages of using filamentous fungi for food. Among the main advantages is that the fungal biomass used food not only meets basic nutritional requirements but that it is also rich in protein, low in fat, and free of cholesterol. This speaks to the potential of filamentous fungi in the production of food that can substitute animal-derived protein sources such as meat. Moreover, life-cycle analyses and techno-economic analyses reveal that fungal proteins perform better than animal-derived proteins in terms of land use efficiency as well as global warming. The present article provides an overview of the potential of filamentous fungi as a source of food and food supplements. The commercialization potential as well as social, legal and safety issues of fungi-based food products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam 602105, India
| | - Coralie Hellwig
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Rachma Wikandari
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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7
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Effects of solid-state fermentation using R. oligosporus on the phytochemical composition of wild-simulated ginseng leaf and its biological properties. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Wu Y, Cai Y, Ma L, Li F, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zheng F, Pi Z, Yue H. Identification and chemical profiling of anti-alcoholic liver disease biomarkers of ginseng Huang jiu using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and network pharmacology-based analyses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978122. [PMID: 36034901 PMCID: PMC9412739 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of characteristic non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) from ginseng Huang jiu (GH) in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease through UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and network pharmacological analyses. Changes in NVOC contents in ginseng Huang jiu and ginseng-soaked wine fermented by different processing technologies were analyzed through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 96 ginsenosides were identified in ginseng Huang jiu throughout the fermentation process, which included 37 protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, 47 protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and 4 oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that 20(R)-Rg2, Gypenoside XVII, 20(S)-Rf3, CK, Rg5, Rh2, and other rare ginsenosides in ginseng Huang jiu could be the potential index for determining ginseng Huang jiu. In addition, ginseng Huang jiu could improve alcoholic liver disease by regulating the GSTP1, HRAS, AKR1B1, GSTA1, Androgen receptor (AR), GSR, and LDHB genes through bioinformatics analysis. This study provides new insights into improving the industrial production of ginseng Huang jiu and treating alcoholic liver disease with medicinal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Wu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyu Cai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fangtong Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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9
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Biochemical characterization of synthesized fisetin glucoside by dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299CB4 with enhanced water solubility. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Lee JY, Kim H, Moon Y, Kwak S, Kang CG, Park C, Jo J, Kim SW, Pal K, Kang DH, Kim D. Enhancement of the water solubility and antioxidant capacities of mangiferin by transglucosylation using a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 159:110065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lim J, Nguyen TTH, Pal K, Gil Kang C, Park C, Kim SW, Kim D. Phytochemical properties and functional characteristics of wild turmeric ( Curcuma aromatica) fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100198. [PMID: 35499023 PMCID: PMC9039939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica) was fermented with R. oligosporus. Curcuminoid fermented for 5 days and phenolic compound of all fermented wild turmeric increased. The l-carnitine content of fermented wild turmeric was newly synthesized. The antioxidant activities were enhanced 1.47-fold after fermentation for 3 days. Anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenic, and anti-obesity effects improved with fermentation.
