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Marforio TD, Tomasini M, Bottoni A, Zerbetto F, Mattioli EJ, Calvaresi M. Deciphering the Reactive Pathways of Competitive Reactions inside Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 36615918 PMCID: PMC9823513 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale control of chemical reactivity, manipulation of reaction pathways, and ultimately driving the outcome of chemical reactions are quickly becoming reality. A variety of tools are concurring to establish such capability. The confinement of guest molecules inside nanoreactors, such as the hollow nanostructures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), is a straightforward and highly fascinating approach. It mechanically hinders some molecular movements but also decreases the free energy of translation of the system with respect to that of a macroscopic solution. Here, we examined, at the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) level, the effect of confinement inside CNTs on nucleophilic substitution (SN2) and elimination (syn-E2 and anti-E2) using as a model system the reaction between ethyl chloride and chloride. Our results show that the three reaction mechanisms are kinetically and thermodynamically affected by the CNT host. The size of the nanoreactor, i.e., the CNT diameter, represents the key factor to control the energy profiles of the reactions. A careful analysis of the interactions between the CNTs and the reactive system allowed us to identify the driving force of the catalytic process. The electrostatic term controls the reaction kinetics in the SN2 and syn/anti-E2 reactions. The van der Waals interactions play an important role in the stabilization of the product of the elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bottoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Briceño‐Vargas FM, Mirón‐López G, Quijano‐Quiñones RF. NCI Study of the Influence of Steric Hindrance on the Conformational Isomers of Propane, Butane, and Ethane Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flor M. Briceño‐Vargas
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Autonomous University of Yucatan Merida Yucatan 97069 Mexico
| | - Gumersindo Mirón‐López
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Faculty of Chemistry Autonomous University of Yucatan Merida Yucatan 97069 Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano‐Quiñones
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Autonomous University of Yucatan Merida Yucatan 97069 Mexico
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Covalently Bonded Fullerene Nano-Aggregates (C60)n: Digitalizing Their Energy–Topology–Symmetry. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fullerene dimers and oligomers are attractive molecular objects with an intermediate position between the molecules and nanostructures. Due to the size, computationally assessing their structures and molecular properties is challenging, as it currently requires high-cost quantum chemical techniques. In this work, we have jointly studied energies, topological (Wiener indices and roundness), and information theoretic (information entropy) descriptors, and have obtained regularities in triad ‘energy–topology–symmetry’. We have found that the topological indices are convenient to indicating the most and least reactive atoms of the fullerene dimer structures, whereas information entropy is more suitable to evaluate odd–even effects on the symmetry of (C60)n. Quantum chemically assessed stabilities of selected C120 structures, as well as linear and zigzag (C60)n, are discussed.
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Lee JY, Lee C, Osawa E, Choi JW, Sur JC, Lee KH. Snapshots of the Fragmentation for C 70@Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube: Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083929. [PMID: 33920291 PMCID: PMC8069131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In previously reported experimental studies, a yield of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) at C70@Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is higher than C60@SWCNTs due to the higher sensitivity to photolysis of the former. From the perspective of pyrolysis dynamics, we would like to understand whether C70@SWCNT is more sensitive to thermal decomposition than C60@SWCNT, and the starting point of DWCNT formation, which can be obtained through the decomposition fragmentation of the nanopeapods, which appears in the early stages. We have studied the fragmentation of C70@SWCNT nanopeapods, using molecular dynamics simulations together with the empirical tight-binding total energy calculation method. We got the snapshots of the fragmentation structure of carbon nano-peapods (CNPs) composed of SWCNT and C70 fullerene molecules and the geometric spatial positioning structure of C70 within the SWCNT as a function of dynamics time (for 2 picoseconds) at the temperatures of 4000 K, 5000 K, and 6000 K. In conclusion, the scenario in which C70@SWCNT transforms to a DWCNT would be followed by the fragmentation of C70, after C70, and the SWCNT have been chemically bonding in the early stages. The relative stability of fullerenes in CNPs could be reversed, compared to the ranking of the relative stability of the encapsulated molecules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscale Sciences and Technology Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea;
| | - Changhoon Lee
- Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase of Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.W.C.); (J.C.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Eiji Osawa
- Nanocarbon Research Institute, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Jong Woan Choi
- Department of Semiconductor and Display, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.W.C.); (J.C.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Jung Chul Sur
- Department of Semiconductor and Display, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.W.C.); (J.C.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Kee Hag Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscale Sciences and Technology Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.W.C.); (J.C.S.); (K.H.L.)
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Shainyan BA. Structural and Conformational Aspects in the Chemistry of Heterocycles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153461. [PMID: 32751466 PMCID: PMC7435774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds represent more than half of all known organic compounds, so the growing interest in this field of chemistry is not surprising [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagrat A Shainyan
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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Molecular Structure Modulated Trap Distribution and Carrier Migration in Fluorinated Epoxy Resin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133071. [PMID: 32640527 PMCID: PMC7412268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface charge accumulation on epoxy insulators is one of the most serious problems threatening the operation safety of the direct current gas-insulated transmission line (GIL), and can be efficiently inhibited by the surface modification technology. This paper investigated the mechanisms of fluorination modulated surface charge behaviors of epoxy resin through quantum chemical calculation (QCC) analysis of the molecular structure. The results show that after fluorination, the surface charge dissipation process of the epoxy sample is accelerated by the introduced shallow trap sites, which is further clarified by the carrier mobility model. The electron distribution probability of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) under positive charging and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) under negative charging shows distinctive patterns. It is illustrated that electrons are likely to aggregate locally around benzenes for the positively charged molecular structure, while electrons tend to distribute all along the epoxy chain under negatively charging. The calculated results verify that fluorination can modulate surface charge behaviors of epoxy resin through redesigning its molecular structure, trap distribution and charging patterns.
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Skeletal Rearrangements of the C240 Fullerene: Efficient Topological Descriptors for Monitoring Stone–Wales Transformations. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stone–Wales rearrangements of the fullerene surface are an uncharted field in theoretical chemistry. Here, we study them on the example of the giant icosahedral fullerene C240 to demonstrate the complex chemical mechanisms emerging on its carbon skeleton. The Stone–Wales transformations of C240 can produce the defected isomers containing heptagons, extra pentagons and other unordinary rings. Their formations have been described in terms of (i) quantum-chemically calculated energetic, molecular, and geometric parameters; and (ii) topological indices. We have found the correlations between the quantities from the two sets that point out the role of long-range topological defects in governing the formation and the chemical reactivity of fullerene molecules.
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