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Ferreira EDS, Cordeiro LV, Silva DDF, Diniz Neto H, Sousa APD, Souza HDDS, Athayde-Filho PFD, Guerra FQS, Barbosa-Filho JM, Oliveira Filho AAD, Lima EDO, Castro RDD. Evaluation of antifungal activity, mechanisms of action and toxicological profile of the synthetic amide 2-chloro- N-phenylacetamide. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:191-202. [PMID: 36803623 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2158849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger causes infections such as otitis and pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment involves voriconazole or amphotericin B, and due to the increase in fungal resistance, the search for new compounds with antifungal activity has intensified. In the development of new drugs, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays are important, as they allow predicting possible damage that a molecule can cause, and in silico studies predict the pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of this study was to verify the antifungal activity and the mechanism of action of the synthetic amide 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against Aspergillus niger strains and toxicity. 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide showed antifungal activity against different strains of Aspergillus niger with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 32 and 256 μg/mL and minimum fungicides between 64 and 1024 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide also inhibited conidia germination. When associated with amphotericin B or voriconazole, 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide had antagonistic effects. Interaction with ergosterol in the plasma membrane is the probable mechanism of action.2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide has favorable physicochemical parameters, good oral bioavailability and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits CYP1A2. At concentrations of 50 to 500 µg/mL, it has little hemolytic effect and a protective effect for type A and O red blood cells, and in the cells of the oral mucosa it promotes little genotoxic change. It is concluded that 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide has promising antifungal potential, favorable pharmacokinetic profile for oral administration and low cytotoxic and genotoxic potential, being a promising candidate for in vivo toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Dos Santos Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Laísa Vilar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Figuerêdo Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hermes Diniz Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Aleson Pereira de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Technological Development and Innovation of Medicines, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Helivaldo Diógenes da Silva Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho
- Biological Sciences Academic Unit at the Center for Rural Health and Technology (CSTR), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Bairro Jatobá, Patos, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, University City Allotment, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Rosa LLS, Andrade-Júnior FP, Cordeiro LV, Souza HDS, Athayde-Filho PF, Gadelha DDA, Melo DM, Silva DF, Alves DN, Sobreira ALC, Ferreira SRD, Teixeira APC, Farias BKS, Firmino RG, Maia AKHL, Lima EO. Association study between ceftriaxone and a synthetic amide against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274149. [PMID: 37820207 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacteria responsible for causing numerous nosocomial infections. The present research aimed to analyze the anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa potential of 2-Chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide (A8). The antibacterial potential of A8 was evaluated from the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Association using the checkerboard method. MIC and MBC values were 512 µg/mL for all P. aeruginosa strains evaluated, demonstrating predominantly bactericidal activity. Furthermore, when A8 was associated with the drug ceftriaxone, pharmacological additivity and indifference were evidenced. In this sense, the synthetic amide was interesting, since it demonstrates the potential to become a possible candidate for an antimicrobial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L S Rosa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - F P Andrade-Júnior
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - L V Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - H D S Souza
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - P F Athayde-Filho
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - D D A Gadelha
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - D M Melo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Hospital Universitário Alcides Carneiro, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - D F Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - D N Alves
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - A L C Sobreira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos - DITM, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - S R D Ferreira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - A P C Teixeira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Inovação Tecnológica em Medicamentos - DITM, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - B K S Farias
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - R G Firmino
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia da Saúde, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - A K H L Maia
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - E O Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
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da Rosa TF, Serafin MB, Foletto VS, Franco LN, de Paula BR, Fuchs LB, Calegari L, Hörner R. Repositioning of Benzodiazepine Drugs and Synergistic Effect with Ciprofloxacin Against ESKAPE Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:160. [PMID: 37004588 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Combating them becomes more complex when caused by the pathogens of the ESKAPE group, which are Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. The purpose of this study was to investigate the repositioning potential of the benzodiazepines clonazepam and diazepam individually and in combination with the antibacterial ciprofloxacin against ESKAPE. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against seven American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference standard strains and 64 ESKAPE clinical isolates were determined. In addition, the interaction with ciprofloxacin was determined by the checkerboard method and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of clonazepam against 11 ESKAPE and diazepam against five ESKAPE. We also list the results found and their clinical significance. Benzodiazepines showed similar antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The checkerboard and FICI results showed a synergistic effect of these drugs when associated with ciprofloxacin against almost all tested isolates. Viewing the clinical cases studied, benzodiazepines have potential as treatment alternatives. The results allow us to conclude that clonazepam and diazepam, when in combination with ciprofloxacin, have promising activity against ESKAPE, therefore, assuming the position of candidates for repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciéli F da Rosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marissa B Serafin