This study investigated the effect of solid-state fermentation of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica) with Rhizopus oligosporus, a common fungus found in fermented soy tempeh, on phytochemical and biological properties. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry showed that fermented wild turmeric has higher concentrations of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, phenolic compounds and total flavonoid-curcuminoid after fermentation for 1-, 3-, and 5-day relative to non-fermented turmeric. The l-carnitine content reached 242 µg g−1 extract after fermentation for 7-day. Wild turmeric had 1.47- and 2.25-fold increases in ORAC and FRAP, respectively, after 3-day fermentation. The inhibitory effects of fermented wild turmeric on lipid accumulation from 3T3-L1 cells, nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages, and melanin formation by B16F10 mouse melanoma cells with α-MSH increased 1.08-, 1.44-, and 1.52-fold, respectively, after 3-day fermentation. Based on these results, fermented wild turmeric product can be used as a functional ingredient in the cosmeceutical and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Lim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, South Korea
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, South Korea
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Choon Gil Kang
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14060, South Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14060, South Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Ottogi Corporation, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14060, South Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, South Korea.,Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, South Korea
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12
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Rousta N, Ferreira JA, Taherzadeh MJ. Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation. Bioengineered 2021; 12:358-368. [PMID: 33323030 PMCID: PMC8806343 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1863618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The edible filamentous fungi are hot candidate for future supply of functional food and feed with e.g. protein, essential amino acids, and compounds with immunostimulant activity. L-carnitine that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism represents a functional compound normally produced by Zygomycetes filamentous fungus Rhizopus oligosporus in solid-state fermentation. The present study provides the first insights on production of L-carnitine-enriched edible fungal biomass through submerged cultivation of several Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes including Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia, Rhizopus oryzae, and Rhizopus oligosporus. A. oryzae with 3 mg L-carnitine yield per gram of fungal biomass, indicates great potential on production of this bioactive compound which is remarkably higher than the other tested fungi in this work and also previous studies. In addition to fungal strain, other factors such as cultivation time and presence of yeast extract were found to play a role. Further studies on submerged growth optimization of A. oryzae in both high-quality recipes and in medium based on low-value substrates are proposed in order to clarify its potential for production of L-carnitine-enriched fungal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rousta
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Jorge A. Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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13
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Kim SY, Lee HN, Hong SJ, Kang HJ, Cho JY, Kim D, Ameer K, Kim YM. Enhanced biotransformation of the minor ginsenosides in red ginseng extract by Penicillium decumbens β-glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109941. [PMID: 34785432 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Compound K (C-K) and Rh2, which are present at low levels in ginseng and ginseng extracts, have higher intestinal absorption rates than other ginsenosides. Here, we attempted to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to C-K using a β-glucosidase from Penicillium decumbens. Ten commercially available enzymes were screened to identify enzymes that can convert ginsenoside Rb1 to C-K, resulting in the selection of a P. decumbens-derived β-glucosidase. β-Glucosidase showed maximum activity at pH 4.0 and 60 °C; its substrate specificity for ginsenoside Rb1 was investigated. The main glucoside-hydrolyzing pathways were as follows: ginsenoside Rb1 or Rd → gypenoside XVII → F2 → C-K and ginsenoside Rg3 → Rh2. The P. decumbens-derived β-glucosidase was used to generate C-K and Rh2 using protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides as substrates. Additionally, to apply this enzyme to the commercialized red ginseng extract products, the contents of C-K and Rh2 in the total ginsenosides significantly (p < 0.05) increased up to 36-fold and 8.9-fold, respectively, higher than prior to subjecting to biotransformation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the dual biotransformation of C-K and Rh2 by a food-grade commercial enzyme. This study demonstrates that the use of a specific β-glucosidase may increase C-K and Rh2 contents in the ginseng extract through a simple biotransformation process and, thus, enhance its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Ha-Nul Lee
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Cho
- WooriDo Co., Ltd., Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 1447, South Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, South Korea
| | - Kashif Ameer
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000 Pakistan; Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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Kuang YY, Gao X, Niu YJ, Shi XL, Zhou W. Polymorphic Characterization, Pharmacokinetics, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ginsenoside Compound K Polymorphs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071983. [PMID: 33915860 PMCID: PMC8037814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism exhibits different physicochemical properties, which can impact the bioavailability and bioactivity of solid drugs. This study focused on identifying the polymorphs of ginsenoside compound K (CK) and studying their different behaviors in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Four CK polymorphs (form I, II, III, and IV) from organic solvents were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). A feasible LC-MS/MS method was exploited to determine the PK parameters. Form II displayed the most exposure, followed by form I, III, and IV. Notably, all forms showed sex dimorphism, and the bioavailability in the female group was about two-fold higher than in the male group. The PD properties were investigated in carrageenan-induced acute paw inflammation, and form II at 20 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of edema by 42.7%. This study clarified the polymorphic, PK, and PD characters of four crystal forms of CK, and the data suggested that form II had the best efficacy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Xuan Gao
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China;
| | - Yi-Jun Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.-J.N.); (X.-L.S.)
| | - Xun-Long Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.-J.N.); (X.-L.S.)
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-5423-7431
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