1
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. Understanding the Electronic Effects of Lewis Acid Catalysts in Accelerating Polar Diels-Alder Reactions. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39159007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The electronic effects of Lewis acid (LA) catalysts in reducing the activation energies of polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions have been studied within Molecular Electron Density Theory. To this end, a quantum topological energy partitioning scheme, namely, the Relative Interacting Atomic Energy (RIAE) analysis, is applied to the transition state structures (TSs) and the ground state of the reagents of two different LA-catalyzed P-DA reactions. Analyses of the ξEtotalX total energies of the two interacting frameworks f(X) show that the electronic energy stabilization of the electrophilic frameworks, resulting from the global electron density transfer (GEDT), is the cause of an effective decrease of the activation energies. On the other hand, an in-depth analysis of the ξEintraA intra-atomic energies of the atoms belonging to the electrophilic ethylenic framework in the LA-catalyzed P-DA reactions of cyclopentadiene with acrolein indicates that the strong electronic stabilization of the carbonyl carbon, resulting from the GEDT taking place at the TSs, is the main factor responsible for the decrease of the activation energies in these LA-catalyzed P-DA reactions. Finally, the increase in GEDT at the TSs of these P-DA reactions causes an increase in the larger C-C distance, resulting from the stabilization of the electrophilic framework, thereby decreasing the suggested Pauli repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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2
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Yin D, Guo Y, Xu T, Ma J. Investigation of thia-Diels-Alder Reactions by Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14436-14441. [PMID: 38559932 PMCID: PMC10976361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The thia-Diels-Alder reaction represents a versatile synthetic method for the preparation of six-membered sulfur-containing compounds. However, the mechanism of the thia-Diels-Alder reactions remains unclear. In this work, time-resolved spectroscopic experiments and DFT calculations demonstrate that phenacyl sulfide undergoes Norrish II cleavage to produce thioaldehyde, and ortho-hydroxy benzhydryl alcohol occurs in a dehydration reaction to generate o-QMs using diphenylphosphate as the catalyst. Then, the thia-Diels-Alder reaction takes place between thioaldehyde and o-QMs by an asynchronous concerted mechanism. The illustration of the thia-Diels-Alder reaction mechanism not only provides important support for organic synthesis and drug design but also enhances fundamental insights into reaction pathways and catalytic processes in the field of chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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3
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Sakata K, Suzuki S, Sugimoto T, Yoshikawa T. Quantum Chemical Study of the Cycloaddition Reaction of Tropone with 1,1-Diethoxyethene Catalyzed by B(C 6F 5) 3 or BPh 3. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30410-30420. [PMID: 37636958 PMCID: PMC10448487 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reaction of tropone with 1,1-diethoxyethene catalyzed by Lewis acid (LA), B(C6F5)3 or BPh3, was examined by using ωB97X-D-level density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the absence of LA, the reaction proceeds in a stepwise fashion to form two chemical bonds, first between the C2 atom in tropone and the C2 atom in ethene and then between the C5 atom in the former and the C1 atom in the latter. When B(C6F5)3 is attached to the O atom in tropone, the C5 atom in tropone is attacked preferentially by the C1 atom in ethene in the second stage. The attack of the O atom in tropone is shown to be less likely; thus, the [4 + 2] addition is favored in the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed reaction. In contrast, the attack of the O atom in the BPh3-attached tropone to the C1 atom in ethene is preferred over the attack of the C5 atom, indicating that the [8 + 2] cycloaddition instead of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition proceeds in the BPh3-catalyzed reaction. Whether the C1 atom in ethene is attacked by C5 or by O in the second bond formation step is shown in this study to be governed mainly by the nucleophilicity of σ-lone pair electrons of the carbonyl O atom of tropone in the presence of LA. These results are consistent with the experiments reported by Li and Yamamoto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sarina Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sugimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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4
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Inducing high exo selectivity in Diels-Alder reaction by dimethylborane substituent: a DFT study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22225. [PMID: 36564456 PMCID: PMC9789069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the role of Lewis acid-base (LAB) interaction on the stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction has been studied by DFT in gas and solution (dichloromethane) phases. The calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G++ (d, p) level. Two different series of DA reactions were investigated: (1)-three mono-substituted cyclopentadienes + dimethyl(vinyl)borane; (2)-five α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds + cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yldimethylborane. The reacting diene and dienophile pairs were chosen to restrict LAB interaction to the exo reaction pathway. It was found that in some of the examined cases, the favorable LAB interaction is so strong that it can lead to a completely exo-selective DA reaction. Furthermore, a novel multistep synthetic method was hypothesized for preparing exo cycloadduct with near 100% stereoselectivity. Our results can open up new avenues toward the rational design of exo-selective DA reactions for synthesizing novel bioorganic compounds.
