Synthesis of Novel Sulfamethaoxazole 4-Thiazolidinone Hybrids and Their Biological Evaluation

Advances in Diagnostics and Drug Discovery against Resistant and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represents a subclinical, asymptomatic mycobacterial state affecting approximately 25% of the global population. The substantial prevalence of LTBI, combined with the risk of progressing to active tuberculosis, underscores its central role in the increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Accurate identification and timely treatment are vital to contain and reduce the spread of the disease, forming a critical component of the global strategy known as "End TB." This review aims to examine and highlight the most recent scientific evidence related to new diagnostic approaches and emerging therapeutic treatments for LTBI. While prevalent diagnostic methods include the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), WHO's approval of two specific IGRAs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) marked a significant advancement. However, the need for a specific test with global application viability has propelled research into diagnostic tests based on molecular diagnostics, pulmonary immunity, epigenetics, metabolomics, and a current focus on next-generation MTB antigen-based skin test (TBST). It is within these emerging methods that the potential for accurate distinction between LTBI and active TB has been demonstrated. Therapeutically, in addition to traditional first-line therapies, anti-LTBI drugs, anti-resistant TB drugs, and innovative candidates in preclinical and clinical stages are being explored. Although the advancements are promising, it is crucial to recognize that further research and clinical evidence are needed to solidify the effectiveness and safety of these new approaches, in addition to ensuring access to new drugs and diagnostic methods across all health centers. The fight against TB is evolving with the development of more precise diagnostic tools that differentiate the various stages of the infection and with more effective and targeted treatments. Once consolidated, current advancements have the potential to transform the prevention and treatment landscape of TB, reinforcing the global mission to eradicate this disease.

In Vitro Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Effects of Ten Novel Synthesized 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives

Heterocyclic compounds are found in a variety of drug molecules, and bioactive natural products. 4-Thiazolidinones (4-TZDs), which represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds, are of great interest today with their diverse bioactivities. In this study, ten novel 4-TZD derivatives (C1-C10) were synthesized, characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their genotoxic, and antigenotoxic properties were investigated in vitro using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay in the concentration range of 0.2-1.0 mM/plate. The results revealed that none of the compounds were mutagenic on the three different Salmonella typhimurium strains up to the highest concentration tested. Furthermore, in our study, C1, C4, C6, and C9 showed significant, ranging from moderate to strong, antigenotoxic effects against mutagen-induced DNA damage at relatively higher doses. Among these, C4 had the best potential to inhibit the number of revertant colonies induced by 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), with a maximum inhibition rate of 47.9 % for 1.0 mM/plate. As a result, preliminary knowledge about the safety of the use of ten novel synthesized 4-TZD compounds likely to exhibit many bioactivities was obtained in this study. In addition, the significant in vitro antimutagenic activity of some derivatives increases the importance of studies for the development of new pharmacological agents for cancer prevention.

An overview of sulfonamide-based conjugates: Recent advances for tuberculosis treatment

In 2019, tuberculosis (TB) caused approximately 1.4 million deaths around the world. TB is an infectious respiratory disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the continuous slow rise in TB infections. Sulfonamides are active moieties in various drugs used against several sicknesses, including TB. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments and drugs by describing recent improvements (2011-2021) to sulfonamide-based compounds.

The Bioactivity of Thiazolidin-4-Ones: A Short Review of the Most Recent Studies

Thiazolidin-4-ones is an important heterocyclic ring system of a pharmacophore and a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. This review is focused on the latest scientific reports regarding biological activities of thiazolidin-4-ones published in 2020 and 2021. The review covers recent information about antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and antiviral properties of thiazolidin-4-ones. Additionally, the influence of different substituents in molecules on their biological activity was discussed in this paper. Thus, this study may help to optimize the structure of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as more efficient drug agents. Presented information may be used as a practical hint for rational design of new small molecules with biological activity, especially among thiazolidin-4-ones.

Antitubercular properties of thiazolidin-4-ones - A review

Thiazolidin-4-one scaffold has great potential for medicinal chemistry and is of interest to scientists in view of wide spectrum of biological activity. This scaffold is often used for designing of small molecules with various biological activity including antituberculosis activity. The presented review is an attempt to gather, analyze and systemize data about antitubercular properties of thiazolidine-4-ones from two last decades. Some of them have promising antitubercular activity which is significantly higher than that of the reference drugs. Among them compounds 82c, 82d and 84 that were active against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain with MICs in the range of 0.05-0.2 μg/mL and compound 108 exhibited activity with MIC = 0.36 μM. Compounds 115a-115c and 116a-116c were very effective against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC values in the range of 0.031-0.125 μg/mL. Acidomycin was showed activity against seven MDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs in the range of 0.6-0.62 μM and against two XDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs 0.096 and 1.2 μM. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of some groups of compounds, as well as some potential molecular targets were also discussed.

2-Aryl-3-(6-trifluoromethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole-based thiazolidinone hybrids as potential anti-infective agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies

The search for new antimicrobial agents is greater than ever due to the perpetual threat of multidrug resistance in known pathogens and the relentless emergence of new infections. In this manuscript, ten thiazole-based thiazolidinone hybrids bearing a 6-trifluoromethoxy substituent on the benzothiazole core were synthesized and evaluated against a panel of four bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes and three resistant strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and MRSA. The evaluation of minimum bactericidal and minimum inhibitory concentrations was accomplished by microdilution assay. As reference compounds ampicillin and streptomycin were employed. All compounds displayed antibacterial efficiencies with MBCs/MICs at 0.25-1 mg/mL and 0.12-1 mg/mL respectively while ampicillin displayed MBCs/MICs at 0.15-0.3 mg/mL and at 0.1-0.2 mg/mL respectively. MICs/MBC of streptomycin varied from 0.05 to 0.15 mg/mL and from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/mL respectively. The best overall effect was observed for compound h4, while compound h1 exhibited the highest effective action against E. coli (MIC/MBC 0.12/0.25 mg/ml) among all tested compounds.