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D'Amico F, Papucci C, Franchi D, Reginato G, Taddei M, Mordini A, Zani L, Dessì A, Calamante M. Pd-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation and Telescopic Borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Processes in Deep-Eutectic Solvents. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6991-7003. [PMID: 38716702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient procedure to carry out palladium-catalyzed Miyaura borylation reactions of (hetero)aromatic halides and triflates in choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The procedure employs bis(pinacolato)diboron as a boron source and a catalyst prepared in situ from readily available Pd2(dba)3 and the phosphine ligand XPhos. Reactions proceed well in different ChCl-based DESs, among which the best results were provided by environmentally friendly and biodegradable mixtures with glycerol and glucose. The reaction tolerates both EDG and EWG substituents on the substrates and can be run on different halides (chloride, bromide, iodide) and pseudohalides (triflate). Furthermore, for several substrates, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 1 mol % Pd (0.5% mol Pd2(dba)3) without compromising the reaction yield. Moreover, we show that the Miyaura borylation protocol in DES can be combined with a subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in a one-pot procedure, allowing access to various biaryl products and demonstrating its synthetic utility by preparing the precursors of two compounds with reported applications in the photovoltaics sector. Finally, two green metrics (E-factor and EcoScale) of the new one-pot procedure in DES were calculated and compared with literature values to assess the potential advantages in terms of waste reduction, safety, and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Amico
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Costanza Papucci
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniele Franchi
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianna Reginato
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mordini
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zani
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Dessì
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Calamante
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Iyer K, Kavthe R, Hu Y, Lipshutz BH. Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts for ppm Pd-Catalyzed Aminations in Water. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:1997-2008. [PMID: 38333203 PMCID: PMC10848299 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A general protocol employing heterogeneous catalysis has been developed that enables ppm of Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions under aqueous micellar catalysis. A new nanoparticle catalyst containing specifically ligated Pd, in combination with nanoreactors composed of the designer surfactant Savie, a biodegradable amphiphile, catalyzes C-N bond formations in recyclable water. A variety of coupling partners, ranging from highly functionalized pharmaceutically relevant APIs to educts from the Merck Informer Library, readily participate under these environmentally responsible, sustainable reaction conditions. Other key features associated with this report include the low levels of residual Pd found in the products, the recyclability of the aqueous reaction medium, the use of ocean water as an alternative source of reaction medium, options for the use of pseudohalides as alternative reaction partners, and associated low E factors. In addition, an unprecedented 5-step, one-pot sequence is presented, featuring several of the most widely used transformations in the pharmaceutical industry, suggesting potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuting Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Chmovzh TN, Kudryashev TA, Alekhina DA, Rakitin OA. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct (Het)arylation Reactions of Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole and 4,8-Dibromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093977. [PMID: 37175386 PMCID: PMC10180130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed direct (het)arylation reactions of strongly electron-withdrawing tricyclic benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) and its 4,8-dibromo derivative were studied; the conditions for the selective formation of mono- and bis-aryl derivatives were found. The reaction of 4,8-dibromobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) with thiophenes in the presence of palladium acetate as a catalyst and potassium pivalate as a base, depending on the conditions used, selectively gave both mono- and bis-thienylated benzo-bis-thiadiazoles in low to moderate yields; arenes were found to be inactive in these reactions. It was discovered that direct C-H arylation of benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole with bromo(iodo)arenes and -thiophenes in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and di-tert-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt is a powerful tool for the selective formation of 4-mono- and 4,8-di(het)arylated benzo-bis-thiadiazoles. Oxidative double C-H hetarylation of benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole with thiophenes in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and silver (I) oxide in DMSO was successfully employed to prepare bis-thienylbenzo-bis-thiadiazoles in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey N Chmovzh
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Timofey A Kudryashev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A Alekhina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher Chemical College, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Sangachin MH, Brassard S, Leclerc M. Direct Heteroarylation Guidelines for Well-Defined Thiophene-Based Conjugated Molecules. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36758239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) shows great promise for simple, low cost, and benign preparation of conjugated polymers. However, coupling selectivity has always posed a problem. Herein, direct (hetero)arylation was studied on small molecule models to develop suitable conditions for C-C couplings between 2-methylthiophene acting as an electron-donating moiety and 2-thiophenecarbonitrile acting as an electron-withdrawing moiety, when one of the partners is brominated. We observed that the best conditions are obtained when the electron-withdrawing moiety is halogenated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Brassard
- Université Laval, Département de Chimie, Québec City G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Université Laval, Département de Chimie, Québec City G1V 0A6, Canada
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Brassard S, Sangachin MH, Leclerc M. Toward Defect Suppression in Polythiophenes Synthesized by Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brassard
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
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Tayu M, Rahmanudin A, Perry GJP, Khan RU, Tate DJ, Marcial-Hernandez R, Shen Y, Dierking I, Janpatompong Y, Aphichatpanichakul S, Zamhuri A, Victoria-Yrezabal I, Turner ML, Procter DJ. Modular synthesis of unsymmetrical [1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene molecular semiconductors for organic transistors. Chem Sci 2022; 13:421-429. [PMID: 35126974 PMCID: PMC8730195 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular approach to underexplored, unsymmetrical [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) scaffolds delivers a library of BTBT materials from readily available coupling partners by combining a transition-metal free Pummerer CH-CH-type cross-coupling and a Newman-Kwart reaction. This effective approach to unsymmetrical BTBT materials has allowed their properties to be studied. In particular, tuning the functional groups on the BTBT scaffold allows the solid-state assembly and molecular orbital energy levels to be modulated. Investigation of the charge transport properties of BTBT-containing small-molecule:polymer blends revealed the importance of molecular ordering during phase segregation and matching the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level with that of the semiconducting polymer binder, polyindacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole (PIDTBT). The hole mobilities extracted from transistors fabricated using blends of PIDTBT with phenyl or methoxy functionalized unsymmetrical BTBTs were double those measured for devices fabricated using pristine PIDTBT. This study underscores the value of the synthetic methodology in providing a platform from which to study structure-property relationships in an underrepresented family of unsymmetrical BTBT molecular semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tayu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gregory J P Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Raja U Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Daniel J Tate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ingo Dierking
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | | | - Adibah Zamhuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Michael L Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J Procter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Hauk P, Wencel-Delord J, Ackermann L, Walde P, Gallou F. Organic synthesis in Aqueous Multiphase Systems — Challenges and opportunities ahead of us. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ye L, Hooshmand T, Thompson BC. “In-water” direct arylation polymerization (DArP) under aerobic emulsion conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To address the issue of generating large amounts of organic waste from conjugated polymer synthesis, the first direct arylation polymerization (DArP) protocol under emulsion conditions is disclosed with a 10-fold reduction of organic solvent utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
| | - Tanin Hooshmand
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA
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