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5
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Jasiński R. Unveiling the high reactivity of experimental pseudodiradical azomethine ylides within molecular electron density theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:314-325. [PMID: 36477950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of N-methyl azomethine ylide (AY) with styrene, benzaldehyde and methyl 2-formyl-benzoate (MFB) were studied within molecular electron density theory (MEDT), at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d) computational level, in order to characterize the reactivity of an experimental pseudodiradical TAC for the first time. ELF topological analysis indicates that AY presents a pseudodiradical structure. Analysis of CDFT reactivity indices allows classifying AY as a supernucleophile; while styrene is classified as a moderate electrophile, benzaldehyde and MFB are classified as strong electrophiles. The 32CA reaction with MFB is the most favorable one with a relatively low activation Gibbs free energy of 6.9 kcal mol-1, being irreversible and completely endo stereo- and chemo-selective towards the carbonyl group, a behavior predicted by the analysis of the Parr functions. The bonding evolution theory (BET) study indicates that while the 32CA reaction of AY with styrene is characterized as a pdr-type 32CA reaction, the one involving benzaldehyde follows a pmr-type mechanism prompted by the presence of the carbonyl group. The present MEDT study describes in detail the tunable high reactivity of one of the few experimentally available pseudodiradical TACs, showing that the mechanism of 32CA reactions can be modified not only by changing the electronic structure of TACs through proper substitution but also by the nature of their opposing ethylene derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
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6
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the Polar Diels-Alder Reaction of Naphtoquinone:Cr(CO) 3 Complex with Cyclic Dienes. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Aurell
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Odey JO, Ubana EI, Eko IJ, Jones OO. Synthesis, characterization and theoretical studies of the photovoltaic properties of novel bifunctional reactive disperse dyes based on aminothiazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Insights into the mechanism and stereoselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between N-methyl-C-(4-hydroxylphenyl) nitrone and maleic anhydride with a molecular electron density theory perspective. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Domingo LR, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M, Acharjee N. Unveiling the
cb‐type
Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Fluorinated Azomethine Ylides to Ester Carbonyls with a Molecular Electron Density Theory Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, E 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - M. Ríos‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, E 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry Durgapur Government College J. N. Avenue Durgapur West Bengal 713214 India
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10
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M. Does Cr(CO)
3
Really behave as Catalyst in the Diels‐Alder Reaction of Styrene with Cyclopentadiene? A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - María José Aurell
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Ríos‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
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11
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Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Understanding the Mechanism of Diels-Alder Reactions with Anionic Dienophiles: A Systematic Comparison of [ECX] - (E = P, As; X = O, S, Se) Anions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7922-7934. [PMID: 35533395 PMCID: PMC9131451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
While Diels–Alder
(DA) reactions involving neutral or cationic
dienophiles are well-known, the characteristics of the analogous reactions
with anionic dienophiles are practically unexplored. Herein we present
the first comparative computational investigations on the characteristics
of DA cycloadditions with anionic dienophiles on the basis of the
reactions of [ECX]− anions (E = P, As; X = O, S,
Se) with 2H-pyran-2-one. All of these reactions were
found to be both kinetically and thermodynamically feasible, enabling
synthetic access toward 2-phosphaphenolate and arsaphenolate derivatives
in the future. This study also reveals that the [ECO]− anions show clear regioselectivity, while for [ECS]− and [ECSe]− anions, the two possible reaction
channels have very similar energetics. Additionally, the activation
barriers for the [ECO]− anions are lower than those
of the heavier analogues. The observed differences can be traced back
to the starkly differing nucleophilic character of the pnictogen center
in the anions, leading to a barrier-lowering effect in the case of
the [ECO]− anions. Furthermore, analysis of the
geometries and electron distributions of the corresponding transition
states revealed structure–property relationships, and thus
a direct comparison of the cycloaddition reactivity of these anions
was achieved. Along one of the two pathways, a good correlation was
found between the activation barriers and suitable nucleophilicity
descriptors (nucleophilic Parr function and global nucleophilicity).
Additionally, the tendency of the reaction energies can be explained
by the changing aromaticity of the products. In contrast to the phosphaethynolate [PCO]− anion, the cycloaddition reactivity of the heavier congeners ([ECX]−, where E = P, As and X = O, S, Se) is unexplored.