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória S Foletto
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laísa N Franco
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno R de Paula
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana B Fuchs
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Calegari
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosmari Hörner
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (DACT)-Health Sciences Center (CCS)., Building 26, Room 1201, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Cordeiro LV, Souza HDS, Sousa AP, Andrade Júnior FPDE, Figueiredo PTRDE, Oliveira RFDE, Athayde Filho PFDE, Oliveira-Filho AA, Lima EDEO. Effect of 2-chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide in combination with antibacterial drugs against Klebsiella pneumoniae. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20210141. [PMID: 36921147 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320210141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a species of Gram-negative bacteria related to a wide range of infections and high rates of drug resistance. The combined use of antibacterial agents is one of the strategies that has been analyzed in recent years as part of the alternatives in the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Recently, the antibacterial activity of of 2-chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide has been demonstrated against K. pneumoniae, also indicating that this acetamide did not show significant cytotoxic potential in preliminary tests. Thus, it becomes an interesting substance for future studies that explore its antimicrobial capacity, including investigating its association with antibacterial drugs. Based on this, this research aimed to analyze the effects of the association of 2-chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide (CFA) with ciprofloxacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem and imipenem against K. pneumoniae strains. The results showed additivity when the substance was combined with ciprofloxacin and cefepime, indifference when associated with ceftazidime and synergistic effect when combined with meropenem and imipenem. Thus, the acetamide was able to optimize the effects of antibacterial drugs, reducing the concentrations necessary to cause bacterial death. These data indicate a potential future clinical use of these combinations, and further studies are needed to analyze this viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa V Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Helivaldo D S Souza
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Química, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Aleson P Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Francisco P DE Andrade Júnior
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro T R DE Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael F DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Química, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Petrônio F DE Athayde Filho
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Departamento de Química, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Abrahão A Oliveira-Filho
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Biológicas, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Campus Patos, 58429-900 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes DE O Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Jardim Universitário, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campus I, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Thangarasu S, Siva V, Kannan S, Bahadur SA, Athimoolam S. Polymorphism in Chloride Salt of m-Nitroaniline: Structural, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Molecular Docking, Biological, and Quantum Chemical Computational Investigation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2130374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Thangarasu
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, International Research Centre, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Vadivel Siva
- Department of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sadasivam Kannan
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Sultan Asath Bahadur
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, International Research Centre, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
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Silva SL, de Oliveira Pereira F, Cordeiro LV, Diniz Neto H, Dos Santos Maia M, da Silva Souza HD, de Athayde-Filho PF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, de Oliveira Lima E. Antifungal activity of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide, docking and molecular dynamics studies against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3601-3617. [PMID: 35179275 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the antifungal, antibiofilm, and molecular docking of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. METHODS AND RESULTS MIC of the test drugs was determined by microdilution. A1Cl obtained MIC values ranging from 16 and 256 μg/mL. Fluconazole MIC ranging from 16 and 512 μg/mL. MIC of A1Cl showed fungicide activity, emphasizing the solid antifungal potential of this drug. An association study was performed with A1Cl and fluconazole (checkerboard), revealing indifference by decreasing. Thus, we conducted this study using A1Cl isolated. In the micromorphological assay, the test drugs reduced the production of virulence structures compared to the control (concentration-dependent effect). A1Cl inhibited in vitro biofilm formation at all concentrations tested (1/4MIC to 8xMIC) (p<0.05) and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. In the ex vivo biofilm susceptibility testing (human nails fragments), A1Cl inhibited biofilm formation and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) more than 50% at MIC. Fluconazole had a similar effect at 4xMIC. In silico studies suggest that the mechanism of antifungal activity of A1Cl involves the inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase rather than geranylgeranyltransferase-I. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that A1Cl is a promising antifungal agent. Furthermore, this activity is related to attenuation of expression of virulence factors and antibiofilm effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study provides the first evidence that A1Cl, a novel synthetic drug, has fungicidal effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo biofilms assays have demonstrated the potential antibiofilm of A1Cl. The mechanism of action involves inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which was supported by in silico analyses. Therefore, this potential can be explored as a therapeutic alternative for onychomycosis and, at the same time, contribute to decreasing the resistance of clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellygton Lima Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Laisa Vilar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hermes Diniz Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Mayara Dos Santos Maia
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Helivado Diogenes da Silva Souza
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Petrônio F de Athayde-Filho
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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