In this computational study, the Diels−Alder reaction between
the known [ECX]− anions and 2-pyrone was employed
to compare the reactivity patterns. The first activation barrier of
these reactions correlates with the nucleophilicity of the anions,
indicating a barrier-lowering effect. The feasibility of the studied
reactions, leading to P and As heterocycles, was also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
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12
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Chellegui M, Champagne B, Trabelsi M. Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene: a density functional theory investigation. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Domingo LR, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M, Acharjee N. A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones with Nucleophilic Ethylenes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Ríos‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry Durgapur Government College J. N. Avenue Durgapur West Bengal 713214 India
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14
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the higher-order cycloaddition reactions of tropone with electron-rich ethylenes. The role of the Lewis acid catalyst in the mechanism and pseudocyclic selectivity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weak attractive/repulsive electronic interactions control the [4+2]/[8+2] pseudocyclic selectivity in Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of tropone with nucleophilic ethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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15
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Understanding the higher–order cycloaddition reactions of heptafulvene, tropone, and its nitrogen derivatives, with electrophilic and nucleophilic ethylenes inside the molecular electron density theory. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and selectivity in higher–order cycloadditions of cycloheptatrienes A–D with ethylenes E–G are studied within the MEDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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16
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On the Question of Stepwise [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions and Their Stereochemical Aspects. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Even at the end of the twentieth century, the view of the one-step [4+2] cycloaddition (Diels-Alder) reaction mechanism was widely accepted as the only possible one, regardless of the nature of the reaction components. Much has changed in the way these reactions are perceived since then. In particular, multi-step mechanisms with zwitterionic or diradical intermediates have been proposed for a number of processes. This review provided a critical analysis of such cases.
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17
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Mali G, Chauhan ANS, Chavan KA, Erande RD. Development and Applications of Double Diels‐Alder Reaction in Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Mali
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Jodhpur 342037 India
| | | | - Kailas Arjun Chavan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Rohan D. Erande
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Jodhpur 342037 India
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18
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Domingo LR, Kula K, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Jasiński R. Understanding the Participation of Fluorinated Azomethine Ylides in Carbenoid-Type [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions with Ynal Systems: A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12644-12653. [PMID: 34464534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The carbenoid-type (cb-type) 32CA reaction of 1,1-difluoroated azomethine ylide (DFAY) with phenylpropynal has been studied using the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). Electron localization function (ELF) characterizes DFAY as a carbenoid species participating in cb-type 32CA reactions. The supernucleophilic character of DFAY and the strong electrophilic character of the ynal cause this polar 32CA reaction to have an unappreciable barrier; the reaction, which is highly exothermic, presents total chemo- and regioselectivity. ELF topological analysis of the bonding changes along the reaction establishes its non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, in which the nucleophilic attack of the carbenoid carbon of DFAY on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ynal characterizes the cb-type reactivity of this three-atom component (TAC). The presence of two fluorines at DFAY modifies the pseudodiradical structure and reactivity of the simplest azomethine ylide to that of a carbenoid TAC participating in cb-type 32CA reactions toward electrophilic ethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain
| | - Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
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19
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the Ionic Diels-Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:3638. [PMID: 34198640 PMCID: PMC8232178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol-1 lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.J.A.)
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20
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Kula K, Kącka-Zych A, Łapczuk-Krygier A, Jasiński R. Analysis of the possibility and molecular mechanism of carbon dioxide consumption in the Diels-Alder processes. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The large and significant increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere is a serious problem for humanity. The amount of CO2 is increasing steadily which causes a harmful greenhouse effect that damages the Earth’s climate. Therefore, one of the current trends in modern chemistry and chemical technology are issues related to its utilization. This work includes the analysis of the possibility of chemical consumption of CO2 in Diels-Alder processes under non-catalytic and catalytic conditions after prior activation of the C=O bond. In addition to the obvious benefits associated with CO2 utilization, such processes open up the possibility of universal synthesis of a wide range of internal carboxylates. These studies have been performed in the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory as a modern view of the chemical reactivity. It has been found, that explored DA reactions catalyzed by Lewis acids with the boron core, proceeds via unique stepwise mechanism with the zwitterionic intermediate. Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the molecular mechanism associated with the DA reaction between cyclopentadiene and carbon dioxide indicates that it takes place thorough a two-stage one-step mechanism, which is initialized by formation of C–C single bond. In turn, the DA reaction between cyclopentadiene and carbon dioxide catalysed by BH3 extends in the environment of DCM, indicates that it takes place through a two-step mechanism. First path of catalysed DA reaction is characterized by 10 different phases, while the second by eight topologically different phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kula
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łapczuk-Krygier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Jasiński R. Understanding the different reactivity of ( Z)- and ( E)-β-nitrostyrenes in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. An MEDT study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9698-9708. [PMID: 35423465 PMCID: PMC8695397 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental reactivity of isomeric (Z)- and (E)-β-nitrostyrenes participating in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions has been analysed on the basis of molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the HF/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) computational levels. It was found that the polar zw-type 32CA reactions with 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide proceed via a one-step mechanism, characterised by the attack of the nucleophilic oxygen centre of the nitrone on the electrophilically activated β-position of these nitrostyrenes. This behaviour is completely understood by means of the analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices. These 32CA reactions present low activation enthalpies of 4.4 (Z) and 5.0 (E) kcal mol-1, and are exo (Z) and endo (E) stereoselective (B3LYP), as well as completely meta regioselective (ωB97X-D, B3LYP). The less stable (Z)-β-nitrostyrene is more reactive than the (E)-one (HF). ELF and AIM topological analyses of the reagents and TSs show the great similitude between their electronic structures. Finally, NCI allows explaining the exo stereoselectivity found in the reaction of (Z)-β-nitrostyrene. The present MEDT study explains the different reactivity, selectivity and competitiveness in the title reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 31-155 Cracow Poland
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Perfluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene as unique partner for Diels–Alder reactions with benzene: a density functional theory study. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mechanism of the Diels–Alder reactions between perfluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1a) and bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1b) with benzene (2a) and naphthalene (2b) has been studied within the density functional theory at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) level. The bonding pattern in these reactions is analyzed in the topology of the electron localization function within the bonding evolution theory perspective. The bonding electron density changes along the reaction paths reveal that the C–C bond formation takes place through a synchronous and non-concerted one-step mechanism and proceeds with a moderate activation energy. The reactivity order with 1a is 2a–2b. The reactions begin by the rupture of the double bond in the strained 1a-b molecules, and then two pseudoradical centers at the 1a-b fragments are created. Finally, at the same time, two new single bonds are formed in the cycloaddition products. The TSs proceed with high global electron density transfer providing a polar character at these reactions.
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Insights into the mechanism and regioselectivity of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of cyclic nitrone to nitrile functions with a molecular electron density theory perspective. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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El Idrissi M, Eşme A, Hakmaoui Y, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aitouna AO, Salah M, Zeroual A, Domingo LR. Divulging the various chemical reactivity of trifluoromethyl-4-vinyl-benzene as well as methyl-4-vinyl-benzene in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 102:107760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the regioselectivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of deactivated benzenes through molecular electron density theory. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselectivity results from the slight polarization of the electron density and weak repulsive interactions appearing along the ortho approach mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - María José Aurell
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50
- Valencia
- Spain
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Participation of Phosphorylated Analogues of Nitroethene in Diels–Alder Reactions with Anthracene: A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study and Mechanistic Aspect. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and the contribution of the bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-nitro 1a and 2-bromo-2-nitroethenylphosphonates 1b with anthracene 2 in the Diels–Alder (DA) reactions have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP functional together with 6-31G(d), 6-31+G(d) and 6-31+G(d,p) basic sets. Analysis of the Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) reactivity indices indicates that 1a and 1b can be classified as a strong electrophile and marginal nucleophile, while 2 is classified as a strong electrophile and strong nucleophile. The studied DA reactions take place through a one-step mechanism. A Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) of the one path associated with the DA reaction of 1a with 2 indicates that it is associated with non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism. BET analysis shows that the first C2-C3 single bond is formed in Phase VI, while the second C1-C6 single bond is formed in the Phase VIII. The formation of both single bonds occurs through the merging of two C2 and C3, C1 and C6 pseudoradical centers, respectively.
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Lithium Cation-Catalyzed Benzene Diels-Alder Reaction: Insights on the Molecular Mechanism Within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13121-13132. [PMID: 32870671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lithium cation Li+-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of benzene toward a series of acetylenes of improved nucleophilicity can be described within the context of the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) level. Conceptual density functional theory indices characterize the crown ether solvated complex benzene-lithium Bz-Li-Cro as a superelectrophile. Coordination of a lithium cation to benzene does not change substantially the electron localization function electronic structure of benzene. The DA reaction of Bz-Li-Cro with acetylene shows a reduction of the energy of activation of 6.9 kcal·mol-1, which is not sufficient for the reaction to take place, thus demanding the participation of strong nucleophilic acetylenes. DA reactions of complexes Bz-M-Cro (M = Li, Na, and K) are decelerated with the decrease of the ionization potential of the alkali metal. The one-step mechanism of these lithium cation Li+-catalyzed DA reactions changes to a two-step one for the reaction with dimethyl propynamine. The present MEDT study proves that analysis of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices is an excellent tool for experimental organic chemists to understand, even to predict, the chemical organic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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Domingo LR, Seif A, Mazarei E, Zahedi E, Ahmadi TS. A molecular electron density theory (MEDT) study of the role of halogens (X 2 = F 2, Cl 2, Br 2 and I 2) on the aza-Michael-addition reactions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04203j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The energy profile for gas phase F2-catalyzed nucleophilic attack of PYR R1 on the β-conjugated carbon of MA R2 marked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | - Ahmad Seif
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Elham Mazarei
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | - Ehasn Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry
- Shahrood Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Shahrood
- Iran
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